Physics
Meanings
● Projectile Motion: is the motion when an object shot in air without action of forces except gravity
● Uniform circular motion: is the movement of an object or particle trajectory at a constant speed
around a circle with a fixed radius
● Centripetal acceleration: is the acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion that always
points towards the centre of the circle
● Centripetal force: is the net force toward the centre of a circle when an object moves in a circle
● Electricity: is the name given to a wide range of electrical phenomena that in one form or
another underline just everything around us
● Electrostatic: is the study about charge at rest
● Law of electric charges: like charges repel and unlike charges attract
● Protons: are the positive charged particles in ordinary matter
● Electrons: are the negatively charged particles in ordinary matter
● Nuclear force: is an attractive interaction where the protons and neutrons are held within stable
atomic nuclei
● Neutral atom: is the number of electrons that equals the number of protons in the nucleus and
the net electric charge is exactly zero
● Ionization: is an atom that gains or lose electrons
● Electric force: is the force that acts without physical contact between two charges
● Conservation of charge: is the algebraic sum of all electric charges in any closed system is
zero(constant)
● Charging by friction: happens when two substances are rubbed together
● Charging by contact: happens when negative charged rod is placed in contact with neutral
object
● Charging by induction: is the redistribution of electric charge in and on object caused by the
electrical influence of a charged object close by but not in contact
● Electric current: is the flow of charge pressured into motion by voltage and hampered by
resistance
● Diode: is a tiny electronic device that acts as a one-way valve to allow electron flow in one
direction only. Converts ac to pulsed dc.
● Capacitor: is an electrical device that smoothes the pulsed dc to a smoother dc
● Electric dipole: is the atoms and molecule’s positive and negative parts that become aligned.
they are electrically polarized
● Ohm’s law: state that the current is directly proportional to the voltage established across the
circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit
● Ampere: is the rate of flow equal to 1 coulomb of charge per second
● Direct current: refers to the flowing of charge in one direction. (battery)
● Alternative current: refers to the flowing of charge that changes direction periodically.
(generator)
● Electric power: is the rate which electric energy is converted into another form such as
mechanical energy, heat or light
● Electrical energy: is the energy created through the flow of power in a conductor
● Electric circuit: is the close path consists of circuit components in which electrons can flow
● Series circuit: circuit where electrical devices are connected along a single loop of wire such
that the same current in each devices
● Parallel circuit: circuit where electrical devices are connected in such a way that the same
voltage acts across each one and any single one complete the circuit independently of all others
● Magnetic field: is the space around a magnet or moving charge.
● Magnetic domains: is the clustered region of aligned magnetic atoms
● Electromagnetic: is the magnetic field produces by an electric current
Question-Answers:
1. Why does the gravitational force between earth and moon predominate over electrical
forces?
● The gravitational force between earth and moon predominates over electrical forces because of
the massive masses involved, the considerable distance between them, and the neutral charge
distribution on these celestial bodies.
2. Which part of an atom is positively charged which part is negatively charged?
● Nucleus is the positive and electrons cloud is the negative
3. If a glass rod is rubbed with a piece of silk what kind of charge is acquired by each?
● Glass rod tends to acquire a positive charge while the silk acquires a negative charge
4. What happens to electrons in any charging process?
● Electrons are involved in either being transferred between objects or redistributed within an object
leading to the creation of electric charge imbalances
5. What is the primary purpose of a lightning rod?
● The primary purpose of a lightning rod is to prevent a fire caused by lightning
6. In terms of net charge, how does an electrically polarized object differ from an electrically
charged object?
● Electrically charged object has a net electric charge and an imbalance of positive and negative
charges, An electrically polarized object remains electrically neutral but exhibits a separation of
charges within its structure when subjected to an external electric field.
7. What condition is necessary for the flow of heat? What analogous condition is necessary
for the flow of charge?
● The necessary condition for the flow of heat is different temperatures. Analogous condition is
necessary for the flow of charge is potential different
8. What condition is necessary for the sustained flow of water in a pipe? What analogous
condition is necessary for the sustained flow of charge in a wire?
● The condition necessary for the sustained flow of water in a pipe is the difference in water
pressure. Analogous condition is necessary for the sustained flow of charge in a wire is electric
pressure(voltage)
9. Why are electrons, rather than protons, the principal charge carriers in metal wires?
● Because electrons form each metal atom are free to move throughout the atomic lattice, protons
do not move because they are bound inside the nuclei and locked in fixed positions
10. Does electric charge flow across or through a circuit? Does voltage flow across a circuit
or is it impressed across a circuit?
● Electric charge flows through a circuit. Voltage flows across a circuit
11. Will water flow more easily through a wide pipe or a narrow pipe? Will current flow more
easily through a thick wire or a thin wire?
● Water will flow more easily through a wide pipe compared to a narrow pipe. Current will flow more
easily through a thick wire compared to a thin wire
12. Does heating a metal wire increase or decrease its electrical resistance?
● Heating a metal wire increases electrical resistance
13. How does wetness affect the resistance of your body?
● When your body is wet, the resistance to the flow of electricity decreases
14. What is the function of the round third prong in a modern household electrical plug?
● The round third prong in a modern household electrical plug is called the grounding prong, and its
function is to provide an additional safety measure in the event of a fault in the electrical system
15. What is the function of fuses or circuit breakers in a circuit?
● Fuses and circuit breakers function is to maintain the safety, reliability, and integrity of electrical
circuits by protecting them from excessive current and potential hazards
16. By whom, and in what setting, was the relationship between electricity and magnetism
discovered?
● The relationship between electricity and magnetism was discovered by the physicist Hans
Christian Orsted in 1820
17. The force between electrically charged particles depends on the magnitude of each
charge, their separation distance and what else?
● The force between electrically charged particles depends on the magnitude of each charge, their
separation distance and the electric permittivity of the medium
18. What is the source of magnetic force?
● The source of magnetic force is magnetic fields, which are generated by moving electric charges
19. In what way are magnetic poles very different from electric charges?
● Magnetic poles has north and south poles. Electric charges has no magnetic monopoles
20. How does magnetic field strength relate to the closeness of magnetic field lines about a
bar magnet?
● if the lines are closer together, the field is stronger
21. What two kinds of rotational motion do electrons in an atom appear to have
● The two kinds of rotational motion electrons in an atom appear to have are electron’s revolution
and electron’s spin
22. At micro level, What is the difference between an unmagnetized iron nail and a magnetized
iron nail?
● Magnetic domain is random for unmagnetized iron nail and magnetic domain are well aligned for
magnetized iron nail
23. Why is iron magnetic and wood is not?
● Because their atomic and molecular compositions, specifically the presence or absence
alignment of magnetic domain within their structures
24. Why will dropping an iron magnet on concrete sidewalk can weaken the magnet
● Dropping an iron magnet on a concrete sidewalk can weaken it because the impact can cause
the atoms within the magnet to become misaligned
25. The direction of the electric field about a point charge is radial to the charge. What is the
direction of the magnetic field surrounding a current-carrying wire?
● The direction of field lines forming concentric circles around the wire by following right hand rule
26. Why does a magnetic needle show a deflection when brought close to a current carrying
conductor
● Because due to the magnetic field produced by the current
27. In what sense are all magnets electromagnets?
● All magnets can be understood as electromagnets in the sense that their magnetic properties
arise from the motion of electric charges
Formulas:
● Electric charge:
- |𝒆| = 𝒆. 𝒆 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
● Electric current:
- I: current (a)
- Q: charge flow (C) (Ah)
- t: time (h)
● Resistance of wire:
- p: resistivity (Ω⋅ m)
- A: area of wire (m^2)
- L: length of wire (m)
- R: resistance (Ω)
● Ohm’s law:
- V: voltage (V)
- I: current (A)
- R: resistance (Ω)
● Electric power:
● Electrical energy:
● Series circuit:
● Parallel circuit: