Name: _______________________________ Date:_____________
BIOL-220 Anatomy and Physiology
ANSWER KEY for MOCK BONE, JOINT QUESTION TEST
1. The motion(s) that occur at the proximal radioulnar joint?
A. Flexion and Extension B. Pronation and supination
C Radial and ulnar deviation D. Inversion and eversion
2. The cartilage that deepens the Glenohumeral joint and provides stabilization is the:
A. Meniscus B. Labrum C. Glenoid D. Acetabulum
3. Which of the following is not a glenohumeral movement?
A. Adduction B. Circumduction C. Elevation D. Internal Rotation
4. The axial skeleton includes ________.
A. The skull, vertebral column, and pelvis
B. Arms, legs, hands, and feet
C. The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
D. The skull, the scapula, and the vertebral column
5. Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
A. Attach tendons
B. Produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
C. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
D. Form the synovial membrane
6. Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where
friction develops are called ________.
A. Menisci B. Bursae C. Ligaments D. Tendons
7. A sarcomere is the distance between two ________.
A. Myosin B. I bands C. A bands D. Z discs
8. The final chemical messenger and "trigger" for muscle contraction that binds to troponin.
A. Calcium ions B. Sodium ions C. Acetylcholine D. Potassium Ions
9. Under resting conditions when no action is occurring, the resting membrane potential is best
described as:
A. Negative B. Positive
C. Neutral – neither positive or negative D. In a constant state of flux
10. A shortening contraction of a muscle is synonymous with a(n) _____________ contraction.
A. Concentric B. Isometric C. Eccentric D. Isotonic
11. The thin connective tissue surrounding the muscle is known as the:
A. Endomysium B. Perimysium C. Epimysium D. Fascicle
12. Which statement best describes how a muscle can increase the amount of tension/force a it
can generate:
A. It recruits solely the small motor units.
B. It recruits a greater number of motor units.
C. The frequency of stimulation of individual motor units is decreased.
D. It recruits a few number of motor units.
13. A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals.
A. Calcium ions B. Sodium ions C. Acetylcholine D. Potassium Ions
14. The “False Pelvis”:
A. Defines the pelvic inlet B. Is bounded by the pubic arch
C. Is inferior to the pelvic brim D. Is superior to the pelvic brim
15. The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the
movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
A. Cruciate ligaments B. Patellar ligaments
C. Anterior ligaments D. Collateral ligaments
16. Which of the following is NOT considered a fibrous joint?
A. Sutures B. Syndesmosis C. Gomphoses D. Synchondroses
17. Which type of muscle tissue is visceral, nonstriated and involuntary.
A. Skeletal B. Cardiac C. Synostoses D. Smooth
18. What are menisci (articular discs)?
A. Cavities lined with cartilage
B. Small sacs containing synovial fluid
C. Wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
D. Tendon sheaths
19. What plane does Flexion and Extension occur in?
A. Frontal B. Coronal C. Transverse D. Sagittal
20. Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
A. Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
B. Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs.
C. Gliding movements are multiaxial.
D. An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head.
21. Most skeletal muscles contain ________.
A. Muscle fibers of the same type
B. A mixture of fiber types
C. A predominance of slow oxidative fibers
D. A predominance of fast oxidative fibers
22. The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
A. Nonaxial B. Uniaxial C. Biaxial D. Multiaxial
23. Which of the following is a true statement?
A. The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process.
B. The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
C. The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint.
D. The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
24. Which of the following is an example of an amphiarthrodial joint?
A. Shoulder B. Skull C. Thumb D. Intervertebral Joint
25. Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle
contraction?
A. Number of muscle fibers stimulated B. Size of the muscle fibers stimulated
C. Load on the fiber D. Muscle length
26. What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria
C. Intermediate filament network D. Myofibrillar network
27. Which is the strongest ligament in the body?
A. Anterior Cruciate Ligament B. Annular Ligament
C. Iliofemoral Ligament D. Ligamentum Teres
28. Which of the following generates an action potential?
A. Repolarization B. Depolarization C. Refractory Period D. Hyperpolarization
29. Which muscle of the rotator cuff is an internal rotator?
A. Teres Minor B. Infraspinatus C. Subscapularis D. Supraspinatus
30. Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are
characteristics of what type of joint?
A. Suture B. Synchondrosis C. Symphysis D. Hinge joint
31. Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton.
A. Interphalangeal joint of the finger B. Metacarpophalangeal joint of the finger
C. Carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges D. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
32. During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break
down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
A. A strong base B. Magnesium C. Hydrochloric acid D. Lactic acid
33. Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have the greatest effect on ________.
A. Slow oxidative fibers B. Fast glycolytic fibers
C. Both slow and fast oxidative fibers D. Fast oxidative fibers
34. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?
A. Motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential,
release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
B. Neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor neuron action potential, release
of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP-driven power stroke
C. Muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, ATP-driven power stroke, calcium ion
release from SR, sliding of myofilaments
D. Neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle cell action potential, release
of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke
35. Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no
longer overlapped, ________.
A. Cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin
B. No muscle tension could be generated
C. Maximum force production would result because the muscle has a maximum range of travel
D. ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is "trying" to contract
36. Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it its characteristics, which
of the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of
extensibility?
A. Acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate
B. Elastic (titin) filaments
C. Thick (myosin) filaments
D. Potassium (K+) leak channels
37. An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther
than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?"
A. The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal.
B. The additional joint present doubles the range of motion.
C. Greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it.
D. Articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage.
38. Of the following items listed below, which is the best description for why skeletal muscle
stores glycogen?
A. Skeletal muscle is a heavy consumer of energy.
B. Glycogen provides a smooth surface for filaments to slide on.
C. The glycogen is an insulating layer that helps regulate body temperature.
D. Glycogen is part of muscles rigid supporting framework.
39. Which of the following statements best illustrates the fact that skeletal muscle is voluntary
muscle?
A. Skeletal muscle appears striated due to the structure of the sarcomeres.
B. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in several layers of connective tissue. The deepest layer being the
endomysium.
C. The shivering reflex aids in maintaining body temperature.
D. Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons.
40. Which of the following is not a common reason for muscle fatigue?
A. Ionic Imbalance B. Increased Magnesium levels
C. Lack of ATP D. Increased inorganic phosphage from CP and ATP breakdown
True and False:
True 1. Another term for minerals that is commonly used is electrolytes.
True 2. The Ulna is thinner in the wrist and thicker at the elbow and the Radius is thinner at the
elbow and thicker at wrist.
True 3. The phalanges are numbered 1-5 with the big toe referred to as #1 and the pinkie toe as
#5.
False 4. Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
False 5. Origin of a muscle is the attachment to movable bone. Insertion
True 6. A sprain is an injury to a ligament.
True 7. When going through a ligament reconstruction, if donor tissue is from our own body it
is called an “autograph”.
True 8. Anaerobic respiration yields only 5% as much ATP as aerobic respiration, but
produces ATP 2½ times faster.
False 9. Gouty arthritis is autoimmune disease of unknown cause. Rheumatoid
False 10. The term “Pollex” refers to the big toe. Hallux
True 11. In isometric contractions, cross bridges generate force, but actin filaments do not
shorten.
False 12. Changing the strength of stimulation would require an increase in the firing of action
potentials. # of motor neurons activated
False 13. Glycolytic fibers use aerobic pathways anaerobic
True 14. An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin
filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops.
True 15. Sliding filament model of contraction states that during contraction, thin filaments
slide past thick filaments, causing actin and myosin to overlap more.
Using the figure above, match the term to the appropriate letter. Please write the
band, zone or disc on your answer sheet.
A. Z Disc M Line
B. H Zone H Zone
C. I Band Z Disc
D. A Band I Band
E. M Line A Band
Match the following:
A. Abduction B. Flexion C. Adduction D. Circumduction
D 1) Moving a limb so it describes a cone in a space.
A 2) Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
C 3) Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
B 4) A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint.
Define the following terms as either a characteristic of Skeletal Muscle or Smooth Muscle.
If the characteristic is found in each type, write BOTH.
Smooth 1. The process of relaxation is much more complex.
Smooth 2. Peristalsis
Both 3. Actin and myosin interact by sliding filament mechanism
Skeletal 4. Is voluntary and can be consciously controlled
Smooth 5. Ca2+ mostly comes from extracellular space
Both 6. ATP energizes sliding process
Skeletal 7. Longest of all muscle and have striations
Smooth 8. Gap junctions are present
Smooth 9. Found in walls of hollow organs
Skeletal 10. Contains T-tubules
Smooth 11. Innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Skeletal 12. Contains Sarcomeres
Smooth 13. Thick and thin filaments are arranged diagonally
Both 14. Contraction stops when Ca2+ is no longer available
Short Answer: you may write here, but make sure you write answers on answer sheet
1. For a joint to have increase stability, it will have to sacrifice what characteristic?
Mobility
2. What are the names of the two components of an intervertebral disk?
Annulus Fibrosis and Nucleus Propulsus
3. Why do we not need mitochondria for fast glycolytic fibers?
Don’t need to use O2
4. Provide a functional example for each of the muscle fiber types:
Slow oxidative fibers: low-intensity, endurance activities
Example: maintaining posture
Fast oxidative fibers: medium-intensity activities
Example: sprinting or walking
Fast glycolytic fibers: short-term intense or powerful movements
Example: hitting a baseball
5. What is the difference between Calmodulin and Caveolae?
Calmodulin binds with Calcium
Caveolae stores calcium
6. What is significant about the Ligamentum Teres found in the hip joint?
contain artery that supplies head of femur
7. What does EPOC stand for?
excess postexercise oxygen consumption
8. What are the three categories of ribs? How many ribs are in each and briefly describe what
makes each category significant?
True – 1-7 – individual cartilage
False – 8-12 – shared cartilage
Floating – 11-12 – no cartilage
9. Define Lumen: