DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Alderman DJ. 1994. Control of Oomycetes pathogen in aquaculture. In Salmon Saprolegniasis. Muller GJ. Editor. Boneville Power Administration, Portland. pp : 111 126 Allen DA, Austin B, Colwell RR.1983. Numerical taxonomy of bacterial isolates associated with a freshwater fishery. Journal of General Microbiology 129: 2043-2062. Balcazar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cuningham D, Vandrell D, Muzquis JL. 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology. 114: 173 186 Balcazar JL, Vandrell D, de-Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Girones O, Muzquiz JL. 2007. In Vitro competitive adhesion and production of antagonistic compounds by lactic acid bacteria against fish pathogens. Veterinary Microbiology 122 : 373 - 380 Beakes GW, Wood SE, Burr AW. 1994. Feature which characterize Saprolegnia isolate from Salmonids fish lesions a review. In Salmon Saprolegniosis. Mueller G.J, Editor. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland. pp : 33 66 Boer WD, Gunnewiek JAK, Kowalchuck GA, van Veen JA. 2001. Gowth of chitinolytic dune soil -subclass Proteobacteria in response to invading Saprolegnia hyphae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (8): 3358 3363 Brzezinska MS, Donderski W. 2001. Occurance and activity of the chitinolytic bacteria of Aeromonas genus. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 10 (1): 27 31 Brzezinska MS, Donderski W. 2006. Chitinolytic bacteria in two lakes of different trophic status. Polish Journal of Ecology. 54 (2): 295 - 301 Bruno DW, Wood BP. 1999. Saprolegnia and other Oomycetes. In : Woo PTK and Bruno DW, editors : Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3, Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Owon, United Kingdom. pp : 599-659. Cappuccino JG, Sherman N. 1996. Microbiology A Laboratory Manual. Rockland Community College Suffern. New York.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Celada JD, Carral JM, Saez-Royuela M, Melendre PM, Aguilera A. 2004. Effect of different antifungal treatments on artificial incubation of the astacid crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) eggs. Aquaculture 239: 249 259 Chaffin WL, lopez-ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo M, Martinez JP. 1998. Cell wall and secreted proteins of candida albicans: Identification, function, and expression. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 62 (1) : 130-180 Chang SC, Chen WM, Wang JT, Wu MC. 2007. Chitinolytic aquatile [Link]., sp. Nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from a freshwater pond used for pasific white shrimp culture. Intl. Journal of Systemic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 57: 2854 - 2860 Chernin L, Chet L. 2002. Microbial enzyme in the biocontrol of plant pathogens and pests. In Burns R.G., editor. Enzymes in the environment ; activity, ecology and application. Marcell Decker Inc. pp : 171 178 Compos-Takaki GM, Dietrich SMC, Macarenhas Y. 1982. Isolation and characterization of chitin from the cell walls of Achlya radiosa. Journal of General Microbiology 128 : 207 -209 Diby P, Saju FA, Jisha PJ, Sarma YR, Kumar A, Anandaraj M. 2005. Mycolytic enzymes produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma spp against Phythopthora capsici, The foot Rot Pathogen of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L). Annals of Microbiology 55 (2) : 129 - 133 Donderski W, Brzezinska MS. 2001. Occurance of chitinolytic bacteria in water and bottom sediment of eutrophic lakes in Lawskie lake district. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 10 (5): 331 - 336 El- kassas HY, Khairy HM. 2009. A trial for biological control of a pathogenic fungi (Fusarium solani) by some marine microorganisms. American-Eurasian [Link] & [Link]. 5 (3) 434 440 El-Tarabilya KA, Solimana MH, Nassara AH, Al-Hassania HA, Sivasithamparamc K, McKennad F, St. J Hardy, GE. 2000. Biological control of Sclerotinia minor using a chitinolytic bacterium and actinomycetes. Plant Pathology 49 : 573-583 [FAO] Food Agricultural Organisation. 2010. National Aquaculture Sector Overview Indonesia. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. [Link]

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Ferguson, HW. 1989. Systemic Pathology of Fish. Iowa Sate University Press. America. Pp 41-50 Garraway MO, Evans RC. 1984. Saprolegnia nutrition. A Wiley Interscience Publication. John Willey and Sons. Canada. pp : 13 25 Gieseker CM, Serfling SG, Reimschuessel R. 2006. Formalin treatment to reduce mortality associated with Saprolegnia parasitica in Rainbow Trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 253 : 120-129 Gohel V, Singh, Vimal M, Ashwani P, Chattpar HS. 2006. Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganism. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(2) 54 72 Guerriero G, Avino M, Zhou Q, Fugelstad J, Clergeot PH, Bulone V. 2010. Chitin synthases from saprolegnia are involved in tip growth and represent a potential target for anti-oomycete drugs. Plos Pathogen 6 : 1 12 Gurusiddaiah S, Weller DM , Sarkar A, Cook RJ.1986. Characterization of an antibiotics produced by a strain of pseudomonas fluorescens inhibitory to Gaeumannomyces graminis vartritici and pythium spp. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 29 : 488 - 495 Han Y, Yang B, Zhang F, Miao X. 2009. Characterization of antifungal chitinase from marine Streptomyces sp. DA11 associated with South China Sea sponge Craniella Australiensis. Mar. Biotechnol. 11: 132 140 Hanjavanit C, Kitancharoen N, Rakmanee C. 2008. Experimental infection of aquatic fungi on eggs of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burch). KKU Sci.J (Supplement) 36: 36 43 Hatai K, Willoughby LG. 1988. Saprolegnia parasitica from Rainbow Trout inhibited by the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 8 (2): 27 - 29 Henrissat B, Bairoch A. 1993. New family in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem. J. 293: 781 788 Hughes GC. 1994. Saprolegniasis, Then and Now : A Retrospective. In Salmon Saprolegniosis. Mueller GJ, editor. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland. pp : 3 27

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Inbar J, Chet I. 1991. Evidence that chitinase produced by Aeromonas caviae is involved in the biological control of soil borne plant pathogens by this bacterium. [Link]. 23 : 973 - 978 Irawati N. 2008. Potensi isolat bakteri kitinolitik lokal dalam pengendalian fungi pathogen tumbuhan. Skripsi. USU pp :15 17 Kamil Z, Rizk M, Saleh M, Moustafa S. 2007. Isolation and identification of rhizosphere soil chytinolytic bacteria and their potential in antifungal biocontrol. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences 2 (2): 57 66 Khoo L. 2000. Fungal Diseases in Fish. In : Procedings of Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 9(2): 102 - 111 Khomvilai C, Kashiwagi M, Yoshioka M. 2006. Fungicidal activities of horse radish extract on a fish patogen Oomycetes, Saprolegnia parasitica. Bull. Fac. Bioresources 33: 1 7 Lategan MJ, Torpy FR, Gibson LF. 2004a. Biocontrol of saprolegniosis in silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), by Aeromonas media strain A 199. Aquaculture 235: 77 - 88 Lategan MJ, Torpy FR, Gibson LF. 2004b. Control saprolegniosis in the eel Anguilla australis Richardson, by Aeromonas media strain A 199. Aquaculture 240: 19 27 Lategan MJ, Booth W, Shimmon R, Gibson LF. 2006. An inhibitory substance produced by Aeromonas media A199, an aquatic probiotic. Aquaculture 254: 115 124 Lay BW. 1994. Analisa Mikroba di Laboratorium. Penerbit Rajawali Press, Jakarta. Hlm 99-100 LeCleir GR, Hollibaugh JT. 2006. Chitinolytic bacteria from alkaline hypersaline Mono Lake, California , USA. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 45: 255 - 264 Li B, Wang X, Chen R, Huangfu W, Xie G. 2008. Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution against Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Carbohydrate Polimer 72: 287 292 Martnez JL, Casado A, Enrquez R. 2004. Experimental infection of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in fins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Diseases of Aquatic Organism 59 : 7984

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Matsumoto KS. 2006. Fungal chitinases. In Gerardo R, Gonzales G dan Pacheco IT, editors. Advances in Agricultural and Food Biotechnology. pp. 289-304 Mousavi SM, Mirzargar SS, Mousavi EZ, Baigi RO, Khasrovi A, Bahonar A, Ahmadi MR. 2009. Evaluation of antifungal activity of new combined essential oils in comparison with malachite green on hatching rate in Rainbow Trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) eggs. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 4 (2): 103 110 Murtidjo A. 2001. Beberapa metode pembenihan ikan air tawar. Kanisius Yogyakarta. pp : 31 33 Mort-Bontemps M, Gay L, Fevre M. 1997. CHS2, a chitin syntahase gene from the Oomycete Saprolegnia monoica. Microbiology 143 : 2009- 2020 Muzarelli RAA, Muzarelli C, Renato, Miliani M, Gebbanelli F, Cartolari M. 2001. Fungistatic Activity of Modified Chitosans against Saprolegnia parasitica. Biomacromolecules 2: 165-169 Noga EJ. 1993. Water mold infection of fresh water fish : recent advances. Annual Review of Fish Diseases. USA. pp : 291-304 Noga EJ. 2000. Fish disease diagnosis and treatment. Iowa State Press. A Blackwell Publishing Company. pp : 116 123 Nowak B, de Guingand P. 1997. Effect of prophylactic treatments with malachite green on early life stages of Rainbow Trout. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 3: 141 146 Olson JC, Westerdhal A, Conway PL, Kjelleber S. 1992. Intestinal colonization potential of turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) and dab (Limanda limanda)associated bacteria with inhibitory effect against Vibrio angulliarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (2) : 551-556 Osman HM, Solman WE, Noor el deen AE, Mohamed LA. 2008. Induction of saprolegnasis in Oreochromis niloticus with special reference to its biological control. Global Veterinaria 2 (1) : 32 - 37 Pemerintah Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. 2006. Peta dan geografis Kabupaten S. [Link]://[Link]/indonesia/[Link]?option=com_con tent&task=view&id=489&Itemid=117. [diakses tanggal 14 mei 2010]

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Pirbalouti AG, Taheri M, Raisee M, Bahrami HR, Abdzeh R. 2009. In vitro antifungal activity of plant extract on Saprolegnia parasitica from cutaneus lesions of Rainbow trout (Onchohynchus mykiss) eggs. Journal of Agriculture & Environment 7 (2): 94 96 Prapagdee B, Kuekulvong C, Mongkolsuk S. 2008. Antifungal potential of extracellular metabolites produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus against phytopathogenic fungi. International Journal of Biological Science 4(5) : 330-337 Rach JJ, Gaikawski MP, Howe GE, Schereier TM. 1998. Evaluation of the toxicity and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide treatments on eggs of warm and coolwater fishes. Aquaculture 165: 11 25. Rach, JJ, Howe GE, Schereier TM. 1997. Safety formaline treatment on warm and coolwater fish eggs. Aquaculture 149: 183 191. Rajan SS. 2000. Practical manual of fungi. Anmol Publication PVT LTD. New Delhi. pp 52 - 55 Rasowo J, Okoth OE, Ngugi CC. 2007. Effect of formaldehyde, sodium chloride, potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide on hatch rate of African catfish Clarias gariepinus eggs. Aquaculture 269: 271 277 Roberts JR. 2001. The mycology of teleosts. In : Roberts RJ, editor. Fish pathology . Edisi ketiga. Elsevier. pp : 332 333 Sahai A.S, Monacha, M.S. 1993. Chitinases of fungi and plants : their involvement in morphogenesis and host parasite interaction. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 11 : 317 338 Schreier TM, Rach JJ, Howe GE. 1996. Efficacy of formalin, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium chloride on fungal-infected Rainbow Trout eggs. Aquaculture 140 : 323 331 Shapira R, Ordentlich A, Chet I, Oppenheim B. 1989. Control of plant diseases by chitinase expressed from DNA in Escherichia coli. Phytopathology. 17 : 1247-1249 Singh PP, Shin YC, Park CS, Chung YR. 1999. Biological control of Fusarium Wilt of cucumber by chitinolytic bacteria. Phytopathology 89 (1) : 92 - 99

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Sousa JA, Siva-sousa AT. 2001. Bacterial community associated with fish and water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja, Parana, Brazil. Brazilian Arvhives of Biology and Technology 44 (4): 373 - 361 Srivastava S, Sinha R, Roy D. 2004. Toxicology effect of malachite green. Aquatic Toxicology (66): 319 329 Suryanto D, Munir E. 2006. Potensi pemanfaatan isolat bakteri kitinolitik lokal untuk pengendalian hayati jamur. Prosiding seminar hasil penelitian USU. pp : 15 25 Suryanto D. 2001. Selection and Characterization of bacterial isolates for monocyclic aromatic degradation. Disertasi. IPB. Bogor. Van West P. 2006. Saprolegnia parasitica, an oomycete pathogen with a fishy appetite : New challenges for an old problem. Mycologist 20: 99 104 Watanabe T, Kanai R, Kawase T, Tanabe T, Mitsutomi M, Sakuda S, Miyashita K. 1999. Family 19 chitinases of Streptomyces species; characterization and distribution. Microbiology 145: 3353 3363. Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. 2000. Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 (4) : 655671 Watson AK, Kaspar H, Lategan MJ, Gibson L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture : The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 274: 1-14 Welcomme RL. 1988. International introductions of indland aquatic species. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 294: 212-214

Universitas Sumatera Utara