lash point - Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia htps://[Link]'wiki/Flash point

Flash point
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest
lemperature at which vapors of a fluid will ignite.
Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source.
Atthe flash point,the vapor may cease to burn
when the ignition source is removed.

The flash point is not to be confused with the

autoignition temperature (which does not require an
ignition source) or with the fire point (the
temperature at which the vapor continues to burn
after being ignited).
Neither the flash point nor the fire point is
dependent on the temperature of the ignition source, Flaming cocktails with a flash point lower than room
which is much higher. temperature.

Contents
| Liquids
2Mechanism
3 Measurement
4Examples
S Standardization
6 See also
7 References

Liquids
The flash point is adescriptive characteristic that is used to distinguish flammable liquids (such as
petrol) from combustible liquids.
It is also used to characterize the fire hazards of liquids. Liquids which have a flash point less than 37.8
or 60.5 °C (100.0or 140.9 °F), depending onthe standard that is used, are called flammable- whereas
liquids having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible. [1]

Mechanism
Every liquid has a vapor pressure, which is a function of that liquid's temperature. As the temperature
increases, the vapor pressure increases. As the vapor pressure increases, the concentration of vapor of
the flammable liquid in the air increases. Hence, temperature determines the concentration of vapor of
the flammable liquid in the air.

Acertain concentration of vapor in the air is necessary to sustain combustion, and that concentration is
different for each flammable liquid. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at
 lash po

2/27

APSCL 225MW CCPP Gas Analysis

Gas Analysis of Ashuganj 225MW CCPP (HYUNDAI ENG. CO. LTD.)

Serial no: 2 Sample no:C Cylinder no:2
Samplingdate: 20/11/2015 Time: 17:00 hr Analysis date: 01/12/2015
Sample Location: Fuelgas supply system within APSCL site.
Temperature: Project: BAPP 225 MW
Pressure: .... bar Sampled by: YOUN. G.J.

Client's ref: BAPP-HES-BUET-L150004 Date: 23/11/2015

% Mole % Wt
Nitrogen 0.426 0.711
CO, 0.118 0.311
Methane 96.611 92.478
Ethane 1.990 3.570
Propane 0.422 1.112
i-Butane 0.133 0.461
n-Butane 0.094 0.324
0-Pentane 0.051 0.221
n-Pentane 0.033 0.139
Hexane 0.069 0.345
Heptane 0.040 0.228
Octane 0.005 0.032
Nonane 0.010 0.068
Decane+ 0.000 0.000
Total 100 100

SG: 0.5787 Base condition: 15c&101.325 kPa

ldeal Density: 0.7088 kg/scm tl
Real Gas Density: 0.7104 kg/scm
Mole Weight: 16.7599 gm/mol
Compressibility: 0.9977
Higher Heating Value: 38.7485 MJ/scm (15°C&101.325 KPa)
Lower Heating Value: 34.9296 MJ/scm (15°C&101.325 KPa)
*scm:Standard Cubic Meter ha
PMRE-187 c

D
CO

te

Md. Mushahed Ullah

Principal Experimental Engineer t
PMRE Department Tel+Fax: 02-9613897
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
Flash point - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia htps://en. [Link]/wiki/Flash point

which there will be enough flammable vapor to ignite when an ignition source is applied.

Measurement
There are two basic types of flash point measurement: open cup
and
closed cup.
In open cup devices the sample is contained in an open cup
which
heated, and at intervals a flame is brought over the surface. The is
measured flash point will actually vary with the height of the flame
above the liquid surface, and at sufficient height the measured flash
point temperature will coincide with the fire point. The best known
example is the Cleveland open cup (COC).
There are two types of closed cup testers: non-equilibrium, such as
Pensky-Martens where the vapors above the liquid are not in
temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrium, such as Small
Scale (commonly known as Setaflash) where the vapors are deemed to Automatic flash point tester
be in tenmperature equilibrium with the liquid. In both these types the according to Pensky-Martens
cups are sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be closed cup method with an
introduced. Closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash integrated fire extinguisher.
point than open cup (typically 5-10 °Cor 9-18 °F lower) and are a
better approximation to the temperature at which the vapor pressure reaches the lower flammable limit.
The flash point is an empirical measurement rather than a fundamental
physical
measured value willvary with equipment and test protocol variations, including parameter. The
(in automated testers), time allowed for the sample to equilibrate, sample temperature ramp rate
volume and whether the
sample is stirred.

Methods for determining the flash point of a liquid are specified in many
by the Pensky-Martens closed cup method is detailed in ASTM D93, standards. For example, testing
IP34, ISO 2719, DIN 51758, JIS
K2265 and AFNOR MO7-019. Determination of flash point by the Small
detailed in ASTM D3828 and D3278. EN ISO 3679 and 3680, and
Scale closed cup method is
IP 523 and 524.
CEN/TR 15138 Guide to Flash Point Testing and ISO TR 29662
Guidance for Flash Point Testing cover
the key aspects of flash point testing.

Examples
Gasoline (petrol) is a fuel for use in a spark-ignition engine. The fuel is mixed
flammable limits and heated above its flash point, then ignited by the with air within its
have a low flash point, but in order to avoid preignition caused spark plug. To ignite, the fuel must
by residual heat in a hot combustion
chamber, the fuel must have a high autoignition temperature.
Diesel fuel flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C (126 and 205
°F).
compression-ignition engine. Air is compressed until it has been heatedDiesel is suitable for use in a
temperature of the fuel, which is then injected as a high-pressure spray, above the autoignition
flammable limits. In a diesel-fueled engine, there is no ignition keeping the fuel-air mix within
source
gasoline engine). Consequently, diesel fuel must have a high flash point (such as the spark plugs in a
and a low autoignition
temperature.

Jet fuel flash points also vary with the composition of the fuel. Both Jet A and
Jet A-1 have flash points
 1/27

APSCL 225MW CCPP Gas Analysi

Gas Analysis of Ashuganj 225MW CCPP (HYUNDAI [Link]. LTD.)

Serial no: 1 Sample no:C Cylinder no:1
Analysis date: 01/12/2015
Sampling date: 20/11/2015Time: 16:30 hr
Sample Location: Fuel gas supply system within APSCL site.
Temperature: Project: BAPP 225 MW
Pressure: bar Sampled by: YOUN. G.J.

Client's ref: BAPP-HES-BUET-L150004 Date: 23/11/2015

% Mole % Wt
Nitrogen 0.407 0.680
CO, 0.118 0.311

Methane 96.580 92.434

Ethane 2.013 3.611
Propane 0.453 1.192
i-Butane 0.143 0.494
n-Butane 0.098 0.341
i-Pentane 0.050 0.216
n-Pentane 0.032 0.139
Hexane 0.062 0.310
Heptane 0.026 0.149
Octane 0.003 0.020
Nonane 0.014 0.104
Decane+ 0.000 0.000
Total 100 100

SG: 0.5788 Base condition: 15°c&101.325 kPa

ldeal Density: 0.7089 kg/scm
Real Gas Density: 0.7105 kg/scm
Mole Weight: 16.7625 gm/mol
Compressibility: 0.9977
Higher Heating Value: 38.7673 MJ/scm (15°C&101.325 kPa)
Lower Heating Value: 34.9462 MJ/scm (15°c&101.325 KPa)
*scm: Standard Cubic Meter
PMRE-187

Md. Mushäheti
Principal ExperimentalEngineer Tel+Fax: 02-9613897
PMRE Department
Technology (BUET)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and
ash point - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [Link] iki/Flash point

between 38 and 66 °C (100 and

151 °F), close to that of Autoignition
Fuel Flash point temperature
off-the-shelf kerosene. Yet both
Jet B and JP-4 have flash points Ethanol (70%) 16.6 °C (61.9 °F)[21 363 °C (685 °F)[2)
between -23 and-1°C (-9 and 280 °C (536 °F)4]
30 °F). Gasoline (petrol) -43 °C (-45 °F)B!
Diesel (2-D) |>52°C (126 °F)3) 256 °C (493 °F}[4)
Standardization Jet fuel (A/A-1) >38°C (100 °F) 210 °C (410 °F)
Kerosene |>38-72 °C(100-162 °F)| 220 °C (428 °F)
Flash points of substances are
measured according to standard Vegetable oil(canola)| 327 °C (621 °F)
test methods. These test methods Biodiesel >130 °C (266 °F)
de fine the apparatus required to
carry out the measurement, key
test parameters, the procedure for the operator or automated
apparatus to follow, and the precision of the test method.
Standard test methods are written andcontrolled by anumber of
national and internationalcommittees and organizations. The
three main bodies aretheCEN / 1SO Joint Working Group on
Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM DO2.8B Flammability Section and
the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.

See also
Automatic Pensky-Martens closed cup
Autoignition temperature
tester with an integrated fire
. Fire point
Safety data sheet (SDS) extinguisher

References
1. NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2012 Edition ([Link]
/product. asp?pid-3012&title=2012-NFPA-30-Flammable-and-Combustible-Liquids

Code&category name-Codes_ and Standards&target pid=3012&source pid=3012&

link type=edition_change) Retrieved January 4, 2014.
2. "Ethanol MSDS" (PDF). Retrieved January 4, 2014.
3. "Flash Point Fuels". Retrieved January 4, 2014.
4. "Fuels and Chemicals Autoignition Temperatures". Retrieved January 4, 2014.

Retrieved from "[Link] _point&oldid=695944 188"

Categories: Combustion Threshold temperatures

This page was last modified on 19 December 2015, at 20:32.

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 11/27

APSCL 225MW CCPP Gas Analysis

Gas Analysis of Ashuganj225Mw cCPP (HYUNDAIENG. CO. LTD.)

Serial no: 11 Sample no:C Cylinder no:11
Samplingdate: 21/11/2015 Time: 13:30 hr Analysis date: 01/12/2015

Sample Location: Fuel gas supply system within APSCL site.

Temperature: Project: BAPP 225 MW
Pressure: bar Sampled by: YOUN. G.J.

Client's ref: BAPP-HES-BUET-L150004 Date: 23/11/2015

% Mole % Wt
Nitrogen 0.425 0.713
CO, 0.110 0.291

Methane 96.662 92.751

Ethane 2.023 3.638
Propane 0.397 1.046
i-Butane 0.130 0.453
n-Butane 0.086 0.298
0-Pentane 0.048 0.205
n-Pentane 0.029 0.122
Hexane 0.058 0.292
Heptane 0.028 0.161
Octane 0.002 0.015
Nonane 0.002 0.015
Decane+ 0.000 0.000
Total 100 100

SG: 0.5773 Base condition: 15'C&101.325 kPa

Ideal Density: 0.7071 kg/scm
Real Gas Density: 0.7087 kg/scm
Mole Weight: 16.7196 gm/mol
Compressibility: 0.9977

Higher Heating Value: 38.6789 MJ/sCm (15°C&101.325 KPa)

Lower HeatingValue: 34.86377 MJ/scm (15°c&101.325 KPa)
*scm: Standard Cubic Meter
PMRE-187

Md. Mushahed Ullah

Principal Experimental Engineer
PMRE Department Tel+Fax: 02-9613897
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
 Kl6000

GAS HEATED PENSKY-MARTENS CLOSED' TESTER

SAFETY AND HAZARD WARNING

THIS EQUIPMENT MAY INVOLVE HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

AND OPERATIONS. THIS MANUAL DOES NOT PURPORT

TO ADDRESS ALL OF THE SAFETY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED

WITH THE USE OF THE EQUIPMENT. IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY

OF WHOEVER USES THIS EQUIPMENT TO CONSULT AND

ESTABLISH APPROPRIATE SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICES,

AND DE TERMINE THE APPLICABILITY OF REGULATORY

LIMITATIONS PRIOR TO USE.

NOTE: AS A SAFETY PRECAUTION, NEVER

USE UNREGULATED GAS WITH THIS TESTER
 INTRODUCTION

This manual is provided as an aid in setting up, operating

and maintaining the instrument. It does not supply the necessary
information required to perform the ASTM test. This information must

be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM)
located at:

ASTM
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshoho cken PA 19428-2959
(610) 832-9500
 Kl6000

GAS HEATED PENSKY-MARTENS CLOSED TESTER

ASTM D93 & El34

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the cup and its accessories
before starting the test. Particular care should be taken to
avoid th» presence of any gasoline or naphtha used to clean the
apparatus after a previous test.
Fill the cup with the oil to be tested 'up to the level indicated
by the filling mark.
Place the lid on the cup and set the latter in the stove. Take
care to have the locating devices properly engaged.
Insert the thermometer. If it is 7nown that the oil wil1 flash
104°C
above 220°F. the "P.M. High" thermometer may be selected;
otherwise it is preferable to start with the "P.M. LOw" ther
mome ter and then to change in case a temperature of 220 to 230°F.
is reached.

Light the test flame and adjust so that it is 5/32" in diameter,

the same size as the bead provided for comparison.
Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature read on the
thernometer increases not less than 9 nor more than l1°F. per
minute. 5
7. Turn the stirrer at a rate from 1 to 2 revolutions per second.
Apply the test flame at each temperature reading, which is a
multiple of 2°F. up to 220°F. For the temperature range above
220°F. apply the test flame at each temperature reading, which
is a mul tiple of 5 F. Apply the test fl ame by operating the
knurled hand knob, controlling the shutter and test flame burner
So that the flame is lowered in onehalf second, left in its
position for one second, and quickly raised to its high position.
Discontinue stirring during the application of the test flame.

1 of 2
 SECTION A

(1) ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE:

NOTE : Unit is partially isassembl ed to fit into preformed

carton for shipping.
TO REASSEMBLE: (See diagram K16000 Gas P.M. Tester)

Components numbered on Diagram .(-3 -l1)

(-3 -6) & (-8 -1) have been disassembled for shipping.
(A) Place the mechanical top (Kl60-l) into the cup

(Kl60-2) and place on Air Bath.

(B) Instal1 the main gas pipe (-3 -6) into the 1/4
pipe tee using a 3/4 Hex open end or adjustable wrench only,
(DO NOT USE PIPE WRENCH) and tighten securely.

(C) Place the cup holder (-3 -1l) on the ma in gas pipe

(-3 -6) at a convenient height and tighten thumb sCrew.

(D) Install the support rod (-8-1) into the base and

tighten set screw in base (-0 -1) to secure rod.

(E) Install the stirrer motor on the support rod (-8 -1).
(F) Connect the flex cable from the mechanical top to the
motor and adjust the motor to the angle shown in diagram.
(G) Connect gas inlet to any regulated low pressure
(5-10 p.s.i.) gas supply (such as L.P.G. or natural gas). Do
not use direct unregulated pressure from an L.P.G. tank.
Unit is now ready for operation. Proceed to instructions page
(1).

NOTE: (D) & (E) purchased as an option P/N Kl6220. Kl60-l0

Stirrer Extension Wire provided for Kl6220 Stirer Motor.
 K16000
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

9. Record as the flash point the temperature read on the ther

mometer at the time of the flame application that causes a
distinct flash in the interior of the cup. The true flash must
not be confused with the bluish halo that sometimes surrounds
the test flame for the applications preceding the one that
causes the actual flash.
10. Observe and record the barometric pressure. Make no CorreC
tions except in case of dispute when the flash point figure
should be corrected according to the following rule:
For each inch (25MM) below 29.92" (760MM) barometric
reading add 1.6 °F to the flash point.
For each inch (25MM) above 29.92" (760MM) barometric
reading subtract 1.6°F. from the flash point.

2 of 2
 NO3IuISr
INSTRUMENT COMPANY, INC. LIST

REV: REVISION DATE: 4-19-96 SHEET 1 OF 2 SHEETS

PARTS TITLE PL
ASSEMBLY, GAS BASE K16000
LIST
ITEM PART
QTY DESCRIPTION S.A. DESIG NUMBER
NO.
1 CAST IRON BASE X K160-3-1
2 UPRIGHT K160-3-4

1 CAST IRON BELL K160-3-2

4 SPACER K160-3 10
BRASS BELL K160-3-3
1 GAS PIPE ASSY K160-3-12
7 COVER ASSY K16010
1 BRASS CUP K16020
CUP HOLDER x K160-3-11
10 4 1.00 OD RUBBER FEET 160-100-001

13
11
12
E-1
1
1
1/4 MPT X 1/4 BRASS HOSE BARB
1/4 BRASS TEE CONNECTOR
1/4 PIPE X 3 1/2 N/P NIPPLE
030-104-00N
020-104-10N
020-104-32N
14 4 10-32 X 1/2 PHILLIPS HEAD SCREW 221-102-1ON
15 3 10-32 X 1/2 FIL HD SCREW, BRASS NP 221-102-09N
16 2 1/4-20 X 1/2 SOCKET SETSCREW 22J-102-04T
17 1 1/8 X 1 1/2 PIPE NIPPLE BRASS NP 020-108-24N
18 1 GAS BURNER K16040

REVISIONS
REV DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED REV DESCRPTION DATE APPROV3D

B ECO #623 4/18/96 GAD

PREPARED BY: TR
APPROVED: BF INSTRUMENT USED ON: K16000
 STORAGE PROCEDURE

consists of
This laboratory test instrument

ElectricaI & Mechanical components. Storage f a c i l i t i c s

of high and low

shou ld not be subject to extremes
low moisture
temperatures Or extremes of high and
Consistent with
Conditions. Storage f a c i l i t i e s shou ld be

indoor laboratory environmen t.

Unit is shipped in corrugated, cartons and if long

NOTE:
repacking with water
term storage is anticipated,
recommended to insure a safe
resis tant packing is

Condition for the equipment.

 Ki6000

PARTS LIST

K16010
Top
K16020
Cup
Kl60-3-3 Brass Bell
K160-3-2 Cast Iron Bell
K160-1-14 Thermometer Ferrule Adapter
Kl45-8
Thermometer Ferrule (Include Kl45-8-3 Ring)
Kl60 9
Flexible Sha ft
Kl6220
Motor stirrer & Upright Rod
K160-3-1 Base

Kl6040-11000 Natural Gas Burner (std)

416-000-0ON Natural Orifice

4l6-000-00p Liquid Petroleum Gas Orifice
K160-10 Stirrer Motor Extension Wire
All gas operated Flash Point
Instrument Company come with aTesters
choice
manufactured by Koeh ler
normally supplied is natural gas. In of burners. The type
supplied is not suitable for your gas the event the burner
easily exchanged. Supply, burners are

NOTE: Socket Nema #5-15

 Ki6000

PARTS LIST

Kl6010 Top

K16020 Cup

K160-3-3 Brass Bell

K160-3-2 Cast Iron Bell

K160-1-14 Thermometer Ferrule Adapter

K145-8 Thermometer Ferrule (Include Kl45-8-3 Ring)

Kl60-9 Flexible Sha ft

K16220 Motor stirrer & Upright Rod

Kl60-3-1 Base

Kl6040-11000 Natural Gas Burner (std)

4 16-000-0ON Natural 0rifice

4 16-000-00P Liquid Petroleum Gas Orifice

Kl60-l0 Stirrer Motor Extension Wire

A11 gas operated Flash Point Testers manufactured by Koehler

Instrument Company come with a choice of burners. The type
normally supplied is natural gas. In the event the burner
suppl ied is not suitable o r your gas Supply, burners are
easily exchanged.

NOTE: Socket Nema #5-15

1g-02-e7
Sctane frem X
Lab esel
FL P: 70c

* Irlean Spcethtn Keresne Flash pormtAbel) P:21

Marketable Kero sine shouAle Abovc 42
Flosh pernt = oG4
Tc- Ci95 1BPio beily eay
(Nelson)

Kerosene (iso-
2sde)istllati itluminotig
Þiesel 256-32ce) itn gsi) taneia
 RXAAI -EDN.

University of Bangladesh Packing List

Part # Value $CAD

Item # Quantity. Description
Box #1

|Pensky- Martens Flash Point Tester

Pensky-Martens Flash Point Tester K16000 2,255.

1
ASTM 90 Thermomeler
250-000-09C 100.
2
250-000-10C 80.
J2 ASTM 10C Thermometer
4 1 Pensky-Martens Slirrer 1olor and Rod, 230V 50Hz
K16229-MO 682.
|inclydes: Molor Assembly Support Rod K162-2-0-1. inçluded

Box 42
Cloud and our Point Chamber

:Cloudand Poyr Poin: Chamber Unit K46000 1,432

Graduated leId and Por Pein J2r 332-004-001 72
/ASTIA 50 Thermometer I 250-000-05C 18d

ASTM 6C Therrnemeter 250-000-06C 240

IInstruclion Manual included

Total $CAD 5,770

Orig i n: nited States

 4 D93
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals? Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash
point under 37.8°C (100°F) are flammable, as determined by this test
3. Terminology method, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm
3.1 Definitions: 2/s (cSt) or more at 37.8C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F),
or that contain suspended solids, have a tendency to form a surface
3.1.1 lash point, n-in petroleum products, the lowest film while under test. Other classification flash points have been
temperature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa established by these departments for liquids using this test method.
(760 mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source 5.3 This test method should be used to measure and
causes the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies
specified conditions of test. in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled
[Link] Discussion-The test specimen is deemed to have laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or
flashed when a flame appears and instantaneously propa appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or
gätes ilsell over the entire surface of the test specimen. assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of
[Link] Discussion-When the ignition source is a test this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk
flame, the application of the test flame may cause a blue halo assessment which takes into account all of the factors which
or an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a
not a flash point and shall be ignored. particular end use.
3.1.2 dynamic, adj-in petroleum products-the coni 5.4 This test method provides the only closed cup flash
tion where the vapor above the test specimen and the test point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F).
specimen are not in temperature equilibrium at the time that
the ignition source is applied. 6. Apparatus
[Link] Discussion-This is primarily caused by the 6.1 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (manual)
heating of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate This apparatus consists of the test cup, test cover and shutter,
with the vapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen stirring device, heating source, ignition source device, air
temperature. bath, and top plate described in detail in Annex AI. The
3.1.3 equilibriun, n--in petroleum products-the condi assembled manual apparatus, test cup, test cup cover, and
tion where the vapor above the test specimen and the test test cup assembly are illustrated in Figs. Al.1, Al.2, AI.3,
specimen are at the same temperature at the time the and Al.4, respectively. Dimensions are listed respectively.
ignition source is applied. 6.2 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Apparatus (automated)
[Link] Discussion-This condition may not be fully This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that is
achieved in practice, since the temperature may not be capable of performingthe test in accordance with Section I1,
uniform throughout the test specimen, and the test cover and Procedure A, and Section 12, Procedure B, of thistest
shutter on the apparatus can be cooler. method. The apparatus shall use the test cup, test cover and
shutter, stirring device, heating source, and ignition source
4. Summary of Test Method device described in detail in Annex Al.
4.1 A75-mL test specimen is 'heated at a slow constant 6.3 Temperature Measuring Device-Is athermometer
rate with continual stirring in a brass test cup of specified having a range as shown as follows and conforming to the
dimensions with a cover of specified dimensions. An ignition requirements prescribed in Specification E I or in Annex A3,
source is directed into the test cup at regular intervals with or an electronic temperature measuring device, such as
simultaneous interruption of the stirring. The flash point is resistance thermometers or thermocouples. The device shall
the lowest liquid temperature at which application of the exhibit the samne temperature response as the mercury
ignition source causes, the vapor of the test specimen of the thermometers.
sample to ignite. Thermometer Number
Temperature Range ASTM IP

5. Significance and Use -5 to +110°C 9C 15C

(20 to 230»F) (9F)
5.1 The lash point temperature is one measure of the +10 to 200°C 88C 101C
tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture (50to 392'F) (88F)
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only +90 to 370°C
(200 to 700°F)
10C 16C

one of a number of properties which must be considered in

(10F)
material.
assessing the overall flammability hazard of a 6.4 Tgnition Source--Natural gas flame, bottled gas flame,
regulations
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety One and electric ignitors (hot wire) have been found acceptable
flammable and combustible materials. should for use as the ignition source. The gas flame device described
todefine
defini
consult the particular regulation involved for precise in detailed in Fig. Al.4 requires the use of the pilot flame
tions of these classifications. described in Al.I.2.3. The electric ignitors shall be of the
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and U.S.
hot-wire type and shall position the heated section of the
NoTE 2-The ignitor in the aperture of the test cover in the same manner
as the gas flame device.
Vol 15.05. NoTE 3: Warning--Gas pressure supplied to the apparatus should
7Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
8 For infozmation on U.S. Department of Transportation regulations, see Codes not be allowed to exceed 300 mm (11.8 in.) of water pressure.
49 CFR Chapter l and the U.S. Department of Labor, see 29
of U.S. Regulations annually and may be procured 7. Reagents and Materials
CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items is revised Printing
Documents, Government
from the Superintendent of 7.1 1,4-dimethylbenzene (p-xylene), conforming to the
Washington, DC 20402.
41
 4> D93
18°C 32°F below its expected flash point.
following requirements:
0.860 min, 0.866 max . NoTE 8-If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contami
Specific gravity
nants, the treatment described in 8.5 and 8.6 should
be omitted.
(15.6/15.6°C) (60/60°F).
Boiling range 2°C, max (include 138.4°C) D850 or Test Method D 1078
Purity 99 % mol, min Test Method D 1016 9. Preparation of Apparatus
12.44°C (54.4°F) min 9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a
freezing point Test Method D 1015
Test Method D 3798 (modified) level steady table.
C6 and lighter S00 mg/kg. max (500ppm) or
9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room
7.2 Calibration Fluid-(to be determined). compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any
NoTE 4-The Coordinating Committee on Flash Point S15 is location where drafts occur are not reliable.
currently evaluating suitable material for use as calibration fluids. 460 mm (18 in.)
NoTE 9-A shield, of the approximate dimensions dimensions, and
610 mm (24 in.) high, or other suitable
7.3 Cleaning Solvents--Use suitable solvent capable of square and
drafts from disturbing
cleaning out the specimen from the test cup and drying the having an open front is recommended to prevent
the vapors above the test cup.
test cup and cover. Some commonly used solvents are NoTE 10With some samples whose vapors or products of with a
pyrolysis
toluene and acetone. permissible to place the apparatus along
are objectionable, it is adjustable so that
NoTE 5: Warning-Toluene, acetone. and many solvents are flam draft shield in àventilation hood, the draft of which is
vapors can be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup
mable and a health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste material in during the ignition source application period.
accordance with local regulations.
automated
9.3 Prepare the manual apparatus or the manufactur
8. Sampling apparatus for operation in accordance with the
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with instructions given er's instructions for calibrating, checking, and operating the
in Practices D 4057, D 4177, or E 300. equipment.
8.2 At least 75 mL of sample is required for each test. NoTE 11: Warning-Gas pressure should not be allowed to exceed
Refer to Practice D 4057. 300 mm (11.8 in.) of water pressure.
8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if 9.4 Thoroughly clean and dry all parts of the test cup and
precautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile its accessories before starting the test, to ensure the removal
material. Do not open containers unnecessarily, to prevent of any solvent which had been used to clean the apparatus.
loss of volatile material or possible introduction of moisture,
10. Calibration and Standardization
or both. Do not make a transfer unless the sample tempera
the
ture is at least the equivalent of 18°C or 32°F below 10.1 Adjust the automated flash point detection system
expected flash point. When possible, flash point shall be the (when used) in accordance with the manufacturer's instruc
first test performed on a sample and the sample shall be tions.
stored at or below room temperature. 10.2 Calibrate the temperature measuring device in accor
dance with the manufacturer's instructions.
NoTE 6-Typically when the same sample is to be used for vapor
pressure analysis, the vapor pressure specimen is obtained
first. 10.3 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus or
the automated apparatus by testing the calibration fluid
8.4 Do not store samples in plastic (polyethylene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene in accordance with Procedure A of this
polypropylene, etc.) containers, since volatile material may
diffuse through the walls of the enclosure. Samples in leaky
test method. When the apparatus is performing properly, the
Containers are suspect and not a source of valid results.
flash point of the calibration fluid, within the reproducibility
stated, will be obtained: 27.2 ± 0.6°C (81 t 1'F).
8.5 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until NoTE 12-The flash point temperature of 1,4-dimethylbenzene is a
how
they are reasonably fluid before they are transferred: relatively low temperature and may not allow the specified rate of
be heated more than is absolutely
ever, no sample shall heating to be achieved. Cooling the material to the specified specimen
transferred
necessary. The sample shall not be heated and insertion temperature may cause the material to rystalize. The ASTM
18°C or 32F below its
unless its temperatures is more than Coordinating Committee on Flash Point is in the process of determining
the sample has been heated
expected flash point. When more suitable calibration fluids.
above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until its 10,4 When the flash point obtained is not within the
expected flash
temperature is at least 18°Cor 32°F below the limits stated in 10.3, check the condition and operation of
point before transferring. the apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in
NoTE 7-Volatile vaporscan escape during heating when
the sample Annex A1, especially with regard to tightness of the lid
container is not properly sealed. (A1.1.2.2), the action of the shutter, the position of the
8.6 Samples containing dissolved or free water
may be ignition source (A1.I.2.3), and the angle and position of the
by filtering through a temperature measuring device (AI.1.2.4). After any adjust
dehydrated with calcium chloride or
qualitative filter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent ment,repeat the test in 10.3 using afresh test specimen, with
but it shall not be special attention to the procedural details prescribed in this
cotton. Warming the sample is permitted, test method.
heated for prolonged periods or greater than a temperature of

42
 4H D93
PROCEDURE ADETERMINATION OFFLASH POINT OFFUEL OILS, LUBRICATING OILS AND OTHER
HOMOGENEOUS LIQUIDS (see Introduction)
11. Procedure 11.1.7 When testing materials where the expected flash
|1.1 Manual Apparatus: point temperature is not known, bring the material to be
tested and the tester to a temperature of 15 ± 5Cor 60 +
11.1.1 Fillthe test cup withthe test specimen to the filling 10°F, When the material is known to be very viscous at this
mark inside of the test cup. The temperature of the test cup
and test specimen shall be at least 18°C or 32°F below the
temperature, heat the specimen to a starting temperature as
Cxpected lash point. If too much test specimen has been described in 8.5. Apply the ignition source, in the manner
described in [Link], beginning at least 5°C or 10°F higher
added to the test cup, remove the excess using asyringe or
similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place the test cover on than the starting temperature.
the test cup and place the assembly into the apparatus. Be NoTE 18-Flash Point results determined in an "unknown expected
sure the locating or locking device is properly engaged. Insert Mlash point mode" should be considered approximate. This value can be
used as the expected flash point when a fresh specimen is tested in the
the temperature measuring device into its holder.
|1.1.2 Light the test flame, and adjust it to a diameter of standard mode of operation.
3.2to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0. 189 in.), or switch on the electric 11.1.8 Record as the observed flash point the reading on
igniter and adjust the intensity in accordance with the the temperature measuring device at the time ignition source
manufacturer's instructions. application causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test
NoTE 13: Warning--Gas pressure should not be allowed to exceed Cup.
40 kPa (300 mm) of water pressure. NoTE 19-The sample is deemed to have flashed when a large flame
NoTE 14: Caution-Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it appears and instantaneously propagates itself over the entire surface of
should be cxtinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test cup, and the test specimen.
the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor space can influence
the result. 11.1.9 When the ignition source is a test flame, the
NoTE 15: Warning-The operator should exercise and take appro application of the test flame may cause a blue halo or an
priate safety precautions during the initial application of the ignition
source, since test specimens containing low-flash material can give an
enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is not a
abnormally strong flash when the ignition source is first applied.
flash and shall be ignored.
NoTE 16: Warning-The operator should exercise and take appro 11.1.10 When a flash point is detected on the first
priate safety precautions during the performance of this test method. application, the test shall be discontinued, the result dis
The temperatures attained during this test method, up to 370°C (698°F), carded, and the test repeated with a fresh test specimen. The
are considered hazardous. first application of the ignition source with the fresh test
1.1.3 Apply the heat at such a rate that the temperature, specimen shall be 23 t 5°C or 41 + 9°F below the
as indicated by the temperature measuring device, increases temperature at which a flash point was detected on the first
application.
5 to 6°C (9 to 11°F)/min.
11.14 Turn the stirring device at 90 to 120 rpm, stirring 11.1.11 When a flash point is detected at a temperature
in adownward direction. which is greater than 28°C or 50°F above the temperature of
the first application of the ignition source, or when a flash
NorE 17: Caution-Meticulous attention to all details relating to the
ignition source, size of test flame or intensity of the electric ignitor, rate point is detected at a temperature which is less than 18°C or
of temperature increase, and rate of dipping the ignition source into the 32°F above the temperature of the first application of the
vapor of the test specimen desirable for good results. ignition source, the result shall be considered approximate,
111.5 Application of Ignition Source: and the test repeated with a fresh test specimen. Adjust the
[Link] If the test specimen is expected to have a flash expected flash point for this next test to the temperature of
point of 110°C or 230°F or below, apply the ignition source the approximate result. The first application of the ignition
when the temperature of the test specimen is 23 ± 5°C or 41 source with the fresh test specimen shall be 23 + 5°C or 41 +
9°F below the temperature at which the approximate result
+ 9°F below the expected flash point and each time was found.
thereafter at a temperature reading that is a multiple of 1°C 11.1.12 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe
or 2°F. Discontinue the stirring of the test specimen and
apply the ignition source by operating the mechanism on the handling temperature, less than 55°C (130°F), remove the
test cover which controls the shutter so that the ignition test cover and the test cup and clean the apparatus as
recommended by the manufacturer.
source is lowered into the vapor space of the test cup in 0.5 s,
left in its lowered position for ls, and quickly raised to its NoTE 20--Exercise care when cleaning and positioning the lid
upward position. assembly so not to damage or dislocate the flash detection system or
I1.15.2 If the test specimen is expected to have a flash temperature measuring device. See the manufacturer's instructions for
proper care and maintenance.
point above 110°C or 230°F, apply the ignition source in the
manner described in [Link] at each temperature increase of 11.2 Automated Apparatus:
2°C or 5°F, beginning at a temperature of 23 ± 5°C or 41 + 11.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of
9°F below the expected flash point. performing the procedure as described in 11.1, including
11.1.6 When testing materials to determine if volatile control of the heating rate, stirring of the test specimen,
material contamination is present, it is not necessary to application of the ignition source, detection of the flash
adhere to the temperature limits for initial ignition source point, and recording the flash point.
application as stated in 11.1.5. 11.2.2 Fillthe test cup with the test specimen to the filling
43
 4 D93
mark inside of the test cup. The temperature of the test cup NoTE 22: Caution--Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it
cup and amt
should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test
and test specimen shall be at least 18°Cor 32°F below the the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor space
can influence baro
pre
expected flash point. If too much test specimen has been the result.
take appro
NoTE 23: Warning-The operator should exercise and the
read

added to the test cup, remove the excess using a syringe or application of ignition
similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place the test cover on priate safety precautions during the initial
low-flash material may give an
source, since test specimens containing 101
he test cup and place the assembly into the apparatus. Be abnormally strong flash when the ignition source is first
applied.
the
and take appro
sure the locating or locking device is properly engaged. Insert NoTE 24: Warning-The operator should exercise this
performance of test method. bar
the temperature measuring device into its holder. priate safety precautions during the method, up to 370°C(698°F). dov
The temperatures attained during this test
11.2.3 Light the test flame, when necessary, and adjust it rec
are considered hazardous.
to a diameter of 3.2to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0.189 in.). accordance with
11.2.4 Start the automated apparatus in 14.
instructions. The apparatus shall follow
the manufacturer's
NoTE 21: Warning-Gas pressure should not be allowed to exceed through 11.1.8.
40 kPa (300 mm) of water pressure. the procedural details described in 11.1.3 D9
Clo
TEND TO FORM A SURFACE
PROCEDURE B-DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT OF LIOUIDS THAT (see Introduction) 15.
SOLIDS ANDNON-HOMOGENEOUS LIQUIDS
FILM,LIQUIDS WITH SUSPENSIONS OF
12.2.2 Fillthe test cup with the test specimen
to the filling ced
12. Procedure cup. The temperature of the test cup inte
mark inside of the test
12.1 Manual Apparatus: specimen shall be at least 18°C or 32°F below the
and test specimen has been
12.1.1 Fill thetest cup with the test specimen to the filling expected flash point. If too much test rest

mark inside of the test cup. The temperature of the test cup remove the excess using a syringe or
added to the test cup, app
specimen shall be at least 18°C or 32°F below the for withdrawal of fluid. Place the test cover test
and test been
similar device
expected flash point. If too much test specimen has the apparatus. Be
the test cup and place the assembly into Cori
using a syringe or properly engaged. Insert
added to the test cup, remove the excess
sure the locating or locking device is valu
similar device for withdrawal of fluid. Place the test cover on the temperature measuring device into its holder.
apparatus. Be it
the test cup and place the assembly into the 12.2.3 Light the test flame, when necessary, and adjust
properly engaged. Insert to 0.189 in.).
sure the locating or locking device is its holder. to a diameter of 3.2to 4.8 mm (0.126
the temperature measuring device into NoTE 29: Warning-Gas pressure should
not be allowed to exceed
12.1.2 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 40 kPa (300 mm) of water pressure.
on the electric
3.2 to 4.8 mm (0.126 to 0.189 in.), or switch with the NoTE 30: Caution--Exercise care when using a
gas test flame. If it and
intensity in accordance in the test cup and
igniter and adjust the should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors WO!
vapor space can influence
manufacturer's instructions.
the gas for the test flame that then enters the
the result. test
be allowed to exceed and take appro
NoTE 25: Warning-Gas pressure should not NoTE 31: Warning-The operator should exercise
40 kPa (300 mm) of water pressure. precautions during the initial application of the ignition
priate safety
NoTE 26: Caution--Exercise care when using
a gas test flame. If it low-flash material can give an
source, since test specimens containing
should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test cup and abnormally strong flash when the ignition source is first applied.
vapor space can influence and take appro
thegas for the test flame that then enters the NoTE 32: Warning-The operator should exercise this test method.
precautions during the performance of
the result. priate safety (698°F),
exercise and take appro this test method, up to 370°C
NoTE 27: Warning-The operator shouldapplication of the ignition The temperatures attained during
precautions during the initial are considered hazardous. suit:
priale safety low-flash material may give an
source, since test specimens containing with met
abnormally strong flash when the ignition source is first applied. 12.2.4 Start the automated apparatus in accordancefollow
should exercise and take appro instructions. The apparatus shall
NoTE 28: Warning-The operator the manufacturer's did
performance of this test method. 12.1.3 through
priate safety precautions during the
method, up to 370°C (698°F), the procedural details in accordance with duci
The temperatures attained during this test 12.1.5. Mar
are considered hazardous.
tion
rpm, stirring
12.1.3 Turn the stirring device at 250 ± 10 13. Calculation bety
in a downward direction. temperature 13.1 Observe and record the ambient barometric pressure flasl
12.1.4 Applythe heat at such a rate that the (See Note 30) at the time of the test. When the
pressure
measuring device increases 1 correct the flash point
as indicated by the temperature differs from 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg),
to 1.5°C(2 to 3°F)/min. as follows:
Section 11, with the
12.1.5 Proceed as prescribed in Corrected flash point = C+ 0.25 (101.3 - K)
exception of the preceding requirements for rates of stirring Corrected flash point = F+ 0.06 (760 - P) (2)
Corrected flash point = C+ 0.033 (760 - P) (3)
and heating.
12.2 Automated Apparatus: where:
shall be capable of
12.2.1 The automated apparatus C= observed flash point, °C.
described in 12.1, including
perforiming the procedure as F= observed flash point, 'F, A
stirring of the test specimen,
control of the heating rate, detection of the flash
P= ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and shor
application of the ignition source, K= ambient barometric pressure, kPa. COve
point.
point, and recording the flash
44
 D93
NoTE 33-The barometric pressure used in
id ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of this calculation is the cycle oil and fuel oil which showed some bias. In any
harometers, such as those used at weather stations the test. Many aneroid dispute, the manual procedure shall be considered the case of
referee
precorrected to give sea level readings and would notand airports, are
give the correct
test.
rcading for this test.
NoTE 34-The precision statements were derived on
13.2 When the ambient barometric pressure is only. Refer to the research report for information regardingclear liquids
relative bias
below
101.3 kPa (760 mm), round up the corrected flash point and types of samples. Additional studies are in progress
to relative bias. concerning
the nearest 0.5°C (1F) and record. When the
ambient
barometric pressure is above 101.3 kPa (760 mm), 15.1.5 The precision data were developed in a 1991
down the corrected flash point to the nearest 0.5°Cround cooperative test program using 5 samples of fuel and
and
record. lubricating oils. Twelve laboratories participated with the
manual apparatus and 21 laboratories participated with the
14. Report automated equipment. The apparatus used either a gas test
14.1 Report the corrected flash point as the ASTM flame or an electric resistance (hot wire) device for the
D93 - IP 34, Procedure A or Procedure B ignition source. Information on the type of samples and their
Closed Cup Flash Point of the test [Link]-Martens average flash point are in the research report available at
15. Precision and Bias ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:DO2-1008.
15.2 Precision-Procedure B-The precision of this pro
15.1 Precision-Procedure A-The precision of this pro cedure as determined by the statistical examination of the
cedure as determined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test results, is as follows:
interlaboratory test results, is as follows: 15.2.1 Repeatability-The difference between successive
15.1.1 Repeatability-The difference between successive results obtained by the same operator with the same appa
results, obtained by the same operator with the same ratus under constant operating conditions on identical test
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical materials would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
test material, would in the long run, in the normal and operation of the test method, exceed the following value in 1
correct operation of the test method, exceed the following case in 20:
values in | case in 20. Repeatability S°C (9°F)
= AX, (4)
A =0.03S, 15.2.2 Reproducibility-The difference between two
X= reported result in °C, and single and independent results obtained by different opera
= repeatability. tors working in different laboratories on identical material
would, in the long run, exceed the following value only in 1
15.1.2 Reproducibility-The difference between two single case in 20.
and independent results, obtained by different operators
working in different laboratories on identical material, would Reproducibility 10°C (18F)
in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of the 15.2.3 Bias-Since there is no accepted reference material
test method, exceed the following values only in Icase in 20. suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test
R = BX, (5)
method, bias has not been determined.
B = 0.078, 15.2.4 The precision data for Procedure B is not known to
= reported result in °C, and have been developed in accordance with RR:D02-1007.
R = reproducibility. NoTE 3S-Procedure B was not tested in the 1991 interlaboratory
15.1.3 Bias-Since there is no accepted reference material program. Committee D-2 intends to conduct an interlaboratory test
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test utilizing Procedure B.
method, bias has not been determined. 16. Keywords
15.1.4 Relative Bias-Statistical evaluation of the data
did not detect any significant difference between the repro 16.1 automated flash point: automated Pensky-Martens
ducibility variances of manual and automated Pensky closed cup; flammability; flash point; Pensky-Martens closed
Cup
Martens flash point results for the samples studied. Evalua
tion of the data did not detect any significant difference
between averages of manual and automated Pensky-Martens 9The results of the 1991 interlaboratory cooperative test program are available
Ilash point for the samples studied with the exception of from ASTM Headquarters. Request ASTM RR:DO2 - 1008.

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)
Al. APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS
Al.1 A typical assembly of the apparatus, gas heated, is A1.1.1 Cup-The cup shall be of brass, or other
shown in Fig. Al.1. The apparatus shall consist of atest cup, nonrusting metal of equivalent heat conductivity, and shall
cover, and stove conforming to the following requirements: conform to the dimensional requirements in Fig. A1.2. The
45