ENGELBERT T.
CARIÑO
Department of Computer Engineering
College of Engineering
TOPIC 3
• Sample Space and Relationships among Events
• Counting Rules Useful in Probability
• Rules of Probability
What is the probability of
a) Getting a head on flipping a coin
b) Getting a 3 on rolling a dice
c) Getting a odd number on rolling a dice
d) Getting a Jack on a deck of cards
e) Getting a Face card on a deck of cards
• a) Getting a Head on Flipping a Coin
• b) Getting a 3 on Rolling a Die
• c) Getting an Odd Number on Rolling a Die
• d) Getting a Jack on a Deck of Cards
• e) Getting a Face Card on a Deck of Cards
1. (Coin problem) If two pair coins are flipped, what
is the probability of getting at least one head? (b) If
three coins are flipped, what is the probability of
getting at least two tails? (c) If three coins are
flipped, what is the probability of getting exactly
one tail?
a) If two coins are flipped, what is the probability of
getting at least one head?
• Sample Space (S):
HH, HT, TH, TT → 4 outcomes
• Event A: At least one head
HH, HT, TH → 3 outcomes
• (b) If three coins are flipped, what is the probability of
getting at least two tails?
• Sample Space (S):
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT → 8 outcomes
• Event B: At least 2 tails
HTT, THT, TTH, TTT → 4 outcomes
• (c) If three coins are flipped, what is the probability of
getting exactly one tail?
• Sample Space (S):
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT → 8 outcomes
• Event C: Exactly 1 tail
HHT, HTH, THH → 3 outcomes
2. (Dice Problem) A six sided die is tossed (a) What
is the probability of getting a 2? (b) What is the
probability of getting a 3 or 5? (c) What is the
probability of getting a number that is at most 4? (d)
What is the probability of getting a number that is
greater than 3? (e) What is the probability of getting
a number that is less than or equal to 5?
Given:
• A six-sided die has outcomes:
𝑆 = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
• Total possible outcomes = 6
(a) Probability of getting a 2
• (b) Probability of getting a 3 or 5
• (c) Probability of getting a number at most 4
(d) Probability of getting a number greater than 3
(e) Probability of getting a number less than or equal to 5
Compound events are formed when 2 or more
individual events are executed in succession and
we want to know the combined result. In this case
we have event A and event B in combination. We
want to know:
• P(A or B): The probability that either event A or
event B will occur.
• P(A and B) : The probability that both event A and
event B will occur.
• P(A|B): The probability that event A will occur
given that event B has occurred.
If A and B are independent events, the probability
that both events A and B occur is the product of
their individual probabilities.
P (A and B) = P (A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
1. If you roll two six sided dice, (a) what is the
probability you will roll a 5 and then a 3? (b) what is
the probability that you will roll an even number on
each?
•Two fair six-sided dice are rolled in sequence.
•Total outcomes per die = 6
•Total outcomes for two dice = 6×6=36
• (a) Probability of rolling a 5 and then a 3
(b) Probability of rolling an even number on each die
2. A bag contains 3 red, 5 blue and 2 orange
marbles. If you pull two marbles one at a time with
replacement.
(a)What is the probability that it is a blue then red?
(b)What is the probability that is an orange then
red?
•Bag contains: 3 red, 5 blue, 2 orange
•Total marbles = 3+5+2=10a
•Draws are with replacement → probabilities stay
the same for each draw.
(a) Probability of drawing Blue then Red
• (b) Probability of drawing Orange then Red
If A and B are dependent events, the probability that
both events A and B occur is the product of
probability of getting event A and probability of
getting event B assuming event A was taken out.
P (A and B) = P(A). P(B| A)
1. A jar contains 5 green, 10 red, 7 blue marbles, two
marbles are pulled on at a time without
replacement
(a) What is the probability that it is green then red?
(b) What is the probability that it is blue then green?
(c) Red then red?
(d) Blue then blue?
•Jar contains:
•5 green
•10 red
•7 blue
•Total marbles = 5 + 10 + 7 = 22
•Draws are without replacement → total decreases after first draw.
(a) Probability of Green then Red
(b) Probability of Blue then Green
(c) Probability of Red then Red
(d) Probability of Blue then Blue
2. A bag of candy contains 4 lemon flavored sour balls,
and 5 lime flavored sour balls. If Tim reaches in, takes
one out and eats it, and then 20 minutes later selects
another and eats that one as well, what is the
probability that they were both flavored candies?
•Bag contains:
•4 lemon-flavored sour balls
•5 lime-flavored sour balls
•Total = 4+5=9 sour balls
•Tim picks two sour balls one after the other, without replacement.
•We want: Probability that both are flavored candies.
1. A red and a blue die are rolled. What is the
probability of the red being an odd number and the
blue being greater than four?
•Two dice: Red die and Blue die.
•Total outcomes = 6×6=36
• Step 1: Define the events
• Step 2: Combine probabilities
• Since the dice are independent:
2. A box of chocolates contains 10 milk chocolates, 6
dark chocolates and 4 white chocolate candies. If
selected at random, what is the probability that you eat
a milk chocolate followed by a white chocolate?
• Milk chocolates = 10
• Dark chocolates = 6
• White chocolates = 4
• Total chocolates = 10 + 6 + 4 = 20
• We are selecting two chocolates one after the other,
without replacement:
• 1st: milk chocolate
• 2nd: white chocolate
• Probability of picking milk first
• Probability of picking white second (after removing 1
chocolate)
• After removing 1 milk chocolate, chocolates left:
• milk: 9
• dark: 6
• white: 4
• total: 19
• Multiply the probabilities
Mutually exclusive events – events that cannot occur
simultaneously (No overlap)
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
1. One card is drawn from a standard deck, what
is the probability of drawing a 2 or an Ace?
• Know the total number of cards
• A standard deck has:
• 52 cards in total.
• Count the favorable outcomes
• Compute the probability
• Simplify the fraction
• Final answer:
2. A bag contains 4 green, 6 yellow, and a blue
marbles. One is drawn at random. Find the (a)
probability that it is blue or green (b) probability that
it is yellow or green (c) purple or a blue?
• Know the total number of marbles
• The bag contains:
• 4 green
• 6 yellow
• 1 blue
• Total = 4 + 6 + 1 = 11 marbles
• (a) Probability it is blue or green
• Number of blue marbles = 1
• Number of green marbles = 4
• (b) Probability it is yellow or green
• Number of yellow marbles = 6
• Number of green marbles = 4
• (c) Probability it is purple or blue
• Number of purple marbles = 0 (there are none)
• Number of blue marbles = 1
Mutually inclusive events – events whose outcomes
may occur simultaneously (overlap)
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A and B)
1. One card is drawn from a standard deck of cards.
What is the probability of drawing a queen or a
diamond.
• Total number of cards
• A standard deck has 52 cards.
• Count the favorable outcomes
• Compute the probability
• Simplify the fraction
• Final Answer:
2. A jar contains 5 green cubes, 6 red cubes, 8 green
spheres and 10 red spheres. One object is pulled.
(a) P (Red or Cube) (b) P(Sphere or Green)
(c) P (Cube or Green) (d) P(Red or Sphere)
• List the objects in the jar
• Use the probability rule for “or”
• (a) 𝑃 Red or Cube
• Red = 16 (6 red cubes + 10 red spheres)
• Cubes = 11 (5 green + 6 red)
• Overlap (Red and Cube) = 6 red cubes
• (b) 𝑃 Sphere or Green
• Spheres = 18 (8 green + 10 red)
• Green = 13 (5 green cubes + 8 green spheres)
• Overlap (Sphere and Green) = 8 green spheres
• (c) 𝑃 Cube or Green
• Cubes = 11
• Green = 13
• Overlap (Cube and Green) = 5 green cubes
• (d) 𝑃 Red or Sphere
• Red = 16
• Spheres = 18
• Overlap (Red and Sphere) = 10 red spheres
1. Katie has 6 nickels and 7 dimes in her pocket. 5 of
the nickels and 1 of the dimes are Canadian. The
others are from the US. Suppose Katie randomly
selects a coin from her pocket. What is the probability
that it is a dime or is from the US?
• Given:
• Katie has:
• 6 nickels
• 5 are Canadian
• 1 is US
• 7 dimes
• 1 is Canadian
• 6 are US
• Total coins = 6+7=13
7+7 −6
• P(dime or from US)
13
8
• P(dime or from US) = 0.6154 = 61.54%
13
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