Eng.

Samira Ahmed
Center of Gravity and Centroid

Centroid : is a point which defines the geometric center of an object.

Composite Bodies

A composite body consists of a series of connected ―simpler‖ shaped bodies, which may be
rectangular, triangular, semicircular, etc. Such a body can often be sectioned or divided into its
composite parts and, provided the weight and location of the center of gravity of each of these
parts are known, we can then eliminate the need for integration to determine the center of
gravity for the entire body.

A- Centroid of composite area ( uniform area)

The centroid can be found by dividing the area in to simple area and use:
Eng. Samira Ahmed
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H.W
1. Find the centroid of the shaded area shown.

2- Locate the centroid of the plane area shown.

B-Centroid of integration for Non- uniform area
If area is bounded by a curve (with defined equation), use integration as follow:
Ex1// Find the coordinates of centroid of the shaded area shown when y = 4 and x = 2.

y = x2
EX2 // Locate centroid of the area shown in Fig :
Solution
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

Friction
Friction is the force to the surface of contact between two bodies that tends to prevent
the relative motion between them.

Friction is a force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide
relative to one another. This force always acts tangent to the surface at the points of
contact and is directed so as to oppose the possible or existing motion between the
surfaces. There are three types of friction: 1- Dry friction

2- Fluid friction

3- Internal friction

Our field of study is dry friction

There are two types of dry friction:
1- Static Fiction: is friction between two objects that are not moving to each other.
The coefficient of static friction typically denoted as μS.
2- Kinetic (or dynamic) friction: is friction occurs when two objects are moving
relative to each other. The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as
μK .

FαN
F = Constant × N
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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

F=μ×N
Where:
μ : coefficient of friction.
F : Friction force.
N: Normal force at the surface of
contact.
Angle of friction ( α )
The angle of friction for two surfaces in
contact is defined as the angle that themaximum contact force makes with the
direction of normal force:

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

Types of Friction Problems

1. Static Friction : If there is neither the condition of impending motion nor that of motion then
to determine the actual force, we first assume static equilibrium and take F as a frictional force
required to maintain the equilibrium condition.

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

Example( 1):- Determine the frictional force developed on the block shown in Fig.
when (i) P = 40 N, (ii) P = 80 N. Coefficient of static friction between the block and floor is
µS = 0.3 and µk = 0.25 and (iii) Also find the value of P when the block is about to move.

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

Note
1- When the body is rest (No motion)
Py

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 P
W

F = Px PX

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 F
N
N = Py +W

Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N

(F = Px) < (Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N )

2- When the body is motion impending

Py
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
P
W
F = Px
PX
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
F
N = Py +W
N

Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N

(F = Px) = (Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N )

3- When the body is motion

Py
P
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
W

F = Px PX

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 F
N
N = Py +W

Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N

(F = Px) > (Fmax = 𝜇𝑠N ) ∴ 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝐾𝑁

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

EX1 // Find force P max such that the block A is at rest μS = 0.3

W= 500N
P
A
SOLUTION

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

N–W=0
W= 500N
N –500 = 0 N = 500 N
P
A
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 F

P–F=0 , P=F N

Fmax = μS N
= (0.3) (500) = 150 N
∴ P = F = 150 N

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

EX2 // Two bars have a weight of WA = 20 N and WB = 100 N, if the coefficients of

static friction at the surface of contact are shown, determine the horizontal force P
needed to move block A.
B
15
μS = 0.3
8
A
P
μS = 0.2
SOLUTION
- For block A
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 T Cos ∅
P – FA – FB = 0 , P – (𝜇𝐴 NA) –( 𝜇𝐵 NB )= 0
P – (0.2 NA)-(0.3NB) = 0 ............... (1) WB
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 B
NA – NB – WA = 0 T Sin ∅
NA – NB – 20 = 0 ………… (2)
NB
FB
- For block B
FB
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 NB

FB – T (15) = 0 OR FB – T Cos (28.07) = 0

17 P
WA
(0.3 NB) – T (0.88) = 0 A
T = 0.34 NB ………… (3)
NA
FA
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
NB – WB – T ( 8 ) = 0 OR NB – WB – T Sin (28.07) = 0 ..................... (4)
17
Sub (3) in (4)
NB – 100 – ( 0.34 NB ) ( 8 ) = 0
17
NB – 100 – ( 0.16 NB ) = 0
NB = 119.04 N
Sub NB in (2)
NA – 119.04 – 20 = 0 NA = 139.04 N
Sub NA and NB in (1)
P – ( 0.2 )(139.04) – (0.3)(119.04) = 0
P = 64 N

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

EX3 // The uniform 20 Ib ladder rest on the rough floor for which the μS = 0.4 at A and
against the smooth wall at B. Determine the horizontal P.

NB
SOLUTION
P
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

NA – 20 = 0 NA = 20 Ib 20

FA = μS NA = (0.4) (20) = 8 Ib FA

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 NA

NB – FA + P ……… (1)
∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0

– P (4) + (20)(3) – NA (6) + FA (8) = 0

– 4P + 60 – 120 + 64 = 0

– 4P = – 4 P = 1 Ib

Sub in (1)
NB = 7 Ib

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

EX4 // Determine the weights W for which the 100 Ib block is in equilibrium.

SOLUTION

- For Part (a)

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
T- W Cos 10 = 0
T = W Cos 10 .............. (1)

- For part (b)

1- Motion impends up :
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
N – 100 Cos 20
N = 94 N

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
2T – W Sin 20 – F = 0
2T – W Sin 20 – (0.3 N) = 0
2 (WCos 10 ) – 100 Sin 20 – (0.3)(94) = 0
W = 31.7 Ib

2- Motion impends down:

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
2T – W Sin 20 + F = 0
2T – W Sin 20 + (0.3 N) = 0
2 (WCos 10 ) – 100 Sin 20 + (0.3)(94) = 0
W = 3 Ib

1
0
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Friction

H.W.
1- The 700 N force is applied to the 100 Kg block which is stationary before the force is
applied .Determine the magnitude of friction force F.

2- The system of two blocks , cable and fixed pulley is initially at rest .Determine the horizontal
force P when (a) P is applied to the 5 kg block .
and (b) P is applied to the 10 kg block.

1
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 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Equilibrium for a Rigid Body

The objectives of this chapter are:
 To develop the equations of equilibrium for a rigid body.
 To introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a rigid body.
 To show how to solve rigid-body equilibrium problems using the
equations of equilibrium.
Conditions for Rigid-Body Equilibrium
The body is said to be in equilibrium when resultant force and couple
moment are both equal to zero. Mathematically, the equilibrium of a body is
expressed as: Σ𝐹𝑥=0 Σ𝐹𝑦=0 Σ𝑀=0
Main Support Reactions

Roller

Pin (hinge)
Eng. Samira Ahmed

Fixed

, Ball, cylinder, pin in slot, rocker, coller

Eng. Samira Ahmed
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Free-Body Diagrams
A free-body diagram is a sketch of the outlined shape of the body, which
represents it as being isolated or “free” from its surroundings, i.e., a “free
body.” On this sketch it is necessary to show all the forces and couple
moments that the surroundings exert on the body so that these effects can be
accounted for when the equations of equilibrium are applied.
To construct a free-body diagram for a rigid body or any group of bodies
considered as a single system, the following steps should be performed:
 Draw Outlined Shape.
 Show All Forces and Couple Moments.
 Identify Each Loading and Give Dimensions.
Note: the weight W of the body locates at the center of gravity
Springs:
If a linearly elastic spring (or cord) of undeformed length l0 is used to support
a particle, the length of the spring will change in
direct proportion to the force F acting on it, Fig. a.
A characteristic that defines the “elasticity” of a
spring is the spring constant or stiffness k. The
magnitude of force exerted on a linearly elastic
spring which has a stiffness k and is deformed
(elongated or compressed) a distance s = l - l0,
measured from its unloaded position, is: 𝑭 = 𝒌𝒔
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

For example, if the spring in Fig. a has an unstretched length of 0.8 m and a
stiffness k = 500 N/m and it is stretched to a length of 1 m, so that s = l - l0 =
1 m - 0.8 m = 0.2 m, then a force:
F = ks =500 N /m (0.2 m) = 100 N.

Cables and Pulleys

A cable can support only a tension or “pulling” force, and this force always
acts in the direction of the cable. Hence, for any angle θ, shown in Fig. b, the
cable is subjected to a constant tension T throughout its length.

Smooth Contact:
If an object rests on a smooth surface, then the surface will exert a force on
the object that is normal to the surface at the point of contact.
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example 1: Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform beam shown in Fig.
below. The beam has a mass of 100 kg.

Solution:
Since the support at A is fixed, the wall exerts three reactions on the beam,
denoted as Ax, Ay, and MA. The magnitudes of these reactions are unknown,
and their sense has been assumed. The weight of the beam, W = 100(9.81) N
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

= 981 N, acts through the beam’s center of gravity G, which is 3 m from A

since the beam is uniform.

Example2: Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction on

the beam caused by the pin at B and the roller at A as shown in Fig. a. below.
Neglect the weight of the beam.

solution
Eng. Samira Ahmed

- - -
+ +
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Example3: The cord shown in Fig. a. below supports a force of 100 lb and
wraps over the frictionless pulley. Determine the tension in the cord at C and
the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at pin A.

solution

- --- +
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example4: The member shown in Fig. a. below is pin connected at A and

rests against a smooth support at B. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin A.

Solution
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

+ -

HW:
1. Determine the reactions at the supports:
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

2. Determine the reactions at the supports:

Example:- The body on the ( 30o ) incline is acted upon by a force ( P ) inclined at ( 20o ) with the
horizontal . if ( P ) is resolved into components parallel and perpendicular to the incline and the value
of the parallel component is ( 300 N ) , Compute the value of the perpendicular , and of ( P ) ?
Analysis of force on non-rectangular axes
Example (1): In fig. shown below, the 300Ib force acts on the box B, Resolve this force into
two components: one along AO and the other through point C.
lb

4
Example (2):-In fig. shown below. Resolve the force 130Ib into two nonrectangular
components: one along AB and the other parallel point to CD.
Example (3):-In fig. shown below. Resolve the force 170Ib into two components: one along
AB and the other parallel point to CD.
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Forces
Force: It is action that tends to change the state of rest or motion.
To completely describe a force, it is required know:

1- Its magnitude (F).

2- Its direction (θ).
3- Its point of application (x,y).
Fx= [Link](Ɵ)
Fy= F. sin(Ɵ)

Fx= [Link](Ɵ)
Fy= F. cos(Ɵ)

Sin Ɵ=3/5 Ɵ= sin-1 3/5

Cos Ɵ= 4/5 Ɵ= cos-1 4/5

Tan Ɵ=3/4 Ɵ= tan-1 3/4

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 Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Ex (1): Determine a pair of horizontal and vertical components of the 195-lb force
in Fig. 1

Ex (2): Determine a set of horizontal and vertical components of the 500-lb force in Fig.2.

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 Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Ex (3): Determine a pair of horizontal and vertical components of the 1000-lb force on
the cantilever beam in Fig.(3)

Ex (4): Resolve the 300-lb force acting on the wall bracket in Fig. (4) into a set of x and y
components when 0 is (a) 40°, (b) 70°, (c) 130°.

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

System of forces
The system (Group) of forces can be found in one of the following types:
1- Collinear forces: forces have the same line of action. T
F1 F2

2- Concurrent forces: forces met intersect at one point. W

F1 F2

W
3- Parallel forces: forces lines of action are parallel.

F1 F2

F3 F4

Composition and Resolution

- Composition of force: Is the process of finding the resultant force of number of force.
- Resolution of force : Is the process of substituting the force by a force ( Components)
- The resultant force: Is the single force which produces the same effect of the original system
of force.

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Composition of force
Parallelogram law: If two concurrent are represented by two adjacent sides of
parallelogram, then the result will be the diagonal of the parallelogram.

F1 F2
α
R F1
F1 R F1
F2 β
β θ
F2 F2

Parallelogram Triangle

- The resultant (magnitude) of F1 and F2 can be given by cosine law

R = √𝐹21 + 𝐹22 - 2𝐹1𝐹2𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛽
- The direction of force can be given by sine law

𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑅
= =
sin 𝜃 sin𝛼 sin 𝛽

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 Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example(1) // Determine the angle 𝜃 , if the resultant of forces F1 and F2 is directed

horizontally to the right . Also, what is the magnitude of the resultant force?

Solution
The parallelogram law is shown and using sine law to
calculate 𝜃
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
sin(90 − 𝜃) sin 50
6 8
=
sin(90 − 𝜃) sin 50
Sin (90 - 𝜃) = 0.5745

By using trigonometric relation:

Sin ( 90−𝜃) = sin 90 cos𝜃 – cos 90 sinƟ

0.5745 = cos 𝜃

𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1(0.5745) = 55

To find the magnitude the resultant of force using cosine

law

R = √𝐹12 + 𝐹22 - 2𝐹1𝐹2𝐶𝑜𝑠 95

R = √62 + 82 - 2(6)(8)𝐶𝑜𝑠 95
R = 10.4 KN

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example(2)// Resolve the 200 N force into component along OA and OB?
Solution

200 N
O

EX(3)// Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces F1 and F2 as shown in figure
from positive x - axis?

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Exercise (H.W)
1- Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction from positive x - axis?
2- Determine the components of 800 Ib force along the oblique axis a and b?

(1)

(2)

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example2//The 200 N force is a resultant of two forces, one of the forces “P” has the
direction along the line AB and the other “Q” is on the horizontal direction, determine
them? y -axis
B

Solution P

Rx= F1 cos Ø1 ± 𝐹2 cos Ø2 60⁰

Q x -axis
R. cos Ø𝑅= F1 cos Ø1 ± 𝐹2 cos Ø2 4
3
200. (4) = P cos 60 + 𝑄 cos (0)
5
A
160 = 0.5P +Q...........(1) 200N

Ry= F1 sin Ø1 ± 𝐹2 sin Ø2

R. sin Ø𝑅= F1 sin Ø1 ± 𝐹2 sin Ø2

− 200. (3) = P sin 60 ....... (2)

5

P =138.5 N Sub in (1)

Q =229.25 N

Exercise (H.W)

1- The 624 N force is a resultant of two forces P and Q shown in Fig. determine these
forces. P

624 N
4
3 5
12

3
4

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Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Example 3: Determine the magnitude of the resultant force and its direction from positive x – axis?

Solution
tan 𝛼 = 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐶+𝐶𝐷

sin 60 = 𝐵𝐷 sin 60 = 𝐵𝐷 , BD = 5.2

𝐵𝐶 6

cos 60 = 𝐶𝐷 cos 60 = 𝐶𝐷 , CD = 3
𝐵𝐶 6

5.2
∴ tan 𝛼 = 𝐵𝐷
= , 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(0.86) , 𝛼 = 40.9
𝐴𝐶+𝐶𝐷 3+3

a)
To find the magnitude the resultant of force using cosine law
R = √𝐹2 + 𝐹2 − 2𝐹1𝐹2𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛼
1 2

R = √(600)2 + (800)2 − 2(600)(800)𝐶𝑜𝑠 (40.9)

R = 524 Ib

To calculate Ø using sine law

T 𝑅
=
sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼
600 524
= , sin 𝜃 = 0.75 , 𝜃 = 48.6
sin 𝜃 sin 40.9

b) another solution

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11
Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Moment
In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of its
application, a force can also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis
may be any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to the line of
action of the force. This rotational tendency is known as the moment M of
the force. Moment is also referred to as torque.

A- Moment of a force
It is the ability of the force to produce turning or twisting about an axis or
point orline.
Mathematically:
The moment of a force = the applied force × perpendicular distance
M = F×d

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

The moment is a vector quantity, having:

A
1- Magnitude (F ×d) in (N.m) or (KN.m).
2- Direction (θ).
(a) Clockwise
d
(b) Counter clockwise
90⁰
F

Ex1 // Find the moment of force F about point A and B ?

4 cm

B
Solution

5 cm
F=80 KN
MA = (80)(0.06) = 4.8 KN.m

6 cm
MB = (80)(0.05) = −4 KN.m
A

10 cm
Ex2//Find the moment of the force 200 N About the point (A) as shown in figure.
Solution

Fx = F . cos θ = 200 cos 45

= 200 × 0.707 = 141.42 N

Fy = F . sin θ = 200 sin 45

= 200 × 0.707 = 141.42 N

MA = (Fx × d) + (Fy × d)

= (141.42 × 0.1) − (141.42 × 0.2) = −14.142 𝑁. 𝑚

Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of the

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Ex:- Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of the
600-N force.
Solution:-
Replace the force by its rectangular components at A,
Fx = 600 cos 40° = 460 N
Fy = 600 sin 40° = 386 N

MO = Fx.d + Fy.d

= 460(4) + 386(2) = 2610 N ·m

H.W
1- Determine the moment of the force 225 N about
the points A, B and C?
2- Find the distance (dn), if the moment of the force
F about the point A is equal to zero?

F=20 N

3
0 dn
C A B
120 cm

200 mm 200 mm 400 mm

A 225 N

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

B- Moment of couple
A special case of moments is a couple. A couple consists of two parallel forces
that are equal in magnitude, opposite in sense and do not share a line of action. It
does not produce any translation, only rotation. The resultant force of a couple is
zero. BUT, the resultant of a couple is not zero; it is a pure moment.

Ex1// Compute the magnitude and direction of the resultant couple’s action on
the body shown:

Solution 40 N
D=4m

Mcouples = (60)(4) – (40)(4) 60 N

= 240 – 160 = 80 N.m

Ex 2// 40 N
Compute the magnitude and direction of the resultant couples action on the
body shown
Solution :
Mc =- 60 * 4 + 40 * 4
=- 240 + 160 = -80 N .m
Ex 3//
A lug wrench is used to tighten a
hex‐ head bolt , Determine the
magnitude ( F ) of the equal forces
exerted on the six contact points as
shown in fig.

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Solution
On the lug wrench :
Mc = F * d
= 250 * 350 *2
= 175000 N . mm
On the nut :
Mc = 3 F * d
175000 = 3 F *
25
F = 175000 / 75 = 2333.33 N

Ex 4//Determine the moment associated with the forces shown in fig.

Solution

Mc = F * d
= 1.5 * 16
= - 24 Ib .in
Ex 5//
In the design of lifting hook , the action of the applied force ( F ) at the critical
section of the hook is a direct pull at ( B ) and a couple . if the magnitude of
the couple is ( 4000 N.m ) , Determine the magnitude of the force ( F ) .
Solution
Mc = F * d
F = Mc / d
= 4000* 12 /4
= 12000 N

Ex 6// :
A multiple – drilling is used to drill simultaneously six holes in the steel plate
shown in fig. . Each drill exerts clockwise couple of magnitude (5 N.m ) on the
plate . Determine an equivalent couple formed by the smallest possible forces
acting :
a ‐ at A and C
b ‐ at A and D
c – on the plate
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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

Solution
a–
Mc = 5 N.m * 6 holes = 30N.m
Mc = F * d
30 = F * 0.3
F = 100 N
b-

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

H.W
1 – The indicated force – couple system is applied to a small shaft at the center of
rectangular plate , Replace this system by a single force and specify the coordinate of
the point on the y – axis through which the line of action of this resultant force passes .

2 - The wrench is subjected to the ( 200 N ) force and the force ( P ) as shown in fig.
if the equivalent of the two forces is a force ( R ) at ( O ) and a couple of ( 20 N . m)
, Determine ( P ) and ( R ) .

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

H.W
1- Find the values of P and F, so that the resultant of the four forces
is 300 N(upward) acting at 4m from the last end of the bar.
P F 200
100 N
N

2m 3m 2m

2- Find the resultant of the three forces and couple applied and locate it about
(A).
2.5KN
0.6 m
B 30⁰

0.2 m
4 KN

6 KN 0.5 m
0.7 m

3- Replace the system of forces acting on the frame shown by a

resultant forcethrough (A)
20 N

30 N 60 N

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

EX1// Determine the moment of the force with respect to the given point A for each of the
systems shown in Fig.

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Engineering Mechanics ( Statics) Eng. Samira Ahmed

EX2// Determine the moment of the couple in Fig. with respect to: (a) point A, (b) point B,
(c) point C.

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10
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

Moment of Inertia (Second Moment)

The moment of inertia of the area about a given axis is the sum of the products of the
elementary are as into which the body can be sub-divided and the square of the
distance of the centroids of these elementary area from that axis.
A-Moment of inertia at composite area (Uniform Area) (Parallel Axis Theorem)
The moment of inertia of any figure about any axis can be found as:

Ix = I̅ + A
And
Iy = I̅ + A

The moment of inertia for composite area is:

Ix = + +
Also
Iy = + +

Radius of Gyration of an area

From the moment of inertia and area the radius of gyration of an area are determined
from the formulas:

Kx = √ , Ky = √

1
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

Table (moment of inertia for uniform area)

2
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

EX1 // Compute the moment of inertia for the composite area shown in Fig below
about the x - axis.
100mm

75mm
75mm
100mm
SOLUTION

75mm
- For rectangle or part (1)

75mm
Ix1 = I ̅ + A
= bh3+ bh.d2
= (100)(150)3+(100)(150)(75)2 = 1125.5 x 106 mm4 (1)

- For circle or part (2)

Ix2 = I ̅ + A
= π R4 + π R2.d2
= π (25)4 + π (25)2(75)2 = 11.4 x 106 mm4 (2)

Ix = Ix1 – Ix2
Ix = 1125.5 x 106 – 11.4 x 106 = 101 x 106 mm4

3
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

EX3 // Determine the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration of the shaded area
with respect to the y - axis.

SOLUTION

- For part (1)

(1)
Iy1 = I ̅ + A
= hb3+ bh.d2
(2)
= (6)(24)3+(24)(6)(zero) = 6912 mm4

- For part (2)

(3)
Iy2 = I ̅ + A
= hb3+ bh.d2
= (48)(8)3+(48)(8)(zero) = 2048 mm4

- For part (3)

Iy3 = I ̅ + A
= hb3+ bh.d2
= (6)(48)3+(48)(6)(zero) = 55296 mm4
Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 + Iy3
Iy = 6912 + 2048 + 55296 = 64256 mm4
A = A1 + A2 + A3
A = (24)(6) + (48)(8) + (48)(6) = 816 mm2

Ky = √ = √ = 8.87 mm

4
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

EX3// Compute the Iy for the composite area shown in Fig below:
10 cm

5 cm

SOLUTION 10 cm

- For part (1)

Iy1 = I ̅ + A

10 cm
(1)
= hb3+ bh.d2
= (10)(10)3+(10)(10)(5)2 = 3333 cm4

- For part (2)

Iy2 = I ̅ + A

10 cm
= hb3+ hb. d2

= (10)(5)3 + . ( ) = 104 cm4 (2)

5 cm
- For part (3)
Iy3 = I ̅ + A
10 cm
4 4 2
= πR + πR . d

= π (5)4 + [( ) ( ) ] = 2680 cm4

Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 - Iy3
Iy = 3333+ 104 - 2680 = 757 cm4
(3)
5
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

HW:
1- Compute the moment of inertia in Ex1 about the y – axis.
2- Find the moment of inertia and the radius of gyration in Ex2 about the x – axis.
3- Compute Ix for Ex3.
4- Determine the moment of inertia for the area shown in figure about the x – axis
and y - axis.
10 cm

5 cm

6
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

B-Moment of inertia by integration(Non-Uniform Area)

It is defined as the summation of the product of the element of area and square of their
distance from any axis:

Ix = ∫ . dA
And
Iy = ∫ . dA

EX1 // Find Ix and Iy.

2
X

Solution

1- Ix
Ix = ∫ . dA

=∫ . x dy 2
y=x
x= 𝑦 = 𝑦
=∫ dy = ∫ dy

= * + = [ ]=

7
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

2- Iy
dA = ( 4 -y )dx = (4 – x2) dx
Iy = ∫ . dA

=∫ .(4 - x2) dx

= ∫ (4x2- x4) dx

= | | = (8) - (32) =

EX2 // For the shaded area shown find Ix, Iy, Kx, Ky.

Solution

1- Ix
dA = (x1 –x2) dy = (4y - 4y2)dy
Ix = ∫ 𝒚𝟐 . dA
2
=∫ 𝑦 . (4y - 4y )dy

= ∫ 4𝑦 4𝑦 dy
=

8
 Engineering Mechanics (Statics) Moment of Inertia

2- Iy
𝑥 𝑥
dA = ( y2 – y1 ) dx = ( ) dx

Iy = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 . dA
𝑥 𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 . ( ) dx
𝑥 𝑥3
=∫ . dx

𝑥
= ( 𝑥 ) = 2.285

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
A = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ( ) dx = |( ) ( 𝑥 )| = 0.667

OR

𝑦
A = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 4y 4𝑦 dy = |(4 ) ( 𝑦 )| = 0.667

𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
Kx = √ = 0.55 , Ky = √ = 1.86
𝐴 𝐴

HW:
1-Determine the moment of inertia for the area shown in figure about the x – axis
and y - axis.
200

100

9
EX1//The uniform crate shown in Fig. a has a mass of 20 kg. If a force P = 80 N
is applied to the crate, determine if it remains in equilibrium. The coefficient of
static friction is µs = 0.3.
EX2//The uniform 10-kg ladder in Fig. a rests against the smooth wall at B, and
the end A rests on the rough horizontal plane for which the coefficient of static
friction is µs = 0.3. Determine the angle of inclination θ of the ladder and the
normal reaction at B if the ladder is on the verge of slipping.
H.W

1// Determine the maximum force P that can be applied without causing movement of the
250-lb crate that has a center of gravity at G. The coefficient of static friction at the floor is
µs = 0.4. Ans. (83.3 lb)

2// The drum has a weight of 100 lb and rests on the floor for which the coefficient of static
friction is s = 0.6. If a = 2 ft and b = 3 ft, determine the smallest magnitude of the force P that
will cause impending motion of the drum. Ans. (83.3 lb)
EX 3// The uniform stone in Fig. a has a mass of 500 kg and is held in the horizontal position
using a wedge at B. If the coefficient of static friction is µs = 0.3 at the surfaces of contact,
determine the minimum force P needed to remove the wedge. Assume that the stone does not
slip at A.
H.W
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
The equilibrium of bodies (coplanar, parallel and non-convergent forces)
Procedure for Analysis
Coplanar force equilibrium problems for a rigid body can be solved using the following
procedure.
Free-Body Diagram.
• Establish the x, y coordinate axes in any suitable orientation.
• Draw an outlined shape of the body.
• Show all the forces and couple moments acting on the body.
• Label all the loadings and specify their directions relative to the x or y axis. The sense of a
force or couple moment having an unknown magnitude but known line of action can be
assumed .
• Indicate the dimensions of the body necessary for computing the moments of forces.
Equations of Equilibrium.
• Apply the moment equation of equilibrium, ΣMO = 0, about a point (O) that lies at the
intersection of the lines of action of two unknown forces. In this way, the moments of these
unknowns are zero about O, and a direct solution for the third unknown can be determined.
• When applying the force equilibrium equations, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0, orient the x and y axes
along lines that will provide the simplest resolution of the forces into their x and y components.
• If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative scalar for a force or couple
moment magnitude, this indicates that the sense is opposite to that which was assumed on
the free-body diagram.

Example (1)

The member shown in Fig. a is pin connected at A and rests against a smooth support at B .
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin A .

Fig. Example (1)

Solution

Free-Body Diagram. As shown in Fig. b, the reaction NB is perpendicular to the member at B.

Also, horizontal and vertical components of reaction are represented at A.
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
Equations of Equilibrium. Summing moments about A, we obtain a direct solution for NB,

ΣMA = 0; +90 N . m + 60 N(1 m) - NB(0.75 m) = 0

NB = 200 N

Using this result,

→+ ΣFx = 0; Ax − 200 sin 30º N = 0

Ax = 100 N Ans.

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − 200 cos 30º N − 60 N = 0

Ay = 233 N Ans.

Example (2)

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction on the member at the pin A, and
the normal reaction at the roller B in Fig. a.

Fig. Example (2)

Solution
Free-Body Diagram. The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. b. The pin at A exerts two
components of reaction on the member, Ax and Ay.

Equations of Equilibrium. The reaction NB can be obtained directly by summing moments

about point A, since Ax and Ay produce no moment about A.

ΣMA = 0;

-[NB cos 30º](6 ft) + [NB sin 30º](2 ft) + 750 lb(3 ft) = 0

NB = 536.2 lb 536 lb Ans.

 Eng. Samira Ahmed
Using this result,

→+ ΣFx = 0; Ax − (536.2 lb) sin 30º = 0

Ax = 268 lb Ans.

+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay + (536.2 lb) cos 30º − 750 lb = 0

Ay = 286 lb Ans.

Details of the equilibrium of the pin at A are shown in Fig. c.

Example (3)
Determine the tension in the cables and also the force P required to support the 600-N force
using the frictionless pulley system shown in Fig. a.

Fig. Example (3)

Solution
Free-Body Diagram. A free-body diagram of each pulley including its pin and a portion of the
contacting cable is shown in Fig. b. Since the cable is continuous, it has a constant tension P
acting throughout its length. The link connection between pulleys B and C is a two-force
member, and therefore it has an unknown tension T acting on it. Notice that the principle of
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
action, equal but opposite reaction must be carefully observed for forces P and T when the
separate free-body diagrams are drawn.
Equations of Equilibrium. The three unknowns are obtained as follows:
Pulley A

Problems ( H.W)
All problem solutions must include an FBD.

1- Determine the components of reaction at the fixed support A. Neglect the thickness of the
beam. Ans. (346 N, 800 N, 3.9 kN . m)

2- Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin A and the reaction of
the rocker B on the beam. Ans. (3.46 kN, 1.73 kN, 1 kN)
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
3- Determine the magnitude of the reactions on the beam at A and B. Neglect the thickness of
the beam. Ans. (586 N, 413 N)

4-. Determine the force P needed to hold the 60-lb weight in equilibrium.
Ans. (20 lb)

5- The uniform smooth rod shown in Fig. a is subjected to a force and couple moment. If the
rod is supported at A by a smooth wall and at B and C either at the top or bottom by rollers,
determine the reactions at these supports. Neglect the weight of the rod.
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
Equilibrium of bodies (coplanar and collinear forces)
Example( 1)
The sphere in Fig. a has a mass of 6 kg and is supported as shown. Draw a free-body diagram of
the sphere, the cord CE, and the knot at C.

Solution

Sphere. By inspection, there are only two forces acting on the sphere, namely, its weight, 6 kg
(9.81 m/s2) = 58.9 N, and the force of cord CE. The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. b.

Cord CE. When the cord CE is isolated from its surroundings, its free-body diagram shows
only two forces acting on it, namely, the force of the sphere and the force of the knot, Fig. c.
Notice that FCE shown here is equal but opposite to that shown in Fig. b, a consequence of
Newton’s third law of action–reaction. Also, FCE and FEC pull on the cord and keep it in tension
so that it doesn’t collapse. For equilibrium, FCE = FEC.

Knot. The knot at C is subjected to three forces, Fig. d. They are caused by the cords CBA and
CE and the spring CD. As required, the free-body diagram shows all these forces labeled with
their magnitudes and directions. It is important to recognize that the weight of the sphere does
not directly act on the knot. Instead, the cord CE subjects the knot to this force.

Fig. Example (1)

 Eng. Samira Ahmed
Procedure for Analysis
Coplanar force equilibrium problems for a particle can be solved using the following procedure.
Free-Body Diagram.
• Establish the x, y axes in any suitable orientation.
• Label all the known and unknown force magnitudes and directions on the diagram.
• The sense of a force having an unknown magnitude can be assumed.
Equations of Equilibrium.

• Apply the equations of equilibrium,

• Components are positive if they are directed along a positive axis, and negative if they are
directed along a negative axis.
• If more than two unknowns exist and the problem involves a spring, apply F = ks to relate the
spring force to the deformation s of the spring.
• Since the magnitude of a force is always a positive quantity, then if the solution for a force
yields a negative result, this indicates that its sense is the reverse of that shown on the free-body
diagram.

Example (2 )
Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60-kg cylinder in Fig. a.

Solution

Free-Body Diagram. Due to equilibrium, the weight of the cylinder causes the tension in cable
BD to be TBD = 60(9.81) N, Fig. b. The forces in cables BA and BC can be determined by
investigating the equilibrium of ring B. Its free-body diagram is shown in Fig. c . The
magnitudes of TA and TC are unknown, but their directions are known.
 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Fig. Example (2)

Example ( 3)

Determine the required length of cord AC in Fig. a so that the 8-kg lamp can be suspended in
the position shown. The undeformed length of spring AB is l'AB = 0.4 m, and the spring has a
stiffness of kAB = 300 N/m.
 Eng. Samira Ahmed
Solution

If the force in spring AB is known, the stretch of the spring can be found using F = ks. From the
problem geometry, it is then possible to calculate the required length of AC.

Free-Body Diagram. The lamp has a weight W = 8(9.81) = 78.5 N and so the free-body
diagram of the ring at A is shown in Fig. b.

Fig. Example( 3)

Equations of Equilibrium. Using the x, y axes

2 m = lAC cos 30º + 0.853 m

lAC = 1.32 m Ans

 Eng. Samira Ahmed

Problems (H.W)

All problem solutions must include an FBD.

1. The members of a truss are pin connected at joint O. Determine the magnitudes of F1 and F2
for equilibrium. Set Ɵ= 60º . Ans. (9.6 kN, 1.83 kN)

2. The device shown is used to straighten the frames of wrecked autos. Determine the tension of
each segment of the chain, i.e., AB and BC , if the force which the hydraulic cylinder DB exerts
on point B is 3.50 kN, as shown. Ans. (2.99 kN, 3.78 kN)

3. Determine the tension developed in wires CA and CB required for equilibrium of the 10-kg
cylinder. Take Ɵ= 40º. Ans. (80 N, 90.4 N)
Example (1):Replace the three couple in the fig.1 by one couple with the force
acting horizontally at A and B.

SOL.
Σ 𝑀 = 200 ∗ 2 − 100 ∗ 3 − 50 ∗ 4 = −100 𝐼𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
𝑀=𝐹∗𝑑
100 = 𝐹 ∗ 2
𝐹 = 50 𝐼𝑏

Example (2): Replace the 200 Ib force in the fig. 2 by a force which passes
through A and a couple whose forces are horizontal and pass through C and B.
SOL.
𝑀𝑎 = −200 ∗ 6
𝑀𝑎 = −1200 𝐼𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑑
1200 = 𝐹 ∗ 2
𝐹 = 600 𝐼𝑏
Example (4): Replace the 600 Ib force in the fig.4 by a force through A and a
couple whose forces act vertically through points B and C.