1.
Basic Definitions and Operations ➕➗
• Complex Number: A number of the form z = a + ib, where a, b ∈ R and i = −1.
• a is the real part: Re(z).
• b is the imaginary part: Im(z).
• Imaginary Number: bi, where b ∈ R and b =
0.
• Equality: a + ib = c + id if and only if a = c and b = d.
• Conjugate: If z = a + ib, then zˉ = a − ib.
• Addition/Subtraction:
• z1 + z2 = (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d)
• z1 − z2 = (a + ib) − (c + id) = (a − c) + i(b − d)
• Multiplication:
• z1 ⋅ z2 = (a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)
• Division:
z1 (a+ib)(c−id) (ac+bd)+i(bc−ad)
•
z2
= a+ib
c+id
= (c+id)(c−id)
= c2 +d2
2. Powers of i 💡
• i1 = i
• i2 = −1
• i3 = −i
• i4 = 1
• In general, i4n = 1, i4n+1 = i, i4n+2 = −1, i4n+3 = −i, where n ∈ Z.
• Example:
• Calculate i50 :
i^{50} = i^{4*12 + 2} = i^{4*12} * i^2 = (i^4)^{12} * i^2 = 1^{12} * (-1) = -1
3. Argand Diagram (Complex Plane) 📈
• Representation: A complex number z = x + iy is represented as a point (x, y) in the complex plane.
• Modulus: ∣z∣ = x2 + y 2 (distance from origin).
• Argument: θ = arctan( xy ).
• Adjust θ based on the quadrant:
• Quadrant I: θ = arctan( xy )
• Quadrant II: θ = arctan( xy ) + π
• Quadrant III: θ = arctan( xy ) + π
• Quadrant IV: θ = arctan( xy ) + 2π
4. Polar and Exponential Forms 📝
• Polar Form: z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r = ∣z∣ and θ = arg(z).
• Exponential Form: z = reiθ , where eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ.
• Example:
• Convert z = 1 + i to polar form:
• r = ∣z∣ = 12 + 12 = 2
• θ = arctan( 11 ) =
π
4
• Polar form: z = 2(cos( π4 ) + i sin( π4 ))
π
• Exponential form: z = 2ei 4
5. De Moivre's Theorem 💯
• For any n ∈ Z:
• [r(cos θ + i sin θ)]n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ)
• Or, (eiθ )n = einθ = cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ)
• Example:
• Compute (1 + i)4 using De Moivre's Theorem:
π
• 1+i= 2ei 4
π
• (1 + i)4 = ( 2)4 ei 4 ⋅4 = 4eiπ = 4(cos π + i sin π) = 4(−1 + 0i) = −4
6. Cube Roots of Unity 💡
• Solutions to x3 = 1 are 1, ω, ω 2 .
−1+i 3 2π
• ω=
= ei 3
2
4π
• ω2 = −1−i 3
2
= ei 3
• Properties:
• ω3 = 1
• 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
• Example:
• Simplify 1 + ω 5 + ω 10 :
• 1 + ω 5 + ω 10 = 1 + ω 2 + ω = 0
7. Common Loci in Complex Plane 📈
• Circle: ∣z − z0 ∣ = r, where z0 is the center and r is the radius.
• Perpendicular Bisector: ∣z − z1 ∣ = ∣z − z2 ∣, the set of points equidistant from z1 and z2 .
Exam Tips: 💡
• 1. Master the Definitions: Know the precise definitions of complex numbers, conjugates, modulus, and argument.
• 2. Practice Algebraic Manipulations: Become proficient in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers.
• 3. Convert Forms: Be able to convert between rectangular, polar, and exponential forms quickly.
• 4. Apply De Moivre's Theorem: Practice using De Moivre's Theorem to compute powers and roots of complex numbers.
• 5. Understand Cube Roots of Unity: Memorize the properties of 1, ω, ω 2 and apply them to simplify expressions.
• 6. Visualize: Use Argand diagrams to visualize complex numbers and their operations.