Solutions

Complex Numbers

Classwork Questions y=

3u
u  v2
2

Complex numbers and their 2  3i sin  2  3i sin  1  2i sin 

6. = 
algebra, modulus and argument 1  2i sin  1  2i sin  1  2i sin 
2  6sin 2  7sin 
1. Let the other root be . Then, = i
1  4sin  1  4sin 2 
2

( 1 + i) +  = sum of the roots =  (1  3i) 2  3i sin 

  =  1 + 3i + 1  i = 2i will be purely imaginary, if
1  2i sin 
2  i 3 is one root of the given equation, then 2  6 sin 2  1
2. = 0  sin2  =
1 4 sin 2  3
2  i 3 is the other root.
Sum of the roots = 4 =  p  1  1  1 
  = sin1   or sin  
and product of roots = 7 = q.  3  3
 (p, q) = ( 4, 7)
3  2i sin  3  2i sin  1  2i sin 
7. = 
3. 1  2i sin  1  2i sin  1  2i sin 
Im
3  4sin 2   8sin  
=  i 
P (i) 1  4sin 2   1  4sin 2  
3  2i sin 
will be purely imaginary, if
1  2i sin 
Re 3  4sin 2 
2 O 0
1  4sin 2 
3
Q ( 1i) R (1  i)  sin 2  
2 4
  2    
  , , ...      ,   
3 2
z + iz + 2i = 0 3 3 3   2 
We observe that z= i satisfies the equation. 2
The sum of the elements in A =
 z  i is a factor of f (z) = z3 + iz2 + 2i 3
 f (z) = (z  i) (z2 + 2i z  2)
8. Let z =  8  6i
= (z  i) [(z + i)2  1]
Here, a = 8, b =  6 and b < 0
= (z  i) (z + i + 1) (z + i  1)
 1 1 
 The vertices are i, 1  i,  i + 1   8  6i =   10  8   i 10  8  
1  2 2 
Area =  (2) (2)
2 =  (1  3i)
= 2 sq. units
z 1 z 1 Shortcut
4. must be real and 1  1
i i
 z a z a
z 1 x 1 iy a  ib   i  , for b  0
= = y  (x  1) i is real
i i  2 2 
 x  1 = 0  x = 1  Re(z) = 1
z 1  x =  5 + 4i
 sin1  1 9.
 = sin y, exists for 1 ≤ y ≤ 1  (x + 5)2 = 16  x2 + 10x + 41 = 0 … (i)
 i 
  1 ≤ Im (z) ≤ 1 N = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2  x + 4
 N = x2(x2 + 10x + 41)  x3  6x2  x + 4
3i (u  iv)  N = x2(0) x (x2 + 10x + 41) + 4x2 + 40x + 4
5. x + 2 + iy = 
u  iv u  iv N = 0  x(0) + 4(x2 + 10x + 41)  160 =  160
3ui  3v  | N | = 160
x + 2 + iy =
u 2  v2  Sum of the digits of | N | = 1 + 6 + 0 = 7
1
 

JEE (Main): Maths

10. 7x3 + Ax + B = 7 (x3  1) + Ax + (B + 7) 14. |z2|<|z| Im
If x2 + x + 1 is a factor of 7x3 + Ax + B, then  (x  2)2 + y2 < x2 + y2
Ax + B + 7 = 0 for all x.   4x + 4 < 0
 A = 0, B = 7 x1>0x>1 O 1 2
Re
z2 z3  z2 z3
11. Im  z2 z3  = Aliter:
2i
Observe 3 cases:
1
 z1 Im  z2 z3  =  z3 z1 z2  z1 z2 z3  … (i) 1. If Re(z) = 1 then | z | = | z  2 |
2i
Similarly 2. If Re(z) < 1 then | z | < | z  2 |
3. If Re(z) > 1 then | z | > | z  2 |
z2 Im  z3 z1  =
1
2i

z1 z2 z3  z2 z3 z1  … (ii) Given inequation  | z | > | z  2 |
 Re(z) > 1
and z3 Im  z1 z2  =
1

z2 z3 z1  z3 z1 z2  …(iii)
2i 15. (x  1)2 + y2 + (x + 1)2 + y2 = 4
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,
2x2 + 2y2 + 2 = 4
Required expression = 0
 x2 + y2 = 1
12. Given z is a real and  Area of locus =  sq. units
(1 + 2i)z3  2(3 + i)z2 + (5  4i)z + 2a2 = 0
= 0 + 0i. Equating real and imaginary parts of 16. z2 + 2| z |2 = 2
L.H.S. to respective parts of R.H.S. z2 = 2(1  | z |2) is real … [R.H.S. is real]
z3  6z2 + 5z +2a2 = 0 … (i)  z is real or purely imaginary
2z3  2z2  4z = 0 … (ii) If z is real then z2 = 2(1  z2)
(ii)  2z(z2  z  2) = 0  z = 0, 1, 2 2
(i) and z = 0  a = 0 3 z2 = 2  z = 
3
(i) and z = 1  1  6  5 + 2a2 = 0 If z is purely imaginary then z2 = 2(1 + z2)
a= 6  z2 =  2
(i) and z = 2 z=i 2
8  24 + 10 + 2a2 = 0
 4 complex numbers satisfy the equation.
a=  3
17. x = 4cos ; y = 4sin
13. ABCD parallelogram, diagonals bisect each | | x |  | y | | = 4 || cos |  |sin||
other at M. Let B represent x + iy. Then
= 4 1 2 cos sin = 4 1 sin2
1 i  x  iy
2i=  Range = [0, 4]
2
 B represents 3  3i 18. z1 1, z2  2, z3  3
3i
Similarly, C represents 1   z1 z1  1, z2 z2  4, z3 z3  9 …  z z  z 2
2  
D C Given, 9z1z2  4z1z3  z2 z3 12
 z3 z3 z1z2  z2 z2 z1z3  z1 z1 z2 z3  12
2i
 z1z2 z3 z3  z2  z1 12
M
 z1  z2  z3 = 2

19. | (az1  bz2 ) |2 + | (bz1 + az2 ) |2 

A B

 BD = 2AC, as |BD| = 2 5 and

 a 2 z1  b 2 z2
2 2
 
 2Re(ab) z1 z 2  b 2 z1
2

+ a 2 z2  2Re(ab)  z1 z 2 
2
|AC| = 5
 The diagonals are not equal. = (a2  b2 )(| z1 |2  | z2 |2 )
 i 5
AB =  3     3  3i  = 20. Let z = x + iy
 2  2
Then, z  4 < z  2
i
AD = 3   1 i  =
5
2 2
 x  iy  4  x  iy  2
 Adjacent sides are equal   x  4  y 2   x  2  y 2
2 2

 The parallelogram is a rhombus.

Squaring  x2 + 16  8x + y2 < x2 + 4  4x + y2
22
 

Complex Numbers
  4x + 12 < Im The given condition
0  There is a point equidistant from P, Q, R.
 4x > 12 P (z)  Only z = 0 satisfies the condition
x>3
z 1 = z 1 = z  i
 Re(z) > 3 Re
O 2 4 24. Im

Re (z) = 3
P(w)
Aliter:
For | z  2 | > | z  4 |, point P(z) has to be on M N
right side of line Re(z) = 3. Re
A(–2) 1 B(2) 4
 Re(z) > 3.
21. log(0.8) z 1 > log(0.8) z 1 2z2
w=  (w  2)z = 2 + w
 z 1  z 1 z 1
… (i) 2 w
Let z = x + iy z=
 x  1  iy  x 1  iy w 2

  x+1
2
 y2   x 1
2
 y2 2 w
| z | = 3
3
=
w 2 1
Squaring  (x + 1)2 + y2 < (x  1)2 + y2
 2x < 2x  P moves on a circle on MN as a diameter.
 4x < 0 Reason:
x<0 i. PM is internal angle bisector of  P of
 Re (z) < 0  PAB where A and B represent complex
Aliter: numbers z =  2 and z = 2 respectively.
Given inequation  | z + 1 | < | z  1 | … (i) PM divides AB internally in the ratio of
w 2 3
Observe 3 cases PA : PB i.e., =
w2 1
1. If Re(z) = 0 then | z + 1 | < | z  1 |
2. If Re(z) > 0 then | z + 1 | > | z  1 | ii. PN is external angle bisector of  P of
 PAB, PN divides AB externally in the
3. If Re(z) < 0 then | z + 1 | < | z  1 |
AN
(i)  Re(z) < 0 ratio i.e., 3 : 1
BN
Im
iii. The angle between PM and PN is a right
angle  P moves in such a way that MN
z
subtends a right angle at P i.e., P moves
on a circle, with MN as a diameter.
Re
1 1 25. Given | z  6i | = 2| z  3 |
22. z  1  z  4  3  z  4  3 Squaring | z  6i |2 = 4| z  3 |2
 (z  6i) ( z + 6i) = 4(z  3) ( z  3)
…  z1  z2  z1  z2   z z + 6i (z  z ) + 36 = 4 z z 12(z + z ) + 36
= z 4 3  3 + 3 = 6  3z z = 6(i + 2)z  6(i  2) z
 z z = (4 + 2i) z + (4  2i) z
…  | z  4 | 3
z3  z1 1 2i  4  2i
26. = = 3 which is real.
 The greatest value of z  1 = 6 z2  z1 3  2i  4  2i
 The points are collinear.
23.
Im 27. Let A, C represent z1 and z2 respectively.
Vectors OB and AC represent z1 + z2 and z2  z1.
Im

P (i) B
A

Q R
–1 O 1 Re
C
Re
O

3
 

JEE (Main): Maths


Given | z1 + z2 | = |z1  z2 | 31. Im Im arg(z – 1) =
3
 The diagonals OB and AC are same length
 OABC is a rectangle.
 z1  
 OA  OC  arg   = Re
 z2  2 O 1 2
Re O 1 2
i
(2 k  1)
28. xk = e 4
|z  1| = 1
3   
 xk = e 4
i (1 3 5 7) i 16
= e4 = e4π i = 1 arg(z – 1) = 
3
k  0

Im arg(z  1) =
29. cos + i sin is root of 3
a0x4 + a1x3 + a2x2 + a3x + a4 = 0 
arg z =
 a0 (cos + i sin)4 + a1 (cos + i sin)3 z
6

+ a2 (cos + i sin)2 + a3 (cos + i sin) + a4 = 0 

... (A) /6 3
Re
a0 (cos4 + i sin4) + a1 (cos3 + i sin3) O 1
+a2 (cos2 + i sin2) + a3 (cos + i sin) + a4 = 0
Equating imaginary part to zero, we get π
arg z = 
a0sin4 + a1sin3 + a2sin2 + a3sin = 0 6

 Statement (i) is false. |arg (z  1)| ≤
3
 cos + i sin  0 for any   R  
 ≤ arg(z  1) ≤
4 3 3
Dividing equation (A) by (cos + i sin) on
C = AB = B
both sides.
 
a1 a2 1 =  , 2 =
a0 + + 6 6
(cosθ+i sinθ)2 (cosθ+i sinθ)2

2  1 =
a3 a4 3
+ + =0
(cosθ+i sinθ)3
(cosθ+i sinθ)4
32. | z + 3  3 i | = 3 represents a circle with
a0 + a1(cos  i sin) + a2(cos2  i sin2)
center at  3 + 3 i and having radius = 3 . Let
+ a3 (cos3  i sin3) + a4 (cos4  i sin4) = 0
 be the least positive argument of z.
Equating imaginary part to zero,
Im
a1sin + a2sin2 + a3sin3 + a4sin4 = 0
 Statement (ii) is true.
334 365 P
 1 i 3  1 i 3 –3+ 3i
30. 4  5     + 3   
 2 2   2 2  3
C 

Re
2 2  2 2 
334 365
  M 3 O
= 4  5  cos  isin   3  cos  i sin 
 3 3   3 3  3 1 
tan = =  =
 668 668   730 730  3 3 6
= 4  5  cos   i sin   + 3 cos   i sin 
 3 3   3 3  2 2 
 =  –2 =   = = arg z
 2  2   6 3
 
= 4  5 cos  222    isin  222   |OM| = |OP|  |OP| = | z | = 3
  3   3   2iπ
 2 2  3 3i 3
       z = 3 e 3 = 3  cos  i sin  =  
 3 cos  243    i sin  243     3 3  2 2
  3   3  Im
33.
= 4  5  cos 2  i sin 2   3  cos   i sin  
 3 3  3 3 
 1 i 3  1 i 3 1 P
= 4  5     3    Q
2   2 2 
Re
 2 2 1 O

2
 3
= 4 – 4 + 2i   = i 3 |z|=2
 2 

44
 

Complex Numbers
The exterior and boundary of the circle is  i  536  
3
 5 
represented by | z |  2, e   i 
=   5   = e  6 
1 i
Minimum z   |PQ|  e  36  
 
2
5 5
=
3
2
= cos
6
 i sin
6
= 
3 i
 = 
2 2
1
2
 3 i 
Polar form and exponential form 4. (1 + i)  i = elog(1 i )
i
… (i)
1+i
1. Im  1 i    
= 2    2  cos 4  i sin 4 
 2 2  
i
= 2e 4
P( 1, 3 ) (1, 3 ) = (r cos, r sin ) i 1 i
Q  log (1 + i) = log 2+ = log2 +
4 2 4
1 i
 i  log 2  
Re (i)  (1 + i) i = e 2 4

O  i
 log 2
= e4 2

 1 
 i  log 2 
2 
= e4. e
r cos  = 1, r sin  = 3 r =4r=2
2

   1   1 
1 3  = e 4 cos  log 2   i sin  log 2  
 cos  = and sin  = =   2   2 
2 2 3 
1 
2. r cos  = tan   x = e 4 cos  log 2 
2 
r sin  =  1
Squaring and adding, r2 = tan2  + 1 1 1
5. z = r (cos + i sin)  =
 r = sec . z r  cos  i sin  
 cos  = sin , sin  =  cos  1  cos  i sin  
=  
    r  cos 2  sin 2  
 cos  = cos     , sin  = sin    
2  2   1
=  cos  i sin 
 r
= 2 2 2

=  r   cos2 +  r   sin2
2 1 1 1
 z
z  r  r
2 2 
3

 1  sin 9  i cos 9   1
3.   =  r 2  2  (cos2 + sin2)
 1  sin 2  i cos 2  
r 
 9 9  + 2(cos2  sin2)

3 1
  5    5   = r2 + + 2cos2
1  sin  2  18   i cos  2  18   r2
=     
2
1  sin    5   i cos    5    z
1
=4+
1 9
+ 2( 1) =  a =
3
    
 2 18   2 18   z min 4 4 2
2
5 5 
3
 and z 
1 1 289
b=
17
 1  cos 18  i sin 18  z
= 16 +
16
+ 2(1) =
16 4
=  max

 1  cos 5  i sin 5  3 17 23
 18 18  a+b= + =
2 4 4
2 5 5 5 
3
 Im
 2cos 36  2i sin 36 cos 36  6.
= 
 2cos2 5  2i sin 5 cos 5 
 36 36 36  xy = 1
5 5 
3
 Re
 cos 36  i sin 36 
O
=
5 5  x2 + y2 = 2
 cos  i sin 
 36 36 

5
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JEE (Main): Maths

t  1 t  and arg  z  = arg  z  + arg()
z= +i   = x + iy , say then
1 t  t  = arg() – arg(z)
t 1 t 
x= and y = =–
t 1 t 2
   
Eliminating t, xy = 1  z = | z  | cos     i sin    
(a rectangular hyperbola)  2  2 
1 1 = 1(0 – i)
z= 2 [ cos(sin t) + i cos(cos t)] = x + iy
=–i
say, then x = 2 cos(sin1t)
4. Since, 1, , 2, 3, … , n –1 are the nth roots of
= 2 cos cos

1
 1 t 
2
  
unity.
xn – 1 = (x – 1)(x – )(x – 2) … (x –  n –1)
x= 2(1 t )
2
... (i) xn  1
 (x – )(x – 2) … (x – n–1) =
x 1
and y = 2 t ... (ii) = x n –1 + x n –2 + … + x + 1
2 2
Eliminating t, x + y = 2 (a circle) Putting x = 1 on both sides, we get
The number of common elements (1 – )(1 – 2) … (1 – n–1) = n
= The number of points of intersection 5. f (n) = (1 +  + 2 + … + n)n
=2  f (n) = 0, n = 3k + 2
Cube roots of unity = 2, n = 3k + 1, k is odd
=  2, n = 3k + 1, k is even
1. z2 + z + 1 = 0 = 1, n = 3k
1  3i
f (n) takes four values.
z=  z =  or 2
2 6. 2    2 = 2  ( + 2)
1 1 = 2  (1) = 3, a real root.
Consider, z =  and = = 2
z  2 + 3 and 2 + 32 are complex conjugates of
2 2 2
 1  2 1   6 1  each other.
 z   +z  2  + … +z  6 
 z  z   z  The complex roots of a polynomial equation
= ( + 2)2 + (2 + 4)2 + (3 + 6)2 having real coefficients appear in pair, i.e., if
+(4 + 8)2 + (5 + 10)2 + (6 + 12)2  + i is a root then   i is also a root.
= (– 1) + (2 + )2 + (1 + 1)2 + ( + 2)2
2  If 2 is a root then 22 is also a root
+ (2 + )2 + (1 + 1)2  Least degree = 5
= 1 + (– 1)2 + 4 + (– 1)2 + (– 1)2 + 4 7. (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 – 4) (1 – 5)
= 12 = (1 – ) (1 – 2) (1 – ) (1 – 2)
= [(1 – ) (1 – 2)]2
2. x2 – x + 1 = 0
Now 1 + z + z2 = (z  ) (z – 2), for all z
1  3i
x= substitute z = 1
2  1 + 1 + 1 = (1 – ) (1 – 2)
 and  are the roots of the given equation.  (1 – ) (1 – 2) = 3
1  3i  Required product = 9
= =–
2
8. x + y + z = a(1 +  + 2) + b(1 +  + 2) = 0
1  3i
= = – 2  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
2
= 3(a + b) (a + b2) (a2 + b)
101 + 107 = (– )101 + (– 2)107
= 32(a + b) (a + b) (a + b)
=   3   2   3   
33 71
= 32(a + b) [(a2 + b2) 
 
+ ab(1 + 2)]
= – (2 + ) …[3 = 1] 2 2 2
= 3 (a + b) (a + b – ab)
=1 …[1 +  + 2 = 0] = 3(a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
3. Here, = 3(a3 + b3)
| z | = z  =|z||| 9. [a2 + (a + 1)  + a]90 = [a(1 +  + 2)+]90
= | z | = 1 = 90 = (3)30 = 1

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Complex Numbers
10. R1  R1 + R2 + R3 gives (using 7 =  and  P(z) moves on a circle, having Q(3i) and
1 +  + 2 = 0), R(4) as ends of a diameter, whose centre
3 0 0 3i
is represented by 2 
1 2  1 2 = 3 (     ) = 3 (1   )
3 4 2
2  3i 1 2
1 z 2 = radius of the circle = 3  42
2 2
Given that 3k = 3 (1 2) =  3z
k=z =
5
2
Multiplication by i,  to a complex 4.
number z and interpretation of C(z3) Im
z  D(z4)
arg  1 
 z2 


1. | CB | = | CA | and C =
2 B (z2 = i)
A (z1)
Re
A(z1 = –3) O

Vector AB represents i  (3) = i + 3

90° Vector BC and AD represents i (i + 3)
B(z2) C (z3) i.e., 1 + 3i
i
Vector OD represents 3 + (1 + 3i)
 (z2 – z3) = (z1 – z3) e 2
i.e.,  4 + 3i
= i(z1 – z3)
 (z2 – z3)2 = – (z1 – z3)2
 z4 =  4 + 3i
Vector OC represents i + (1 + 3i)
 z22  z32 – 2 z2 z3 =  z12  z32 + 2 z1 z3
i.e., 1 + 4i = z3
 z12  z22 – 2 z1 z2 = 2 z1 z3 + 2 z2 z3 – 2 z32 – 2 z1 z2 | z3 |2 + | z4 |2 = 1 + 16 + 16 + 9 = 42
 (z1 – z2)2 = 2[(z1 z3 – z32 ) – (z1 z2 – z2 z3)]
5. A(a)
 (z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3)(z3 – z2)
2. One of the numbers must be a conjugate of
z1 = 1  i 3 i.e., z2 = 1  i 3 D(d)
2i 2i

Also, z3 = z1 e and z2 = z1 e
3 3 C(c)
B(b)
  2   2  
 z3 = (1  i 3) cos    i sin    Let points A, B, C, D represent complex numbers
  3   3 
ad
a, b, c, d. Then is purely imaginary.
 1 3
 
= 1  i 3   i  = – 2
ad  
bc
 2  arg 
2 
= 
3.  bc  2
Im  AD  BC
Similarly, BD  AC
P(z)
 D is the orthocentre of ∆ABC
Q (3i)  cd  
 CD  AB  arg   =
 3
 2,   ab  2
 2
c d
C  is purely imaginary.
ab
Re
R(–4) O Im
6.
z+4
z – 3i
z  3i B(z2)
is purely imaginary
z4
 O Re
 z  3i  
 A(z1)
 arg  =  C(z3)
 z4  2

7
 

JEE (Main): Maths

32
abc Required sum =  (3p + 2) i p
p 1
c a b = 0  a + b + c  3abc = 0
3 3 3
32 32
bca =3  pip+2  ip
p 1 p 1

 (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2  ab  bc  ca) = 0 = 3A + 2B,

a, b, c positive where A = i + 2i2 + 3i3 + … + 32i32
 a + b + c  ab  bc  ca = 0
2 2 2  Ai = i2 + 2i3 + … + 31i 32 + 32i33
1  A – Ai = (i + i2 + i3 + … + i32) – 32i33
 [(a  b)2+ (b  c)2 + (c  a)2] = 0 i(1  i32 )
2  A(1 – i) = – 32 i
a=b=c 1 i
 z1, z2, z3 lie on the circle having … [ i33 = i32. i = (i4)8 . i = i]
radius = a = b = c and centre at the origin. i(1  1)
= – 32i = – 32i
If BOC =  and BAC =    = 2 1 i
 z3   z3  z1   32i  32i (1  i )
 arg   A= =
 = 2 arg   1 i 2
 2
z  z2  z1 
= –16 (i  1) = 16(1 – i)
z 
2
 z z  i(1  i32 )
 arg  3  = arg  3 1  and B = i + i 2 + … + i 32 = =0
 z2   z2  z1  1 i
 Required sum = 48(1 – i) + 0 = 48(1 – i)
7.
B(z2) 2. x2  4x + 8 = 0
 (x  2)2 = 4
 x = 2  2i

 2n + 2n = 22n (1 + i)2n + 22n(1  i)2n
3 2n
C(z3) A(z1)  1 i 
= 22n . 2n   
 2 2
z1  z3        1 i 
2n
= cos    i sin    22 n .2 n  
z 2  z3  3  3  
 2 2
 
2n
z1  z3 
 = 1  z1  z3 = z2  z3 = 23n  cos  i sin 
z 2  z3  4 4
 
2n
 | BC | = | AC | 
 23n  cos  i sin 
 z1  z3    4 4
and arg   n n
 z 2  z3  3 = 23n . 2cos = 23n 1 cos
2 2
 ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.
 3 13 
 Area of the triangle =
3
(side)2 3. Let P = sin sin … sin
4 14 14 14
 2 3 4 12 13
sin sin sin sin ... sin sin
De Moivre’s Theorem and nth roots = 14 14 14 14 14 14
of unity 2 4 12
sin sin ... sin
14 14 14
10  2 q 2 q   2 3 13
  sin  i cos sin sin sin ... sin
1.  14 14 14 14
q 1
 11 11  =
 2 6
sin sin ... sin
10  2 q 2 q  7 7 7
= – i   cos  i sin 
q 1
 11 11  14
14  1 26 1
 2 = 13  2 = 6
q
10  i
2

= – i   e 11  7 2 2
q 1
  27  1
10 2 i
= – i  q, where  = e 11 =  i ( 1) 4. 1, 2, … , 6 are cos
2k 
 i sin
2k 
where
q 1
7 7
… [the sum of all non real ten k = 1, 2, …, 6
11th roots of unity is 1] Let z1 = 1+ 2 +4 and z2 = 3+ 5 +6
=i = α1 + α12+ α14 = α13 + α15+ α16
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Complex Numbers
z1 + z2 =  1 = α1 + α12+ α13+ α14 + α15+ α16  2x2  2 y 2  2x  3 y  1  0
and z1 z2 = (α1 + α12+ α14) (α13+ α15+ α16) 3 1
= α14+ α16 + α17+ α15+ α17+ α18 + α17  x2  y 2  x  y   0 , which is a circle with
2 2
+ α19+ α110
 1 3  5
1 = 1
7
centre =  ,  and radius =
 2 4  4
 z1 z2 = 3 + α14+ α16+ α15 + α1 + α12+ α13
5
=31=2  Diameter =
2
 z1, z2 are roots of z2 + z + 2= 0
1 18
 1  7i 3. Let line L1 be the Im
z1, z2 = =
2 2 reflection of line L in L
2 4 8 the real axis. Let P and z2
Im (z1) = sin  sin  sin z1
7 7 7 Q be the points, on line Re
O
 2  4 L, representing z1 and z2
=  sin  sin   sin >0 z1
 7 7  7 respectively. z2
L1
7 Then points, say R and
 Im α1 + Im α2 + Im α4= as Im (z1) > 0
2 S, on line L1 representing z1 and z2 are images
of P and Q respectively.
Geometry in Complex Plane
Complex slope of line
z1  2 z2 z1  z2 z1  z 2 1
1. 1 L1 =  
2  z1z2 ( z1 )  ( z2 ) z1  z2 m


2 2
z1  2 z2  2  z1z2
4. Let L1 be the reflection Im L
 
 ( z1  2z2 ) z1  2z2  (2  z1z2 ) 2  z1z2   of line L in the origin. z2
Let P and Q be the z1
…  zz  z  O
2
Re
  points on line L,
 z1
 ( z1  2z2 ) ( z1  2z2 )  (2  z1z2 )(2  z1z2 ) representing z1 and z2
 z2
 z1z1  2z1z2  2z2 z1  4z2 z2 respectively. Then L1
points, say R and S, on line L1 representing
= 4  2z1z2  2z1z2  z1z1z2 z2
z1 and z2 are images of P and Q respectively.
 z1z1  4z2 z2  4  z1z1z2 z2  0
 z1    z2 
 z1z1(1  z2 z2 )  4(1  z2 z2 )  0 Complex slope of line L1 = m
 z1    z2 
 ( z1z1  4)(1  z2 z2 )  0


 z1  4 1  z2
2
 2
0 5. Let P and Q be the points on real and imaginary
axis respectively where line L meets the axes.
 z1  4
2
…  z2  1  Let P and Q represent the complex numbers
 z1  2 z0 and z1 respectively.
 The point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2.
Im
z 1 x  iy  1
2. 
2z + i 2  x  iy   i Q (z1)

x  iy  1 2 x  1  2 y  i
 
2 x  1  2 y  i 2 x  1  2 y  i
Re
2 x  x  1  y 1  2 y   i 2 xy   x  11  2 y 
O P (z0)
L

 2x   1  2 y 
2 2

Substitute z0 = z0 in the equation

 z 1 
R e  =1
 2z + i  (3 + 2i) z0 + (3  2i) z0 = 12
2 x  x  1  y 1  2 y   6 z0 = 12  z0 = 2
 =1
 2 x   1  2 y 
2 2
 | OP | = 2

9
 

JEE (Main): Maths

Substitute z1   z1  2(x 2 + y 2)(x 2 – y 2) = 350
(3 + 2i) z1  (3  2i) z1 = 12  2(x4  y4) = 350
 x4 – y4 = 175
12
 z1 = =  3i  | OQ | = 3  x4 = 256, y4 = 81 … [ x, y are integers]
4i
1  x2 = 16, y2 = 9
Required area = (2) (3) = 3
2
 x = ± 4, y = ± 3
The vertices of the rectangle are (4, 3),
Miscellaneous (– 4, 3), (– 4, – 3) and (4, – 3).
1. x2  2x  2  0 Required area = length  breadth
 3 =86
2  4  8  1 i 
x  1  i = 2     2 e 4 = 48 sq. units
2  2 2  n
 2i 
2
2i  2i 
Let   2e and  = 2e
3
4
 3
4
3.    =1+
n0 3 
+   + … infinite terms
3 3
 454  45 
 3  2i 9  6i
 
1 3
15  15 = 2
15
e + e 4  = =  =
1
2i 3  2i 3  2i 13
 
3
45 
 
15 
9 6
= 2  2cos   a= ;b=  13 (a + b) = 15
 4  13 13
5 
 2 
15
=  2cos  4. Sum of 100 terms in G.P
 4 
1(1  i)100  1 {(1 i )2 }50 1
 2  2 
15 =
=   =  256 1 i 1 i
 2
(2i)50 1
2. x2 – 2x + 2 = 0 =
i
2 48 2  2i = 250 (i)49 + i = i(250 + 1) is purely imaginary.
x= = =1±i
2 2
x  iy  2i x  i( y  2) ( x  3)  iy
Let  = 1 + i and  = 1 – i 5. u= = 
α 1 i x  iy  3 ( x  3)  iy ( x  3)  iy
= x( x  3)  y ( y  2)  i[( y  2)( x  3)  xy ]
β 1i =
1 i 1 i ( x  3)2  y 2
=  u is purely imaginary
1i 1 i
x( x  3)  y ( y  2)
1  i 
2
 =0
= ( x  3) 2  y 2
1 i2
 x2 + y2  3x + 2y = 0 which is equation of a
2i circle.
= =i
2
n z 2 1
α 6. As is always real, it is equal to its
  =1 …[Given] z
β conjugate.
 (i)n = 1 z 2 1 z 2 1
 least value of n = 4  =
z z
 z z  z = z2 z  z
2

Homework Questions  z2 z  z 2 z  z  z = 0
 z z (z  z )  z  z = 0
 (1)  (1)2  4.i.(12i )   z  z  ( z z  1) = 0
1. x=
2i 2
But z = z z > 0
1 7 4 3
= = ,  =  4i, 3i  z  z must be zero
2i i i
 z = z  z is real and hence all points
2. Given, z z 3 + z z 3 = 350 representing z lie on real  axis.
 z z z 2 + z zz2 = 350 7. We seek for the sum of roots of the given
 z {  z  + z2} = 350
2 2
…  zz  z 2  equation.
 
2 z1 = 1 is a real root and z2 = 1 + Ai is a complex
 z [(x  iy)2 + (x + iy)2] = 350 root.
10
10
 

Complex Numbers
 z3 must be 1  Ai , as complex roots occur in 13. z1 + z2 + z3 = 2+i
conjugate pairs for any polynomial in ‘x’ with 2
 z1  z2  z3 =
2
real coefficients. 2 i
 z1 + z2 + z3 = 1 + 1 + Ai + 1  Ai = 3
 z1  z2  z3
2 2 2

8. p, q, r are roots of the equation

+ 2Re  z1z 2  z2 z 3  z3 z1  =  2  + (1)2
2
az3 + bz2 + cz + d = 0
 az3 + bz2 + cz + d = (z  p) (z  q) (z  r) for
 (1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 + 2Re  z1z 2  z2 z 3  z3 z1  = 3
all z … (i) ...(i)
Substitute z = 2i in (i) to get  Re  z1z 2  z2 z 3  z3z1  = 0
8ai 4b + 2ci + d = (2i  p) (2i  q) (2i  r)
 (d  4b) + 2i(c  4a)   z1z 2  z2 z 3  z3 z1  is purely imaginary.
= (2i  p) (2i q)(2i  r) ... (ii) 2
1  z1 z2  z1  z2
2
Substitute z =  2i in (i) to get 14.
8ai  4b  2ci + d = (2i  p) (2i q) (2i  r)
L.H.S. = 1  z1 z 2  1  z1 z 2   ( z1  z2 )  z1  z 2 
 (d  4b)  2i(c  4a)
= (2i  p) (2i q) (2i  r) ... (iii) = 1  z1 z2  z1z 2  | z1 |2 | z2 |2
Multiply (ii) and (iii) to get
(d  4b)2  (2i)2(c  4a)2

 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  z2 z1  z1 z 2 
= [(p)2  (2i)2] [(q)2  (2i)2] [(r)2  (2i)2] = 1 + | z1 |2 | z2 |2  | z1 |2  | z2 |2
= (p2 + 4) (q2 + 4) (r2 + 4) = (1  | z1 |2 ) (1  | z2 |2 )
 (4 + p2 ) (4 + q2) (4 + r2) R.H.S. = k (1  | z1 |2 ) (1  | z2 |2 )  k = 1
= (d  4b)2 + 4(c  4a)2
2 2
15. Let z = a + ib, | z | = 1  a2 + b2 = 1
9. z1 + z2 + 2z1z2 cos = 0
and w = c + id, | w | = 1 c2 + d 2 = 1
 z1 
2
 z1 
  + 2   cos + 1 = 0 Now, | z  iw |  | a  ib  i (c  id ) |  2
 2
z  z2 
 (a  d)2 + (b + c)2 = 4 … (i)
z1 2cos  4cos  4 2
and | z  i w |  | a  ib  i (c  id ) | = 2
 =
z2 2
 (a  d)2 + (b  c)2 = 4 … (ii)
z1
= cos  i sin From (i) and (ii), we get bc = 0
z2
 either b = 0 or c = 0
z1 If b = 0, then a2 = 1  a = 1 or  1
= 1 | z1| = | z2|
z2
 z = 1 or  1
 The triangle is an isosceles triangle.
16. Using i 3 = – i, i 5 = i and i 7 = – i, we can write
10. Let 2z + 3 + i = z1, then the given expression as
2z = z1  (3 + i) and |z| = 4 (1  i) 1  (1  i) 1  (1  i)
n n n
2
 (1  i)
n
2

 |2z| = | z1  (3 + i)| n n n
 8 = | z1  (3 + i)| = 2[ 1 C0 + 1 C2i 2 + 1 C4i 4 +...]
 Locus of z1 is a circle with centre at 3 + i + 2[ 2 C0 +
n n
2
C 2i 2 +
n
2
C 4i 4 +...]

 x  1 = 2[ 1 C0  1 C2 + 1 C4  ...]
n n n
 y 2 = x + i(y  1) … [L.H.S.  0]
2
11. 2
 y  1= 0  y = 1 +2[ 2 C0  2 C2 + 2 C4 ...]
n n n

 x  1  y2 = x … (i)
2
2 This is a real number iff n1 > 0, n2 > 0.

 x  1  12 = x
2
y = 1 2 17. |z|<2
 x + 4x + 4 = 0
2
 x2  y 2 < 2
x=2  x2 + y2 < 4
 R.H.S. is negative  No solution exists. It is easy to see that we require all points (x, y)
12. |z1 + z2| = |z1  1 + z2  2 + 3| lying within the circle x2 + y2 = 4, also
≤ |z1  1| + |z2  2| + 3  x and y are required to be integers.
<2+1+3 Only (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 0)
 |z1 + z2| < 6 satisfy the required condition.
11
 

JEE (Main): Maths

18. Let | z 1 | = t then Im  5 9
and tan 2x = 1  2x = , , ,...
3 + 2i 4 4 4
 3 t 
log 1   < 1 –3 + i  5 9
3 (1  t )( t  2)  x= , , ,... … (ii)
8 8 8
3 t 1 Re
There exists no value of x common in (i) and (ii).
> 1 2 3
(1 t )( t  2) 3 Therefore, there is no value of x for which the
3 t 2i
+ < 0 1–2i
1
 given complex numbers are conjugate.
(t 1)( t  2) 3
3 2z  z 2 4  ( z 1)2 | z 1|2  ( z 1)2
9  3t + t 2  3t + 2 t 2 11 24. = =
 <0  <0 z 1 z 1 z 1
(t  1)( t  2) (t  1)( t  2)
( z  1)( z 1)   z 1
2
 (t  1) (t  2) < 0 =
1<t<21<|z1|<2 z 1
The only complex number which lies in  
= z 1   z 1
1 < | z  1 | < 2 is 2  i
= a purely imaginary number
19. z1 = 0, z2 = z12  i = i, z3 = z22  i =  1  i, 3 2z  z 2
 All the values of lie on the
z4 = z32  i = i, z5 = z42  i = i  1, z 1
z6 = z52  i = i imaginary axis.
 z2017 =  i  1  |z2017 | = 2  [|z2017 |] = 1 25.
Im
20. z + 1 = 3 + t + i 3t 2

| z + 1 | = (3  t ) 2  3  t 2 = 12  6t and
B 3 + 3i
|z1|= (1  t ) 2  3  t 2 = 4  2t
z 1 O Re
 = 3 A
z 1
|z 3  3i| = 3 represents a circle with center
3 representing 3 + 3i and radius = 3. Points A and
=  z    3 z  
1 1 1
21. z3  B have least and greatest arguments, respectively
z3  z  z  
 = and  = 0   +  =
1
3
1 2 2
≥ z 3 z 
z z z1  z2 z2 z 1
26. = 1+ 2 =
z1 z1  z2 z1 z1
1
1
Let z  = r so that z2
z
z1 1 1
2 ≥ r3  3r  r33r  2 ≤ 0 Let = t, then 1 + =  t2 + t + 1 = 0
z2 t t 1
 (r + 1) (r2  r  2) ≤ 0  t =  or 2  z1= z2 or z22
 (r + 1)2 (r  2) ≤ 0 z1 2 
 | z1| = | z2 | , arg = or ,
r2≤0r≤2 z2 3 3
Equality occurs when z = 1 (z1 z2) (z1 2z2) = 0

 Maximum value of z 
1
=2 x y ei  ei cos  i sin  cos  i sin 
27. = i i =
z x y e e cos  i sin  cos   i sin 

(a + bi)9 =  + i  i( + i) = i(a + bi)9    

22. 2sin   sin    i 2sin   cos  
  2   2   2   2 
 i   = (ia  b)9 …[i = i9]
   
Take conjugate 2cos   cos    i 2sin   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
i   = (ia  b)9 = (ia + b)9       
 (b + ia)9 = i +   sin    i cos  
      2   2 
= tan  
23. sin x + i cos 2x and cos x – i sin 2x are conjugate  2   cos       i sin      
    
to each other if sin x = cos x and cos 2x = sin 2x  2   2  
 5 9   
= i tan  
or tan x = 1  x = , , ,... … (i)  2 
4 4 4
12
12
 

Complex Numbers
1
Im
1 1
28. z+ = 2  z  = reiθ  ei θ = 2
z z r
2 2

Squaring   r   cos2 +  r   sin2 = 4

1 1 Q(i) z
 r  r P(z) 
M
1
 r2   2cos2 = 4 3
r2 zi
Re
 r  (4  2cos2) r + 1 = 0
4 2 O
(This is a quadratic equation in r2 having roots r12 1
and r22) Im(z) = | QM | =
2
 r12 + r22 = 4  2 cos2 and (r1 r2)2 = 1  3
 (r1+ r2)2 = 4 2 cos2 + 2 = 6  2cos2 and Re(z) = | PM | = | QM | cot =
6 2

At  = , (r1+ r2)2 = 6  2   = 5
1
3 i
6 2   z=   2z  i = 3
2 2
1 1  i  2 2 34. Im
29 Let  = 1  i 1 2  1
i i    1 1 P(z)

Applying R1  R1 + R3, we get Q(–1) 4
Re
1 i 1 2  1 O
z+i
 = 1 i 1 2  1 M
i i    1 1
R (i)
=0 … [ R1  R2] z+1
| z | = 1  P(z) moves on the circle with centre
 1 3 9 27 
     ... 
30. +   2 8 32 128  at the origin and radius = 1
 1 
   z 1 
 2  arg   = angle by which vector z + i is

 zi 
3
1    a 
=+   4
…  S 
 1  r  rotated to get into the direction of z + 1.
=+ =–1 2
… [1 +  +  = 0] 2  3
QPR =  QMR =
4 4
rth term of the given series  
 arg  
31. z 1 3

= r[(r + 1) – ][(r + 1) – 2]  z i  4
= r[(r + 1)2  ( + 2)(r + 1) + 3]
= r[(r + 1)2 – (–1)(r + 1) + 1] 35.
Im z1 – z2
= r (r2 + 3r + 3)
= r3 + 3r2 + 3r P(z1)
n 1
 Sum of the given series   (r 3  3r 2  3r )
r 1  

2 2  
1 1 Q(z2) 
= (n  1)2 n2 + 3. (n  1)(n)(2n  1) M
2 2
4 6 R(z3)
1 z3 – z2
+ 3. (n  1)n z3 – z1
2
O Re
1
= (n  1) n(n2 + 3n + 4) ∆PQR is an isosceles triangle with | PQ | = | PR |
4
z1  z2       
= k cos    + i sin     … (i)
32. (1 +  ) = (–) = ( )  =  = –1 – 
2 32 32 3 10 2 2 z3  z2  2 2  2 2 
 A = B = –1 and
33. | z  i | = | z |  | OP | = | PQ | and z3  z1            
= k cos       + i sin       
 z    z3  z 2    2 2    2 2  
arg   =   QPO =
 zi  3 3 … (ii)

13
 

JEE (Main): Maths

z1  z2 z z 11 12 13 14
where k =  1 3 C = sin sin sin sin
z3  z2 z2  z3 18 18 18 18
15 16 17
D = sin sin sin
z3  z1         18 18 18
(ii)  = k cos     i sin    
z3  z2  2 2  2 2   2 3 17 
sin  sin sin ... sin
... (iii) P= 18 18 18 18
 2 8
2
1
 z1  z2   z3  z1  2    P  sin sin ... sin
(i) and (iii)     
2 9 9 9
 z3  z2   z3  z2 
=k ...(iv)
   18 
4  17 
z3  z2 P = 2   6 P
2 1 1
= | QM | = | RM |  9 2 8
2
 8
and | PQ | = z1  z2 = | PR | = z1  z3 2 
38. Let L1 be the
   1 z3  z 2 Im
 cos    = reflection of line
2 2 2 z1  z3 L
L, in the L1
 z z 1 imaginary axis.  z 2 z2
 2sin   = 3 2 = Let P and Q be  z1 z1
2 z1  z3 k
the point, on
1 Re
k= ... (v) line L, O
 representing z1 and z2 respectively. Then points,
2sin  
2 R and S, say, on Line L1, representing z1,  z2
(iv) and (v) give are images of P and Q respectively.
 z1  z2   z3  z1  1  z1    z2  1
  . = Complex slope of line L1 = 
 z1    z2  m
 z3  z2   z3  z2  4sin 2   
2 39. Im
36. A(z1)

45

 O Re
3
z3 – z2
B(z2) C(z3)
 2 2 
(z3  z2)  cos  i sin  = z1  z3 4x + 2y + 3 =0
 3 3  (Slope = –2)
 z1  z3 = (z3  z2)
(2  i) z + (2 + i) z + 3 = 0
 z1 + z2  (1 + ) z3= 0
 (2  i) (x + iy) + (2 + i) (x  iy) + 3 = 0
 z1 + z2 + 2z3= 0 ...(i)
 4x + 2y + 3 = 0
We know that a2 + b2 + c2  ab  bc  ca
Let m be the slope of the required line. Then
= (a + b + c2) (a + b2 + c)
m2
 If a + b + c2 = 0 then tan45 =
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca 1 2m
 (i)  z12 + z22+ z32 = z1z2 + z2z3+ z3z1  m  2 =  (1  2m)
1
 5 7  m = or m = 3
37. Let P = sin sin sin 3
18 18 18 Required line is given by
 2 3 4 17 3y + x  11 = 0 or y  3x 7 = 0
sin sin sin sin ... sin
18 18 18 18 18
= zz zz
(A) (B) (C) (D)  +3    11 = 0 or
2  2i 
where
2 3 4 6  zz   zz 
A = sin sin sin sin    3  7 = 0
18 18 18 18  2i   2 
7 8 9 10  (1  3i) z + (1 + 3i) z  22 = 0 or
B = sin sin sin sin
18 18 18 18 (3  i) z + (3 + i) z + 14 = 0
14
14
 

Complex Numbers

13  3 1  3 1
24 5 Numerical Value Type Questions 5. z =    i  
 2 2   2 2 

x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, b, c, d  R.    
1.  z = cos    + i sin   
4 6 4 6
z2 = 1 + Ai  z3 = 1 – Ai
5 5
z1 + z2 + z3 = – b  3 = – b = cos + i sin
12 12
b=–3
5 5
6

z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 = c  1 + Ai + 1 + A2 + 1– Ai = c  z6 =  cos  i sin


 12 12 
 c = 3 + A2  5   5 
z1 z2 z3 = – d  1 + A2 = – d = cos  6     i sin  6   
  12  12  
 Required expression = d + c – b
 5   5 
= – (1 + A2 ) + (3 + A2) + 3 = cos    i sin  
 2   2 
=5 =i
1  Re  z 6  = 0
2. x + iy =
1  cos   i sin 
6. x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
1  cos   i sin 
=  (x – 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0
1  cos   sin 2 
2

1  3i 1  i 3
 x = 1, ,
1  cos   i sin  2 2
=
1  cos2   sin 2   2cos   x = 1, – 2, – 
1  cos   i sin   Sum of 162th power of the roots
=
2 1  cos   = (1)162 + (– 2)162 + (– )162
= 1 + 324 + 162
1  cos  1
x=  = 1 +  ω3  +  ω3 
108 54

2 1  cos   2
=1+1+1=3
 4x2 = 1

3. | zw|=|z||w|
= | z | | w | = | zw |
=1
arg ( z w) = arg ( z ) + arg (w)
= arg w – arg z

= 
2
z w = | z w | e arg z wi
i
 
= 1 e 2  cos    i sin  
2 2
=–i
 a = 0, b = –1
 a2 + b2 = 1

4. Required expression
 2  a  b  c2   a  b  c2  
2

=  3  
a  b4  c2 a3  b  c2 
 
 2  a  b  c2   a  b  c2  
2

=   
 a  b  c a  b  c2 
2

= (2 + )2 = (–1)2
=1
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