The Symbol of Merit

Chate Coaching Classes

NOTES
Class : 10th Subject : Sci.(Bio.)

TOPIC
4.1 Ecosystem - A review :
1. Biotic and abiotic factors and their interactions with each other form an ecosystem. Every factor has important
yenecosystem.
role to play for functioning of the gheÙee&ÙeerØeçve
2. Plants are producers of the ecosystem.
3. Various herbivores like deer, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, camels, etc. feed upon producers.
4. Carnivorous predators e.g. lion and tiger control the population of the herbivores.
5. The decomposers and scavengers like caterpillars, termites, insects present in the dung carry out decomposition
and thus clean the environment.
6. Existence of human beings is dependent on the balanced ecosystem. )
* Complete the chart: Fill up the blank boxes and display the completed chart in classroom.

4.2 Relationship between Environment and Ecosystem:

1. Environment is the collective term for physical, chemical and biological factors that surround the living organisms.
2. Many biotic, abiotic, natural and artificial factors together constitute conditions of the environment.
3. Two main types of environment:
(a) Natural environment: Air, atmosphere, water, land, living organisms, etc.
(b) Anthropogenic/Man-made/Artificial environment. How
4. Two main factors in environment:
(a) Biotic factors (b) Abiotic factors.
5. Continuous interactions occur between all the factors in the environment.
6. Artificial environment, directly or indirectly affects the natural environment.
7. Ecology: Ecology is the science that deals with the study of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors of the
environment

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 8. Ecosystem: Ecosystem is the basic functional unit used to study the ecology.
9. Many ecosystems together form an environment.
10. Ecosystems constitute biotic and abiotic factors occupying a definite geographical area and their interactions.
* Environmental conservation
* The environment is affected due to some natural factors of environment and some man-made factors such as pollution.
Such factors create imbalance in the environment which in turn affect the existence of biota.
* Earth is suffering from many environmental problems caused due to effect of various natural and artificial factors.
* yengheÙee&
Environmental pollution : Pollution brings ÙeerØeçv
about e
environmental degradation. It is largely due to natural or man-made
causes. Pollution
* Contaminates and makes the unnecessary and unacceptable changes in the surrounding environment.
This causes direct or indirect changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of air, water and soil.
These changes are usually harmful for all living beings, including human.
4) Reasons for pollution : Population explosion, fast industrialization, and indiscriminate use of natural resources,
deforestation, and unplanned urbanization are factors that pollute environment.
5) Our responsibility : Pollution of air, water, noise, soil, thermal, light pollution, etc. are different types of
pollution that cause adverse effects. It ultimately affects existence of all the living organisms on the earth. Thus it is our
responsibility to curtail polluting substances and aim at environmental conservation.
6) Radioactive pollution : Radioactive pollution is caused by following two causes :
1) Natural radiations : Natural processes such as UV and IR radiations.
2) Man-made or artificial radiations: X-rays and radiations emitted from atomic energy plants.
3) Major mishaps on the international level: Chernobyl, Windscale, and Three Miles Island mishaps. Due to these
accidents thousands of people have been affected for long term.
7) Effects of radiations:
1) Cancerous ulcerations due to X-rays. 2) Destruction of body tissues.
3) Change in the genes. 4) Adverse effect on vision.
8) Need of environmental conservation:
1) Discussion of the environmental problems - In 1972 at UNO, Stockholm,
(Conference arranged on human and environment.)
2) Later establishment of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).
3) In India, discussion of environmental issues took place in IV th planning commission.
4) A separate environmental department was established later.
5) Ministry of environment and forests started various programmes since 1985 in planning. inducting and increasing
awareness about environment and forest.
9) People's participation:
1) Awareness about environment conservation rules and laws should be developed for common people.
2) Large scale participation of the people in environment conservation can bring about environmental protection
and effective conservation.
3) Values like positive attitude towards environment and knowledge and quest for the conservation should be
imbibed right from school days. Increasing environmental awareness through schools and colleges is essential.
4) Every nation has their own future plans about environmental protection and for this purpose they have formulated
the laws.
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10) Environmental Conservation - our social responsibility
1) Human - environment interrelationship existed since origin of man.
2) Human being has become supreme on the earth due to his intelligence, memory, imaginations, creative ability, etc.
3) Human has used up natural resources without any thought. The development processes have caused extreme
damage to the environment.
4) Maintaining the environmental balance is the duty of humans.
5) Since we have disturbed the environmental balance, only we should think of protection and conservation of
nature. yengheÙee&ÙeerØeçve
11) Laws enacted about environmental conservation:
Punishment if the law is
not followed
Law Year Inclusion in the law
Imprisonment for 15
days.
Forest Conservation Prohibition on the use of the land which is Five years imprisonment or
1980
Act reserved for forest conservation. fine up to 1 lakh.
Environmental Control of pollution and action on the
1986 Court case.
Conservation Act persons or institutes that harm
National Green Effective implementation of environment
2010 Various punishments.
Tribunal related laws.
Wildlife Protection 1972 Protection of the wild life.
Clause 49 A Complete ban on trading of rare animals.
Complete ban on use of articles prepared
Clause 49 B
from skin or organs of wild animals.
Compulsory disclosure of the stock of
Clause 49 C
artifacts made from rare wild animals
12) Jadav Molai Payeng from Assam has made barren land into a forest which now stands on 1360 acres of
land. Now, this forest is known as 'Molai Jungle'.
4.4) Environmental Management: Environmental Conservation and Biodiversity:
1) Environmental pollution affects the living organisms and reduces biodiversity.
2) Living world had a rich biodiversity. This richness of biodiversity is getting depleted at a very high rate only due
to various activities of human beings.
3) Biodiversity: The richness of living organisms in nature due to presence of varieties of organisms, ecosystems and
genetic variations is called biodiversity. Biodiversity occurs at following three different levels.
4) Levels of biodiversity:
Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity
Diversity among the
Many ecosystems are present in a
organisms of same Diversity in the species of organisms
particular region. Diversity of the
species. The genetic that occur in the nature.E.g. Various
different ecosystems. E.g. Natural and
constitution of each types of plants, animals and microbes.
artificial ecosystems.
organism may be different.
5) Every ecosystem is different from others. It has its own characteristic animals, plants, microbes and abiotic
factors.

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 6) Sacred Groves:
1) Some green forest patches were conserved in the name of god by the locals and tribal people. These are
considered sacred and hence the name sacred grove.
2) These groves are 'sanctuaries' conserved by the society.
3) Sacred groves have special protection because they are conserved as God's abode.
4) Such patches of thick forests are mostly present in Western Ghats.
5) In India, more than 13,000 sacred groves have been reported.
yengheÙee&ÙeerØeçve
7) How can biodiversity be conserved?
1) Protection of the rare species.
2) Creating National Parks and Sanctuaries.
3) Declaration of 'Bioreserves', thus offering protection to resident species.
4) Conservation of special species by carrying out projects.
5) Conservation activities for all living organisms.
6) Strictly following the environmental protection rules.
7) Recording and maintaining traditional knowledge.
8) There are many state-level, natiorial and international level institutes that work for conservation of the
environment.
4.5)Hotspots of Biodiversity
1) Highly sensitive biodiversity spots in world: 34
2) Areas of the Earth were occupied by these hotspots: 15.7%
3) Currently, sensitive areas that are destroyed: 86%
4) Presently left over sensitive spots on the earth: 2.3%
5) Hotspots have 1,50,000 plant species which are 50% of the world count.
6) In Eastern India jungles, 85 species are found out of 135 species of animals.
7) In Western Ghats about 1,500 endemic plant species.
8) Out of the total plant species in the entire world, 50,000 are endemic.
9) Three Endangered Heritage Places of the Country:
Which one? Where? Problem? Impact
Gujarat, Maharashtra,
1. The Western Endangered animals due to mining Habitats of Asiatic lion and
Goa, Tamil Nadu and
Ghats industry and search for natural gas. wild bison under threat.
Kerala
2. Manas Dams and indiscriminate use of
Assam Tiger and rhino under threat.
sanctuary water.
The tiger population and
3. Sunderbans Dams, deforestation, excessive
West Bengal overall local environment is
sanctuary fishing, trenches dug.
seriously challenged.
• Collect the names of extinct birds and animals of India and tell those names to others.
Ans. 1. Animals:
¦ * Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus)
¦ * Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi)

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¦ * Himalayan wolf (Canis himalayensis)
* ¦Elvira rat (Cremnomys elvira)
¦ * Andaman shrew (Crocidura andamanensis)
¦ * Jenkins' shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi)
¦ * Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica)
2. Bird: Pink-headed duck
10. Classification of Threatened Species
yengheÙee&ÙeerØeçve
Type of Indeterminate
Endangered Species Rare Species Vulnerable Species
Species Species
Considerably Extremely less number
Organisms appear to be
Number of organisms is declined number of of organisms which
endangered. The data is
declined. these organisms. further declines.
Information not enough as they have
Shrunken habitat which Endemic organisms Continuous declining
typical behavioural
can lead to extinction. may become extinct number of organisms is
habits (like shyness)
very fast a threat.
Lion tailed monkey, Red panda, Musk Giant squirrel, our state
Examples Tiger, Lion.
Lesser florican. deer animal: 'Shekhru'
11) 22nd May is observed as a World Biodiversity Day.
12) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepares the 'Red List' which contains the names of
endangered species from different countries.
13) The names of endangered species are on pink pages. The names of previously endangered but presently safe
species are on green pages.

30 years, then it is very alarming. Once lost the flora and fauna will never get replenished. If in
future, this rate of extinction continues, there will not be a single animal left on the earth. Only
human species will outnumber all others due to no concern for the nature.

14) Some important slogans to spread environmental wisdom:

1) Destroying a plant is to destroy everything.
2) Practise afforestation to conserve environment.
3) Forest is Wealth.
4) Environmental protection is value education.
5) Provident use of paper is prevention of deforestation.
6) To practise the environmental protection is to develop human society.
7) Pure air, pure water is key to healthy life.
• 'Jivo Jivasya Jivanam'.
Ans. 'Jivo Jivasya Jivanam' is a Sanskrit saying which means that one living organism makes the
living on the other. All the food chains occurring in the nature, function on this principle. Prey
and predator interactions are based on the above concept. While discussing, students should
give various examples that occur in their surrounding environment.

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 * Complete the Chart:
We have studied the air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution in detail in earlier classes. Based on that,
complete the following chart.

Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution

Biotic components:
Soil pollutants are different
Alage, Virus, Bacteria, Parasite
Gases: CO2 , CO, in different regions. E.g.
yenghNOx, Abiotic
eÙee&ÙeerØeçve factors: Sand, soil, dust,
Hydrocarbons, sulphur, Near field-inorganic
floating particles, precipitates of
Components hydrogen sulphides, etc. Solid components of insecticides
salts, silver, lead, heavy metals,
dust, ash, carbon, lead, and excess of fertilizers,
(Radioactive substances) Organic
asbestos, etc. heavy metals. and other
components: Weedicides,
toxic chemicals.
Pesticides, Sewage, etc.

Chemical industries and oil

Industrial effluents, house-
refineries. Thermal power Industrial wastes, Domestic waste,
hold toxic materials,
stations, paper industries, sewage, chemicals discharged
Source chemical pesticides,
cloth mills, cement from industries, pesticides used in
biomedical wastes, E-
manufacturing, Dynamites, agriculture.
wastes, plastic waste.
stone crushers.

Impact on human health.

Epidemics of water-borne Soil erosion, retarded
Serious effects on respiratory
diseases in humans. Mortality of growth of plants and
Effect system, effect on plants and
aquatic animals. Eutrophication of crops, Nutritional
animals, acid rains, climate
the water bodies. deficiency, etc.
change.
Tall chimneys, improvements
Measures to control the release of Recycling and reusing the
Control in the production
effluents. Laws against release of polluting materials Solid
Measure methodology, equipment to
toxic effluents in the water bodies. waste management
control the pollution.

* Now a day, we are observing the environmental degradation everywhere. Complete the flow chart given besides with
the help of environment.
To maintain the
clean, pollution To conserve the
free air, water and natural resources.
land.

To maintain the balance in Need of To solve the natural and

nature Environmental artificial problems

To give quality of
To protect and
life and sustainable
conserve the
future to next
biodiversity.
generations.

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 Environmental Problems

Pollution Urbanization Deforestation Loss of Biodiversity Industrialization

yen
gheÙee&ÙeerØeçve
Water

Climate change Threatened Species

Air
Endangered species
Land
Global warming Rare species

Vulnerable species

Indeterminate species

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