BMEE303L- THERMAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

Dr. N. Govindha Rasu

Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore.
 MODULE -2 IC ENGINES PERFORMANCE

➢ Performance test

➢ Heat balance test

➢ Measurement of Brake power, Indicated power and

Frictional power

➢ Morse test and Retardation test on IC engine

 Engine Performance Parameters and characteristics

The performance of the engine depends on inter

relationship between
(i) Power developed,
(ii) Speed and
(iii) The specific fuel consumption
at each operating condition.
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Performance parameters are indicated by term Efficiency and other related
parameters
(i) Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ith)
(ii) Break thermal efficiency (bth)
(iii) Mechanical Efficiency (m)
(iv) Volumetric efficiency (v)
(v) Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio (rel)
(vi) Mean effective pressure (pm)
(vii) Mean piston speed (sp)
(viii) Specific power output (ps)
(ix) Specific fuel consumption (sfc)
(x) Calorific value (c.v.)
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
(i) Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ith)
❖ Indicated Work is the work done during the power stroke, which is typically
measured using a pressure-volume (PV) diagram, and

❖ Heat Input is the heat energy released by the combustion of the fuel in the
same stroke. Energy in fuel ip bp

❖ Indicated Thermal Efficiency is an important performance parameter for

internal combustion engines, as it provides an indication of how effectively
the engine is converting the chemical energy in the fuel into mechanical
energy.
Indicated Power , ip [kJ / s )
ith =
Energy in fuel / s [kJ / s ]
ip [kJ / s ]
=
m ass of fuel [kg / s ]  calorific value [kJ / kg ]
ip
= 100%
m f  c.v.
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
(ii) Break thermal efficiency (bth)
❖ Brake Power is the power output of the engine as measured by a dynamometer, and
Fuel Input Rate is the rate at which fuel is consumed by the engine.
❖ Brake Thermal Efficiency takes into account all of the losses due to friction,
pumping, and other inefficiencies that are not accounted for in Indicated Thermal
Efficiency. It is therefore a more accurate measure of the overall efficiency of the
engine.
❖ Brake Thermal Efficiency is an important performance parameter for internal
combustion engines, as it provides an indication of how effectively the engine is
converting the chemical energy in the fuel into useful work.
Break Power , ip [kJ / s )
bth =
Energy in fuel / s [kJ / s ]
bp [kJ / s ]
=
m ass of fuel [kg / s ]  calorific value [kJ / kg ]
bp
bth = 100% Energy in fuel ip bp
m f  c.v.
 ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
(iii) Mechanical Efficiency (m)

❖Mechanical Efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness of a

mechanical system in converting input power into useful output
power
Energy in fuel ip bp

❖Mechanical Efficiency is the ratio of the output power at the

engine's crankshaft to the input power provided by the fuel.

❖It takes into account all of the losses due to friction, bearing drag,
and other mechanical inefficiencies.
Power delivered to shaft
m =
power provided to piston
bp bp
= = 100%
ip bp + fp
 Engine Performance Parameters:
(v) Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio (rel)

Actual thermal efficiency bth

rel = =
Ideal thermal efficiency otto
 Engine Performance Parameters:
(iv) Volumetric efficiency (v)

Volumetric efficiency indicate the breathing ability of the engine.

❖ Volumetric Efficiency is a measure of how effectively an internal combustion engine is able to draw air
or air-fuel mixture into its combustion chamber during the intake stroke.

❖ It is defined as the ratio of the actual amount of air or air-fuel mixture drawn into the combustion
chamber during the intake stroke to the theoretical maximum amount of air or air-fuel mixture that the
engine could draw in if the intake process were perfect, expressed as a percentage.

Actual volume flow rate ma /  a

v = = 100%
Volume dispalcement Vs
Note:
Irrespective of engine (SI or CI or Gas) volumetric rate of air flow is what to be taken into account and
not mixture flow.
At full throttle,
S.I engine = 80-85%
C.I. Engine= 85-90%
 Engine Performance Parameters

(vi) Mean effective pressure (pm)

❖ Mean effective pressure (MEP) is a term used in thermodynamics and heat transfer
to describe the average pressure that acts on the piston of a reciprocating engine
during one complete cycle of operation.

❖ It is a measure of the net work output produced by an engine per cycle, and is
therefore an important performance parameter used to evaluate the efficiency of
internal combustion engines. The MEP is calculated by dividing the total work
output per cycle by the displacement volume of the engine, and is expressed in
units of pressure, such as psi or bar.

❖ It is affected by various factors such as the engine design, type of fuel , air-fuel
ratio, compression ratio, ignition timing, and other operating conditions.
❖ A higher MEP indicates that the engine is more efficient and produces more
power per cycle.
 Engine Performance Parameters
Area of indicator ( p − v)diagram
Pim =
length of indicator diagram

Indicater Power (ip) = Indiacated network / cycle  Cycles / sec

n
= Pim  Vs   k
60

Pim LAnk
= kW
60 1000
Indicated Mean effective pressure 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒,
𝐿 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚ሻ
60000  ip
Pim = ( N / m 2 ) or Pa 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 (𝑚2 ሻ
LAnk 𝑁 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡(𝑟𝑝𝑚ሻ
Break Mean effective pressure 𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒,
60000  bp = 𝑁Τ2 (4𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒ሻ,
Pb.m = ( N / m2 )
LAnk = 𝑁(2𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒ሻ
𝑘 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠
 Engine Performance Parameters:

(vii) Mean piston speed (sp) S p = 2. L. N

(viii) Specific power output (ps)

bp
Ps =
It is an power output per unit piston area A

fuel consumption per unit area (kg / h)

(ix) Specific fuel consumption (sfc) sfc =
power (kW )
mf
bsfc = (kg / kW − h)
bp
mf
isfc = (kg / kW − h)
ip

(x) Calorific value (or) Heating value (or) Heat of combustion

Thermal Energy released per unit quantity of fuel when the fuel is burnt completely.
 Physical significance of efficiencies
(i) Air-Standard efficiency- Idea of upper limit of the efficiency obtainable from engine

(ii) Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ith)-power generated out of combustion w.r.t Qs

For, Diesel engine =28%, Gas and petrol engine= 36%

(iii) Break thermal efficiency (bth)-output power generated by engine w.r.t Qs

(iv) Mechanical Efficiency (m)- Idea of mechanical loss (65%-85%)

(v) Volumetric efficiency (v)- Indicates the breathing capacity of an engine (m-act / m -ideal)

(vi) Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio (rel)- How much closer to ideal efficiency

(vii) charge efficiency- How well piston displacement of a 4-S engine is utilized

(viii) Combustion efficiency- compares the actual heat liberated with theoretical heat. (92-97%)
Note: Incomplete combustion is due to lack of oxygen
 Numerical on Engine Performance
1. A Diesel engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 30%. If the
calorific value of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Find it’s brake specific
fuel consumption.
Given data :
bth = 30%
C.V . = 42, 000 kJ / kg

To Find :
(i ) b.s. f .c
 Numerical on Engine Performance

w.k .t.,
mf
bsfc = (kg / kW − h)
bp
bp bp
bth = =
Ein or Qs m f  c.v.

Answer :
b.s. f .c. = 0.2857 (kg / kW − hr )
 Numerical on Engine Performance
2. The cubic capacity of a 4-stroke over square SI engine is 245 cc. The over
square ratio is 1.1 and the clearance volume is 27.2 cc. calculate the bore, stroke
and C.R. of the engine.
Given data :
Vs = 245 cm3
Vc = 27.2 cm3
d
= 1.1
L

To Find :
(i ) Bore (d )
(ii ) Stroke ( L)
Vmax ( or )VTotal Vc + Vs
(iii )rc = =
Vmin Vc
 Numerical on Engine Performance
Solution :
(i ) Bore(d )
 2  d
Vs = d L = d2  = 245 cm3
4 4 1.1
d = 7 cm
(ii ) Stroke( L)
d
L= = 6.36 cm
1.1
(iii )Compression Ratio(rc )
V V +V
rc = max = s c = 10
Vmin Vc
 Numerical on Engine Performance
3. A 4-cylinder, 4-stroke SI engine has a bore of 80 mm and stroke of 80 mm. the compression
ratio is 8. calculate the cubic capacity of the engine and clearance volume of each cylinder .
What type of engine is this?
Given data :
k =4
d = 80 mm
rc = 8
L = 80 mm

To Find :
(i ) cubic capacity (Vs )
(ii )Vc
(iii ) Type of engine ?
 Numerical on Engine Performance
Solution :
(i ) cubic capacity (Vs )
 2
Vs = d  Lk
4
= 1608.4 cm3 or cc

(ii ) Clearance volume (Vc )

Vs + Vc V
wkt , rc = = 1+ s = 8
Vc Vc
Vs 402
Vc = = = 57.4 (cm3 or cc)
7 7

(iii )Type of engine

d=L
 so it is a square engine
 Numerical on Engine Performance
4. Compute the brake mean effective pressure of a 4-cylinder, 4-
stroke SI engine has a bore of 150 mm and stroke of 200mm,
which develops a brake power of 73.6 kW at 1200 rpm.
Given data :
k =4
d = 150 mm
L = 200 mm
bp = 73.6 kW
N = 1200 rpm
To Find :
(i ) Pb − mep
 Numerical on Engine Performance

Solution

Break Mean effective pressure

6000  bp
Pb.m = = 52.8 104 ( N / m 2 ) = 5.2 bar
LAnk
where,
bp in kW
N
n= for 4 − stroke engine
2
 Numerical on Engine Performance
5. An engine is using 5.2 kg of air per minute while operating at
1200 rpm. The engine requires 0.2256 kg of fuel per hour to
produce an indicated power of 1 kW. The indicated thermal
efficiency of engine is 38% and mechanical efficiency is 80%.
Compute the brake power of engine and heating value of fuel.
Given data :
ma = 5.2 kg / min To Find :
m f = 0.2256 kg / hr (i ) bp (kW )
ip = 1 kW (ii ) c.v. (kJ / kg )
ith = 38%
m = 80%
 Numerical on Engine Performance

Solution :
(i )brake power (bp) (ii ) Heating Value (c.v)
ip
m =
bp ith = 
ip m f  c.v.
bp ip
= 0.8 c.v. =
1 m f ith
 bp = 0.8 kW c.v. = 41992.8(kJ / kg )
 Numerical on Engine Performance

6. The following results were obtained from a set of trails at full throttle on a
single cylinder four stroke petrol engine working of constant volume cycle has
a bore of 110 mm and stroke 200 mm. The speed was kept constant at 1500
rpm and the compression ratio varied.
Compression ratio 4.2 5.4 5.8
Fuel consumption (kg/min) 0.112 0.111 0.111
Brake torque (N-m) 119.77 135.92 139.32
Frictional torque (N-m) 17.38 18.87 19.28

Calorific value of petrol = 42 MJ/kg. Plot the curves of indicated mean

effective pressure and thermal efficiency with respect to a compression ratio
and obtain the values at compression ratio of 5.5. Also find the relative
efficiency at the above compression ratio.
 Numerical on Engine Performance
Given data :
d = 110 mm Compression ratio 4.2 5.4 5.8
L = 200 mm Fuel consumption (kg/min) 0.112 0.111 0.111
N = 1500 rpm 119.7 135.9 139.32
Brake torque (N-m) 7 2
C.V . = 42 MJ / kg
Frictional Torque (N-m) 17.38 18.87 19.28

To Find : (at rc = 5.5)

(i ) Pi − mean
(ii )bth
bth
(iii )rel =
otto
 Numerical on Engine Performance

Formula :
2 NTb
bp = (kW )
60 1000
2 NT f Compression ratio 4.2 5.4 5.8
fp = (kW ) Fuel consumption (kg/min) 0.112 0.111 0.111
60 1000
Brake torque (N-m) 119.77 135.92 139.32
ip = bp + fp Frictional Torque (N-m) 17.38 18.87 19.28
Indicated Mean effective pressure
60000  ip Brake power (kw)
Pim = ( N / m2 )
LAnk Frictional power (kw)
bp Indicated power (kw)
bth =
m  c.v.
Fuel consumption (kg/s)
bth bth
rel = = Indi. mean eff pressure (N/m2)
otto 1 − 1 Break Thermal efficiency %
 −1
(rc )
 Numerical on Engine Performance
Solution:

Compression ratio 4.2 5.4 5.8

Fuel consumption (kg/min) 0.112 0.111 0.111

Brake torque (N-m) 119.77 135.92 139.32
Frictional Torque (N-m) 17.38 18.87 19.28

Brake power (kw) 18.8 21.4 21.9

Frictional power (kw) 2.7 3.0 3.0
Indicated power (kw) 21.5 24.3 24.9

Fuel consumption (kg/s) 0.00187 0.00185 0.00185

Indi. mean eff pressure (N/m2) 906779 1023407 1048597

Brake thermal efficiency % 24.0 27.5 28.2

Numerical on Engine Performance

Answer:(at rc = 5.5)

Brake thermal efficiency = 27.8%

imep = 10.3 bar
Relative efficiency=56.6 %
Engine Performance Curves
Heat Balance Test
Heat Balalnce
Heat Balance Representation-Sankey Diagram
Heat Balance for Petrol and Diesel Engine
 7. In a test of engine under full load condition the following result were obtained
Indicated power 33 kW
Brake power 27 kW
Fuel consumption 8 kg/hr

Cooling water flow rate 7 kg/min

Inlet temperature of cooling water 15°C
Outlet temperature of cooling water 75°C

Rate of flow of water through gas calorimeter 12 kg/min

Inlet temperature of water to exhaust gas calorimeter 15°C
Outlet temperature of water to exhaust gas calorimeter 55°C

Room temperature 17°C

Final temperature of exhaust gas 80°C

Calorific value of fuel 43 MJ/kg

Air fuel ratio on mass basis 20
mean specific heat of exhaust gas 1 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of water 4.18 kJ/kg-K
Draw up a heat balance sheet and estimate the thermal and mechanical efficiencies.
 Numerical on-Heat balance
Solution
Heat Input kJ/min Heat expenditure kJ/min %

(i) Heat equivalent of bp

Heat supplied by fuel (ii) Heat lost to cooling water

(iii) Heat lost in exhaust gas

(iv) unaccounted losses
Total
 Numerical on-Heat balance
Heat sup plied (Qs ) :
8
Qs = m f  C.V . =  43000 = 5733.3(kJ / min)
60

Heat exp enditure :

Qbp = Heat equivalent of bp = 27  60 = 1620 (kJ / min)
Qcw = Heat carried away by cooling water = mcw c p (Tout − Tin ) = 7  4.18  (75 − 15) = 1755.6 (kJ / min)
Qex1 = Heat lost to water in exhaust gas in calorimeter = mcw c p (Tout − Tin ) = 12  4.18  (55 − 15) = 2006.4 (kJ / min)
Qex 2 = Heat lost in exhaust gas = mex c pex (Tout −ex − Troom ) = 2.8 1 (80 − 17) = 176.4 (kJ / min)
Qex = Qex1 + Qex 2 = 2006.4 + 176.4 = 2182.8(kJ / min)
Total heat Spent = Qbp + Qcw + Qex = 1620 + 1755.6 + 2182.8 = 5558.4 (kJ / min)

Qun = Qs − (Qbp + Qcw + Qex ) = 5733.3 − 5558.4 = 174.9(kJ / min)

 Numerical on-Heat balance
Mass of exhaust gas (mex ) = m fuel + mair
8 8
= + 20  = 2.8(kg / min)
Efficiencies:
60 60

ip 33 kW
ith = = 100 = 34.5%
Qs [ 5733.3 ] kW
60

bp 27 kW
bth = = 100 = 28.3%
Qs [ 5733.3 ] kW
60

bp 27
m = = 100 = 81.8%
ip 33
 Numerical on-Heat balance

Heat Balance sheet

Heat Input kJ/min Heat expenditure kJ/min %

(i) Heat equivalent of bp 1620 28.2

5733.3
Heat supplied by fuel (ii) Heat lost to cooling water 1755.6 30.6
(100%)
(iii) Heat lost in exhaust gas 2182.8 38
(iv) unaccounted losses 174.9 3
Total 5733.3 99.9
A 4-stroke SI engine has six cylinders, each cylinder has 8 cm bore and 10 cm
stroke. The engine is coupled to a brake having a torque radius of 40 cm. At 3200
rpm, with all cylinders operating the net brake load is 350 N. When each cylinder
in turn is rendered inoperative, the average net brake load produced at the same
speed by the remaining 5 cylinders is 250 N. Estimate the indicated mean effective
pressure of the engine. With all cylinders operating the fuel consumption is 0.33
kg/min; calorific value of fuel is 43 MJ/kg; The engine cooling water flow rate and
temperature rise is 70 kg/min and 10oC respectively. On test, the engine is enclosed
in a thermally and acoustically insulated box through which the output drive, water,
fuel, air and exhaust connection pass. Ventilating air blown up through the box at
the rate of 15 kg/min enters at 17oC and leaves at 62oC. Draw up a heat balance of
the engine on minute basis stating the items as a percentage of the heat input.(Take,
specific heat of water as 4.18 kJ/kg-k and specific heat of air as 1.005 kJ/kg-k).
 Numerical on-Heat balance
A 4-stroke SI engine has six cylinders, each cylinder has 8 cm bore and 10 cm stroke. The engine is coupled
to a brake having a torque radius of 40 cm. At 3200 rpm, with all cylinders operating the net brake load is
350 N. When each cylinder in turn is rendered inoperative, the average net brake load produced at the same
speed by the remaining 5 cylinders is 250 N. Estimate the indicated mean effective pressure of the engine.
With all cylinders operating the fuel consumption is 0.33 kg/min; calorific value of fuel is 43 MJ/kg; The
engine cooling water flow rate and temperature rise is 70 kg/min and 10oC respectively. On test, the engine
is enclosed in a thermally and acoustically insulated box through which the output drive, water, fuel, air and
exhaust connection pass. Ventilating air blown up through the box at the rate of 15 kg/min enters at 17oC and
leaves at 62oC. Draw up a heat balance of the engine on minute basis stating the items as a percentage of the
heat input.(Take, specific heat of water as 4.18 kJ/kg-k and specific heat of air as 1.005 kJ/kg-k).
Given data : m f = 0.33 kg / min
k =6 C.V . = 43 MJ / kg C p −cw = 4.18 kJ / kg − K
Bore, D = 8 cm mcw = 70 kg / min C p − air = 1.005 kJ / kg − K
Stroke, L = 10 cm Tcw = 10 C
Radius of drum = 40 cm Ventilating air ToFind :
N = 3200 rpm ma = 15 kg / min (i ) pi − mean
(W − S ) k = 350 N Tair −in = 17 C (ii ) Heat balance sheet (kg / min)
(W − S ) k −1 = 250 N Tair −out = 62 C
 Numerical on-Heat balance

Formula :

2 NT 2 N (W − S ) k  R
(i ) bpk = = (kW )
60, 000 60, 000
2 NT 2 N (W − S ) k −1  R
(i ) bpk −1 = = (kW )
60, 000 60, 000
ip1 = bpk − bpk −1
ip = ip1  6
ip  60, 000
pi − mean =
LAnk
 Numerical on-Heat balance
Solution :

2 NT 2 N (W − S ) k  R
(i ) bpk = = = 46.91(kW )
60, 000 60, 000

2 NT 2 N (W − S ) k −1  R
(i ) bpk −1 = = = 33.51(kW )
60, 000 60, 000

ip1 = bpk − bpk −1 = 13.4 kW

ip = ip1  6 = 80.4 kW

ip  60, 000
pi − mean = = 9.99 105 N / m 2 = 9.99 bar
LAnk
 Numerical on-Heat balance

Solution
(i ) Qs = m f  C.V .(kJ / min) bp (kW )
(i ) %Qbp = 100%
Qs (kW )
bp (kW )
(ii ) Heat lost to cooling water (ii ) %Qcw = 100%
Qs (kW )
Qcw = mcwc p −cw (Tout −cw − Tin −cw ) (kJ / min)
bp (kW )
(iii ) %Qv − air = 100%
Qs (kW )
(iii ) Heat lost to ventilating air
Qs − (Qbp + Qcw + Qv −air )
Qcw = mair c p − air (Tout −air − Tin −air ) (kJ / min) (iv) %Qun = 100%
Qs
 Heat Balance Sheet

Heat Input kJ/min Heat expenditure kJ/min %

(i) Heat converted into bp 2814.6 19.8

Heat 14190 (ii) Heat lost to cooling water 2926 20.6

supplied by
(iii) Heat lost to ventilating air 678.4 4.8
fuel (100%)
54.8
(iv) unaccounted loss 7771
Total 100%
 Numerical on-Heat balance
Answers:
 Numerical on-Heat balance
A full-load test was conducted on a two-stroke engine and the following results were obtained:
= 20 cm
Stroke = 40 cm
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar
Torque = 407 N-m
Speed = 250 rpm
Oil consumption = 4 kg/h
Calorific value of fuel = 43 MJ/kg
Cooling water flow rate = 4.5 kg/min
Air used for kg of fuel = 30 kg
Rise in cooling water temperature = 45°C
Temperature of exhaust gas = 420°C
Room temperature = 20°C
Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg-K

Find the ip, bp, and draw up a heat balance sheet for the test in kJ/h.
Measurements and Testing
 Measurements Brake power

❖ Brake power is the measure of the power output of an engine or motor.

❖ It is typically measured using a dynamometer, which is a device that applies

a load to the engine and measures the resulting torque and rotational
speed.
 Principle of dynamometer and types

❖ Types of dynamometers

1. Absorption type
(i) Pony brake
(ii) Rope brake
(iii) Hydraulic
(iv) Eddy current

2. Transmission type
Moment (or) Torque = S x L
-power transmitted to generator etc.,
Work done / revolution = 2πSL
Work done per minute = 2πSL x N
Bp = 2πNT/60000 (kW)
Rope Brake Dynamometer Hydraulic Dynamometer

Bp = 2π N (W-S) x r / 60 (w)
Eddy Current Dynamometer

Advantage,

-Measure High power /weight

 Numerical on Brake Power
A single-cylinder, four stroke cycle oil engine is fitted with a rope brake. The diameter of the
brake wheel is 600 mm and the rope diameter is 26 mm. The dead load on the brake is 200
N and the spring balance reads 30 N. if the engines runs at 450 rpm, what will be the brake
power of the engine?
Given data :

Db = 600 mm = 0.6m Formula :

d rope = 26 mm = 0.026 m
W = 200 N 2 NT
(i ) bp =
S = 30 N 60, 000
T = Load  Perpendicular dis tan ce
N = 450 rpm
T = (W − S )  ( R + r )

Find :
(i ) Brake power
 Numerical on Brake Power

Solution :

2 NT
(i ) bp =
60, 000
Where,
T = Load  Perpendicular dis tan ce

T = (W − S )  ( R + r ) = 53.21( N . m = J )

2 NT
bp = = 2.5 kW
60, 000
 Numerical on Brake Power
The power output of an I.C. engine is measured by rope brake dynamometer. The diameter
of the brake pulley is 700 mm and rope diameter is 25 mm. The load on the rope is 50 kg
mass and spring balance reads 50 N. The engine running at 900 r.p.m. consumes fuel of
calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg, at a rate of 4 kg/h. Assume g = 9.81 m/s2. Calculate,
(i) Brake specific fuel consumption (ii) Brake thermal efficiency

Given data :

Db = 700 mm = 0.7 m
Find :
d rope = 25 mm = 0.025 m
W = 50 kg (i ) bsfc
S = 50 N (ii )bth
N = 900 r. p.m.
C.V . = 44, 000 kJ / kg
m f = 4 kg / h = 0.00111 kg / s
 Numerical on Brake Power

Formula :
mf
(i ) bsfc =
bp
  N  (W − S )( Db + d ) 2 N  (W − S )( Rb + r )
Where, bp = =
60, 000 60, 000

bp bp
(ii )bth = =
Qs m f  C.V .
 Numerical on Brake Power

Solution :
(W − S ) ( Db + d )  N (50  9.81 − 50)   (0.7 + 0.025)  900
(i ) bp = = = 15.05 kW
60, 000 60, 000

mf
4
bsfc = = = 0.266 (kg / kW − hr )
bp 15.05

bp bp 15.05
(ii )bth = = = = 30.78%
Qs m f  C.V . 0.00111 44, 000
 Numerical on Performance of Engine
A 4-cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. Engine has a compression ratio of 8 and bore of 100 mm, with
stroke equal to the bore. The volumetric efficiency of each cylinder is 75%. The engine
operates at a speed of 4800 rpm with an A/F ratio of 15.
Take calorific value of fuel is 42 MJ/kg, air density is 1.12 kg/m3, mean effective pressure in
the cylinder is 10 bar and mechanical efficiency of the engine 80%, determine indicated
thermal efficiency and brake power of the engine. (GATE Question)
Given data :
k =4 C.V . = 42, 000 kJ / kg
Find :
rc = 8  air = 1.12kg / m3
D = L = 100mm pimean = 10 bar (i )ith
 = 75% m = 80% (ii ) bp
N = 4800 r. p.m.
A / F = 15
 Numerical on Performance of Engine
Formula :
ip ip
1.ith = =
Qs m f  C.V . 2. Brake power (bp)
bp
(i ) ip =
pLAnK
(kW ) m = 
60000 ip
bp = ip m
(ii ) Mass of fuel :
ma ma
A/ F =  mf =
mf A/ F
Mass of air :
Vact − air
vol = 
Vs
 2 
Vact − air = Vs vol =  d  L  k  vol  N (m3 / min)
4 
ma = Vact − air   air (m3 / s )
 Numerical on Performance of Engine
Solution : 2. Brake power (bp)
pLAnK bp
(i ) ip = (kW ) = 125.66 kW m = 
60000 ip
(ii ) Mass of fuel : bp = ip m
Mass of air : = 125.66  0.8 = 100.53 kW
Vact − air
vol = 
Vs
 
Vact − air = Vs vol =  d 2  L  N  k  vol = 11.309 m3 / min = 0.1885 m3 / s
4 
ma = Vact − air   air = 0.09425 1.12 = 0.21 kg / s
ma m 0.21
A/ F =  mf = a = = 0.014 kg / s
mf A/ F 15
ip ip 125.66
1.ith = = = 100 = 21.37%
Qs m f  C.V . 0.00704  42, 000
 Measurements of Frictional Power
Frictional power is the power lost by an engine due to friction between its
moving parts. There are several methods to find the frictional power of an
engine, including:

1. Willian’s line method

2. Morse test

3. Retardation test

4. Measurements of I.P. an B.P.

5. Motoring test
 [Link]’s line method
❖ William's line method is a graphical
method used to determine the frictional
power (FP) of a reciprocating engine.

❖ The Willan’s line represents the

relationship between fuel energy input
and engine output.

❖ Extrapolation to a zero line of fuel input

provides a useful approximation of the
mechanical losses. Linearity of these
curves is assumed in the range from low
load downward to a hypothetical zero
value of the indicated work.
 2. Morse Test
k
If there are ‘k’ cylinders, ip1 + ip2 + ............ + ipk =  bpk + fpk (1)
1

If first cylinder cutoff, it will not produce power but it will have friction, thus
k
ip2 + ............ + ipk =  bpk + fpk (2)
2

Subtracting (2) from (1)

k k
ip1 =  bpk −  bpk (3)
1 2

similarly, ip2 , ip3 ,...ipk can be found

 fpk = (ip1 + ip2 + ..... + ipk ) − bpk

When all cylinders are working , it is possible to measure ‘bpk’ using dynamometer.
 Numerical on Morse Test
1. A gasoline engine working on 4-stroke develops a brake power of 20.9 kW. A morse test
was conducted on this engine and the brake power (kW) obtained when each cylinder
was made inoperative by short circuiting the spark plug are 14.9, 14.3, 14.8 and 14.5
respectively. The test was conducted at constant speed. Find the indicated power,
Mechanical efficiency, and brake mean effective pressure when all cylinders are firing.
The bore of the engine is 75 mm and stroke is 90 mm. Assume N = 3000 rpm.
Given data :
bp1234 = 20.9 kW To find :
bp234 =14.9 kW 1. Indicated power (kW )
bp134 =14.3 kW 2. mech
bp124 =14.8 kW
3. Pb − mean
bp123 =14.5 kW
d = 75 mm
L = 90 mm
N = 3000 rpm
 Numerical on Morse Test
Formula :
1. Indicated power
2. Mechanical efficiency
ip1 = bp1234 − bp234 bp
mech =
ip2 = bp1234 − bp134 ip
ip3 = bp1234 − bp124
ip4 = bp1234 − bp123 3. Brake mean effective pressure
bp(kW )  60, 000
Pb − mean =
ip = ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4 LAnk
 Numerical on Morse Test

Solution :
1. Indicated power [Link] efficiency
bp 20.9
mech = = = 83.3%
ip 25.1
ip1 = bp1234 − bp234 = 6 kW
ip2 = bp1234 − bp134 = 6.6kW
[Link] mean effective pressure
ip3 = bp1234 − bp124 = 6.1kW
bp(kW )  60, 000
ip4 = bp1234 − bp123 = 6.4 kW Pb − mean = = 5.25 bar
LAnk

ip = ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4 = 25.1 kW

 Numerical on Morse Test
2. A 4-cylinder engine running at 1200 rpm delivers 20 kW. The average
torque when one cylinder was cut is 110 N-m. Find the indicated thermal
efficiency if the calorific value of the fuel is 43 MJ/kg and the engine
consumes 360 grams of gasoline per kW-hr power output.

Given data :
bp = 20 kW To find :
N = 1200 rpm ip
ith =
TAvg = 110 N − m ( for 3 cylinder ) m f  C.V .
C.V . = 43MJ / kg
bsfc = 360 g / kW − hr
 Numerical on Morse Test
ip
Solution : ith =
m f  C.V .
(i ) Indicated power
Averagebrake power for 3 − cylinder
2 N Tavg
bp234 =
60, 000
Averageindicated power for 1 − cylinder
ip1 = bp1234 − bp234
ip (4 − cylinder ) = 4  ip1

mf
(ii ) Mass of fuel (m f ) : bsfc =  m f = bsfc  bp
bp
 Numerical on Morse Test
Solution :
(i ) Indicated power
ip
Averagebrake power for 3 − cylinder (iii )ith =
m f  C.V .
2 N Tavg
bp234 = = 13.82 (kW ) =
24.72 (kJ / s)
60, 000 0.002 (kg / s)  43000 (kJ / kg )
Averageindicated power for 1 − cylinder
= 28.74%
ip1 = bp1234 − bp234 = 6.18(kW )
ip (4 − cylinder ) = 4  6.18 = 24.72 (kW )

mf
(ii ) Mass of fuel (m f ) : bsfc =  m f = bsfc  bp
bp
= 0.36 (kg / kW − hr )  20 (kW )
= 0.002 (kg / s)
 3. Retardation Test
❖The retardation test is a useful tool for measuring the frictional losses in an engine's
drivetrain and for identifying any potential problems or inefficiencies.
Procedure:
❖Retarding the engine by cutting the fuel supply

❖Engine running at no load (steady operating conditions)

fuel is cut off, and time of fall in speed i.e. 20%, 40%,
60%, 80% of the rated speed is recorded.

❖Test is repeated with 50% load on the engine.

❖t2,t3 for fall of 100 rpm is noted for no load and with
50% load tests.

❖Frictional torque and frictional power are calculated as

shown below.
 3. Retardation Test
Assumption:
Moment of Inertia of the rotating parts are constant throughout the test.

Torque = M.I. × Angular acceleration

d ( )
T = mk  2
........................(1)
dt Let,
where, m − Mass of rotating part Tf = Frictional torque
Tl = Load torque
k = Radius of gyration
➢ Under no load the torque = Tf
on rearranging eqn (1), we get ➢ With load the torque = Tl+Tf
2 T t2
1 d = m k 2 t1 dt
T
(2 − 1 ) = 2
(t2 − t1 )..........(2)
mk
Tf
At no load t = 0 (starting) so Eqn (2) becomes (2 − 1 ) = 2
(t2 − 0)..........(3)
1 mk
 3. Retardation Test
Tf
At no load t1= 0 (starting) so Eqn (2) becomes (2 − 1 ) = 2
(t2 − 0)..........(3)
mk
The reference angular velocity, ω0 is that at say 1000 rpm,
the time for the same range of speed at load

Tl + T f
(2 − 1 ) = 2
(t3 − 0)..............(4)
mk
Eqn(3) = Eqn(4)
Tf Tl + T f
2
(t2 ) = 2
(t3 )
mk mk

T f (t2 ) = T f (t3 ) + Tl (t3 )

t3
T f = Tl ( )
t2 − t3
T f (t2 − t3 ) = Tl (t3 )
t3 2 NT f
T f = Tl ( ) F .P = (kW )
t2 − t3 60, 000
 Numerical on Retardation Test
1. The observation recorded after the conduct of a retardation test on a single-
cylinder diesel engine are as follows.

Time taken (t2) for drop in Time taken(t3) for drop in

Drop in speed speed with no load speed with 50% load
rpm s s
1 475-400 (75 rpm) 7 2.2
2 475-325 (150 rpm) 12.5 4.8
3 475-250 (225 rpm) 18.9 7.2

The engine rated power is 8 kW and rated speed is 475 rpm. Calculate frictional
power and mechanical efficiency of the engine.
 Numerical on Retardation Test
Formula :

 t3 
T f = T50% load  
t −
 2 3t
1
T50% load = T full load
2

2 NT full load bp  60000

bp =  T full load =
60000 2 N

2 NT f
F .P = (kW )
From graph, 60000
Time for fall of 100 rpm with no load, (t2)= 8 s
Time for fall of speed 100 rpm with 50% load (t3 )= 3.4 s
 Numerical on Retardation Test
Answers :
2 NT full load bp  60000
bp =  T full load = = 160.8( N − m)
60000 2 N
1
T50% load = T full load = 80.4 ( N − m)
2
 t3 
T f = T50% load   = 59.4 ( N − m)
 t2 − t3 

2 NT f
(i ) F .P = (kW ) = 2.95(kW )
60000
bp bp
(ii )m = = = 73.03%
ip bp + fp