MODULE -4 STEAM NOZZLE
One-dimensional steady flow of steam through a convergent and divergent nozzle
Metastable flow.
Introduction
Steam nozzle is a device of varied cross – sectional area in which the heat energy of the
steam is converted into kinetic energy.
Mass flow rate is remains constant
Types of Nozzle (a) Convergent (b) Divergent (C) Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Applications of Nozzle:
(i) Steam turbines
(ii) Gas turbines
(iii) Jet engines
(iv) Flow measuring devices
(v) Fuel injection
(vi) Spray paintings, etc.
Steam Flow Through Nozzle
Applying steady flowenergy equation
c12 c22
h1 z1 q h2 z2 w
2 2
q 0 ( No heat transfer )
w 0 ( No work int eraction)
p 0
c12 c22
h1 h2
2 2
c22
h1 h2 ( c1 c2 ) Note :
2
(i ) if ' c1 ' is given
c2 2 (h1 h2 ) 1000
c2 c12 2000 (h1 h2 )
c2 44.72 (h1 h2 ) h kJ / kg
Mass Flow Rate of Steam Through Nozzle
A2 c2
m 2 A2c2
v2
n
where, c2 2 (h1 h2 ) and h1 h2 ( p1v1 p2v2 )
n 1
n
A2 2 ( p1v1 p2 v2 )
1
n 1 v2 p1 n
m 1
v1 p2
p2 n
v1
p1
Taking p1v1 outside and simplyfy,
2 n 1
n p1 p2 n p2 n
m A2 2
n 1 v1 p1 p1
Maximum Mass Flow Rate of Steam
2 n 1
n p1 p2 n p2 n
m A2 2
n 1 v1 p1 p1
d ( m)
Condition for max imum disch arg e, 0
p2
d
p1
n
p2 2 n 1
Note:
p1 n 1
• The maximum mass flow rate is depends only on the
initial condition of steam (p1v1) and the throat area. It is
independent of final pressure of steam (i.e.) at the exit of
n 1
the nozzle.
p1 2 n 1
mmax A2 n • The addition of divergent part of nozzle after the throat
v1 n 1 does not affect the discharge of steam passing through
the nozzle but it only accelerates the steam leaving the
nozzle.
Maximum Mass Flow Rate of Steam
n
cmax 2 p1v1
n 1
Index (n)value and pressure ratio for different condition of steam and air
p
(i ) Wet steam : n 1.035 0.1x; 2 0.582
p1
where, x Initial dryness fraction
p2
(ii ) Dry saturated steam : n 1.135; 0.573
p1
p2
(iii ) S up erheated steam : n 1.3; 0.546
p1
p2
(iv) Air : n 1.4; 0.528
p1
Effect of Friction In Nozzle
Actual heat drop h1 h2 a
N
Isentropic heat drop h1 h2 s
(i) Reduces the exit velocity
(ii) Reduces the efficiency of nozzle by reducing
the available enthalpy drop
(iii) It improves the quality of the steam
(iv) Specific volume of steam increases
Note :
(i )Convergent part no friction loss
(ii ) Frictional loss at divergent part of nozzle
c2 44.72 (h1 h2 )
c3 44.72 N (h2 h3 ) h kJ / kg