ACTIVITY-1
Aim –
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
Apparatus and material-
Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat,
one way key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand
paper.
Theory-
In an electrical circuit, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit, to measure
the current. The voltmeter was connected in parallel to the resistor, to measure the
potential difference across the unknown resistance R.
Circuit Diagram-
Procedure-
1. The components were connected with each other as shown in diagram and then with
the battery.
2. The switch was connected in series with the battery.
3. The connections were tested by closing the key. Current should be entering the
positive terminal of meter.
Conclusion-
As the circuit is working properly, the given components have been assembled
correctly.
Precautions-
1. The ends of connecting wires should be cleaned properly with sand paper.
2. The connections should be made tight.
Sources of error-
1. Voltmeter/ Ammeter may not be connected in correct polarity in the circuit.
2. Voltmeter may be connected in series
3. Ammeter may be connected in parallel.
Utility-
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance and thereby verifying Ohm’s law.
ACTIVITY-2
Aim-
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Apparatus-
A battery eliminator (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 ohm), key, D.C.
ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V and connecting wires.
Theory-
Electric circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected
between the two terminals of a cell. Circuit diagram indicates the arrangement of
various components in an electric circuit with the help of their symbols.
Open circuit is a combination of primary components of electrical circuit in such a
manner that no current is drawn from the battery.
Circuit Diagram-
Figure-1: Circuit diagram with wrong combination
Figure-2: Circuit diagram with components connected in correct order
Procedure-
1. We are given a setup with various components connected as shown in Figure 1.
2. When the circuit was checked two major errors were found in the circuit.
(a) Voltmeter is connected in series and ammeter in parallel
(b) Current enters from negative terminals in both the meters.
3. The circuit diagram was redrawn correcting the errors (Figure 2).
4. The circuit components were connected in accordance with the corrected
circuit.
5. The key was plugged in to check ammeter and voltmeter reading.
6. The sliding contact is moved to check the variations in reading of ammeter and
voltmeter with change in resistance.
Observations-
When ammeter and voltmeter are connected in proper order, they show the
reading when circuit is closed. This shows the circuit is now correct.
Precautions-
1. All connections should be made neat, clean and tight.
2. Insulated wires to be used for connections.
3. The given circuit should not be checked initially by plugging the key. This may
damage the components.
ACTIVITY-3
Aim-
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse
and a power source.
Apparatus-
Three electric bulbs (40 W, 60 W, 100 W), three bulb holders, three switches, a fuse
holder and a fuse wire, a three pin plug, flexible two coloured insulating copper wire, a
line tester, tools like wire cutter and a screw driver.
Theory-
Household circuit functions on main supply of 220 V Ac at 50 Hz and current rating of
5 A for domestic use for bulbs, fan etc. and 15 A for heavy load appliances like
refrigerators, geyser, air conditioner etc. In household circuit, all appliances are
connected in “parallel” with mains while a switch is connected in series with each
appliances in on phase of wire supply line.
Total power consumption ‘P’ at any time
P = P1 + P2 + P3 +………..
where P1, P2, P3 are the powers drawn by appliances. At potential V, current drawn from
mains ,
P
I=
V
All appliances must have three wires called live, neutral and the earth.
Electric fuse is a safety device which is used to protect the appliances from damage
when unduly high currents are drawn. It is connected in series with supply source on
phase wire.
Circuit diagram for household wiring-
Procedure-
1. The bulb holder was connected to one end of red coloured wire through a switch
S and other end is connected to the black wire.
2. All the three bulbs(L1,L2,L3) were connected in parallel with red wire ends at one
point and black wire ends at other point.
3. The main fuse was connected in series with the power source. A plug and socket
was connected and the three wires are connected with the green wire from earth
pin of the plug. The plug was inserted in socket provided in main board.
4. The circuit was checked properly.
5. To test the fuse the total current drawn should not exceed 0.6 A. If we increase
the current to 0.7 A then fuse burns off at 0.6 A.
Conclusion-
All bulbs and switches work properly with controlled power supply.
Precautions-
1. All connections must be made tight and insulation intact.
2. Switches and fuse must be connected in live wire.
ACTIVITY-4
Aim-
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
Apparatus-
Two ordinary razor blades with sharp edges, a source of light, i.e., a pencil laser or a
sodium lamp, screen, a black paper.
Theory-
When a beam of monochromatic light falls on a narrow slit of small width, the light
bends around the edges of the slit. The phenomenon of bending of light around corners
and spreading into the regions of geometrical shadow is called diffraction. If a screen is
placed at a suitable distance, diffraction pattern due to the slit is obtained. The
diffraction pattern consists of a central maximum surrounded on either side by a
number of alternate dark or bright bands called secondary minima and maxima.
Diagram showing arrangement of blades to observe diffraction-
Variation of Intensity with angle θ
Procedure-
[Link] two sharp edged, razor blades are placed side by side on a strip of black paper
keeping their sharp edges close and parallel to each other as shown in the figure, and
then the blades were fixed with the help of cello tape and made fine slit.
2. The sodium lamp was switched on and kept at a distance of approximately 2m from
the blades.
[Link] coming from slit falls on screen and a diffraction pattern was observed
consisting of dark and bright bands on the screen. If an ordinary lamp is used in place of
sodium lamp, coloured fringes were observed.
[Link] experiment was repeated by increasing the slit width.
Observations-
1. Diffraction pattern due to single slit consisting of central maxima and
alternate secondary maxima and minima was formed when light passes
through narrow slit.
2. On increasing the slit width the width of central maxima decreases and
sharpness of fringes decreases.
Precautions-
1. The razor blades should be unused so that edges should be very sharp.
2. Slit should be narrow as possible
3. The distance between screen and source should be at least 2 m.
ACTIVITY -5
Aim-
To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.
Apparatus and material-
Apparatus: Multimeter
Material: Above mixed collection of items.
Theory-
For identification of items from collection, appearance and working of each item was
considered.
1. A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two-terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glows.
3. A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts equally when terminals of battery are
reversed. It conducts both direct current and alternating current.
4. A capacitor is also a two-terminal device. It does not allow direct current to flow
through it but stores some charge when DC is applied. It conducts alternating current.
Diagram-
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
Diode- LED-
Resistor- Capacitor-
Procedure-
[Link] probes of multimeter was touched with individual items.
2. The dial was rotated to appropriate setting and deflection were noted.
3. The connections were again interchanged and seen.
4. All the items were identified from their characteristics.
Conclusion-
All the given items were identified.
Precautions-
1. Connections should be clean and tight.
2. Strong current should not be passed through the components.
ACTIVITY-6
Aim-
To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from
the given set of lenses.
Apparatus-
A set of lenses, lens holder with stand, a white screen, a half meter scale, optical bench
with uprights.
Theory-
Using a convex lens, the real image of distant object is formed at a distance equal to the
focal length of lens.
If two lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are kept in contact then the combination behaves
like a single lens of focal length F given by
1 1 1
= +
F f1 f2
The power of the combination is given by-
P = P1 + P2
Convex lens is converging in nature and has positive power whereas concave lens is
diverging in nature and has negative power.
Ray Diagram-
Figure 1- Measurement of focal length of Convex lens
Figure- 2 Combination of two lenses
Procedure-
1. A convex lens was placed on lens holder and moved towards and away from the
screen until a sharp, inverted image is formed on the screen(figure-1)
2. This distance is the focal length of convex lens.
3. Similarly the focal length of second lens was found out.
4. Both the convex lenses were placed on optical bench and a parallel beam of light
was incident to obtain a sharp focussed image on the screen.
5. The distance of the screen from both the lenses were measured.
Observation-
The focal length of first convex lens (f1 )= 20 cm
The focal length of second convex lens (f2 )= 20 cm
Mean distance of the screen from lens combination
d1 +d2 9.3+10.7
D= = = 10 cm
2 2
Focal length of combination = mean distance= 10 cm
Calculations-
Focal length of combination of two lenses is given by
1 1 1
= +
F f1 f2
f1 f2
F=
f1 + f2
20 × 20
𝐹= = 10 cm
20 + 20
which is similar to experimental observations.
Conclusion-
Focal length was verified both theoretically and experimentally.
Precautions-
1. Lenses should be thin
2. Lenses should be in contact with each other.
3. Aperture of lenses should be same.
4. Lenses should have a common principal axis.