ICT 9 – CHAPTER 1

1.1 Identifying the User

 User → A person who uses a computer.

 Two categories of users:
1. System users – People who manage systems and software.
2. End users – People who use software created/maintained by system users.

 Types of users and their work:

o Programmer → Develops computer programs.
o Network Administrator → Manages and maintains computer networks.
o System Analyst → Designs information systems.
o Software Engineer → Develops computer software.
o Computer Application Assistant → Uses office applications (MS Word, Excel, etc.) for office
work.
o Web Developer → Develops and maintains websites.

1.2 Selection of a Computer to Suit User Requirements

 User requirements = Tasks that people want to do with a computer.

 Examples of requirements:
o Preparing documents.
o Accessing the Internet.
o Editing audio/video.
o Playing games.
o Graphic designing.

 Types of computers available:

1. Non-portable computers →
 Large in size, work with electricity (not easy to carry).
 Examples: Server computers, Workstations, Desktop computers, All-in-one computers.
 Used at home, schools, and offices.

2. Portable computers →
 Small in size, use rechargeable batteries (easy to carry).
 Examples: Laptops, Notebooks, Tablets, Smartphones.
 Can be used while traveling (bus, train, airplane, etc.).
 1.3 Computer Peripheral Devices

 Peripheral devices → Devices connected to a computer for input, output, or storage.

 Types:
o Input devices → Enter data into the computer.
 Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Touch screen.
o Output devices → Show or give information to the user.
 Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Touch screen.
o Storage devices → Store data and information.
 Examples: Hard disk drive, Flash drive, Optical disk, Magnetic tape.
o Note: A Touch screen works as both an Input and an Output device.

1.4 Computer Specifications

 Specification = Features or details of an item.

 Example: Exercise book specifications → Length, width, number of pages, thickness, type (ruled/blank).
 Computer specifications also change depending on user needs.
o Example:
 A student may need a normal laptop for documents and internet.
 A graphic designer may need a high-speed computer with a large screen and powerful
processor.
 Different specifications = Different purposes = Different prices.

1.5 Specifications of Computers and Peripheral Devices

1.5.1 Processor (CPU)

 The Processor (CPU) is the “Brain of the Computer.”

 It processes data and controls the entire computer system.
 Performance of the computer depends on the speed of the processor.
o Faster processor = More work done in less time.
o Slower processor = Takes longer to complete tasks.
  Processor speed is measured in Hertz (Hz):

o MHz = Millions of instructions per second.

o GHz = Billions of instructions per second.
o 1 GHz = 1000 MHz.
 Example: A processor of 3 GHz is faster than one with 1 GHz.

1. Processor Manufacturers

 Processors (CPUs) are like the “brains” of a computer.

 Different companies make them:
o Intel → very common in desktops and laptops.
o AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) → cheaper alternative to Intel, also powerful.
o Apple → designs its own processors (e.g., Apple M1, M2 chips) for MacBooks and iPhones.

💡 Example: Just like cars are made by Toyota, Honda, or BMW, processors are made by Intel, AMD, or
Apple.

2. Types of Processors (Based on Number of Cores)

 A core is like a worker inside the CPU.
 More cores = more workers = faster and better multitasking.

No. of
Type Examples (Intel) Explanation
Cores
Single Pentium I, II, III, Only 1 worker → works on one task at a time. Slow compared to
1
Core IV modern CPUs.
2 Dual Core Core 2 Duo 2 workers → can do 2 tasks at once. Faster than Single Core.
Quad 4 workers → handles multiple tasks like gaming, browsing, and
4 Core i3, i5, i7, i9
Core editing together.

💡 Example: Imagine one chef (Single Core) cooking for a whole restaurant → slow. Four chefs (Quad Core)
→ faster service.
3. Hard Disk (Permanent Storage)

 Hard disk = Main storage device of the computer.

 Stores:
o Operating System (Windows, Linux, macOS).
o Software (MS Word, Games).
o Files (documents, pictures, videos).
 Storage Capacity:
o Measured in GB (Gigabytes) or TB (Terabytes).
o Bigger storage = more files.

💡 Analogy:

 A 40-page book = small hard disk.

 A 160-page book = large hard disk (stores more information).

4. Monitor (Main Output Device)

 A monitor displays text, images, and videos → It’s how we see what the computer is doing.

(a) Monitor Size

 Measured diagonally in inches (e.g., 19-inch, 24-inch).

 Larger monitors = bigger, clearer pictures.

💡 Analogy: A wall clock (big, easy to see) vs a wristwatch (small, harder to see).

(b) Monitor Technology

 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube):

o Heavy, big, uses more electricity.
o Almost not used today.
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):
o Thin, lighter, uses less electricity.
 LED (Light Emitting Diode):
o Slimmer, brighter, uses very little power.
o Most common today.
5. Main Memory (RAM – Random Access Memory)

 Temporary memory → stores data only while the computer is on.

 When you switch off the computer → RAM is cleared.
 Used for:
o Running programs.
o Storing instructions while CPU works.

💡 Analogy:

 Think of RAM like a school bag rack in a library: students keep bags temporarily and take them when
leaving.

Capacity

 Measured in MB (Megabytes) or GB (Gigabytes).

 1024 MB = 1 GB.
 More RAM = Faster performance.

6. Video Graphic Adapter (VGA)

 Connects the computer to the monitor so that we can see images.
 Types:
1. On-board VGA → Built into the motherboard.
2. Separate VGA Card → Has its own processor and memory, good for gaming and graphics.

Ports:

 VGA Port → Only sends images. (Needs separate cable for sound).
 HDMI/DVI Port → Sends both video and sound.

💡 Example:

 VGA = old telephone line (only voice).

 HDMI = modern video call (voice + video together).
7. Sound Cards

 Needed to play sound (output) or record sound (input).

 Functions:
o Speakers/headphones → Output sound.
o Microphone → Input sound.
 Types:
o Built-in sound card (on motherboard).
o External sound card (added separately if needed).

Sound Port Colors:

 Light Green → Audio Out (speakers, headphones).

 Light Pink → Mic In (microphone).
 Light Blue → Line In (external device sound input).

💡 Example: Without a sound card, your computer is like a TV with no speakers → you can see, but not hear.

1.5.7 Pre-Installed Software

 The Operating System (OS) is needed for a computer to work.

 The OS acts as a link between the user, hardware, and application software.
 After installing the OS, other application software (e.g., MS Word) can be installed.
 Types of Operating Systems:
o Free & Open Source: Linux, Ubuntu (free of charge).
o Licensed: Windows 8, Windows 10 (must be purchased).
o Trial version: Works only for a limited period.
 When buying a computer, check if an OS is pre-installed.
 Computers with licensed OS are usually more expensive than those with free OS.
1.6 Non-Technical Features When Buying a Computer

1.6.1 Warranty

 A warranty covers defects for a certain period.

 Types:
o Manufacturer Warranty: Repair or replacement from the company during warranty.
o Extended Warranty: Extra warranty (with extra cost).
o On-site Warranty: Technician comes to the customer’s place for repairs.
 Different parts may have different warranty periods (e.g., laptop = 3 years, battery = 1 year).

1.6.2 Price

 Price depends on features:

o High-speed processor = higher price.
o Large monitor = higher price.
o Small memory = lower price.
o High-capacity hard disk = higher price.
 Always compare prices before buying, but don’t choose only by price.

1.6.3 Services After-Sale

Computer sales centers usually provide the following after-sales services:

1. Technical advice
2. Technical assistance
3. Vendor’s contact information (telephone, e-mail, website)

When purchasing a computer, the customer should:

 Prepare specifications first.

 Buy from a reputed vendor and a recognized manufacturer.
1.6.4 Ports and Network Connections

Ports allow peripheral devices to connect to a computer. The computer must have the required ports to support
the selected devices.

a. Universal Serial Bus (USB)

 Most widely used port.

 Essential to have multiple USB ports.
 Devices connected via USB: printer, keyboard, mouse, scanner, external hard disk, external DVD drive,
digital camera, web camera, barcode reader, memory card, pen drive.

b. Network Ports / RJ45 Connector

 Used to connect a computer to a network.

c. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi

 Provide wireless (cable-free) network connections.

Specifications in Purchasing a Computer

Technical Specifications

 Processor speed: e.g. 2.8 GHz

 Main memory (RAM): 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB
 Hard disk capacity: 500 GB, 750 GB, 1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB, 8 TB
 Monitor size: 17”, 19”, 21”
 Monitor type: CRT / LCD / LED
 Graphics adapter: VGA / DVI / HDMI
 Sound card: Onboard / Separate
 Processor type: Single Core / Dual Core / Quad Core
 Processor generation: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.

Non-Technical Specifications

 Computer price (e.g. Rs. 65,000)

 Warranty period (e.g. 3 years)
 Company reputation
 After-sales service (e.g. helpdesk)
50 MCQs Questions
Users and Computer Types
1. Who is generally referred to as a user in computing?
a) Programmer
b) The one who uses a computer
c) Network administrator
d) System analyst

2. Which of the following is the task of a programmer?

a) Develops websites
b) Manages networks
c) Develops computer programs
d) Maintains systems

3. A network administrator is mainly responsible for:

a) Designing systems
b) Managing and maintaining computer networks
c) Creating software
d) Using office applications

4. A system analyst mainly:

a) Develops hardware
b) Designs information systems
c) Writes computer programs
d) Maintains networks

5. A software engineer’s task is to:

a) Develop software
b) Use office application packages
c) Maintain websites
d) Develop databases
6. A web developer is responsible for:
a) Designing information systems
b) Maintaining computer networks
c) Developing and maintaining websites
d) Installing operating systems

7. End users are those who:

a) Maintain system software
b) Use application software
c) Develop operating systems
d) Design computer hardware

8. Which of the following is an example of a non-portable computer?

a) Laptop
b) Desktop computer
c) Tablet
d) Smartphone

9. Which device is considered for mobile use?

a) Server
b) Workstation
c) Notebook
d) All-in-one computer

10. Which computers operate with rechargeable batteries?

a) Workstations
b) Laptops
c) Servers
d) Desktops
Peripheral Devices

11. Which of the following is an input device?

a) Printer
b) Monitor
c) Keyboard
d) Speaker

12. Which of the following is an output device?

a) Mouse
b) Monitor
c) Keyboard
d) Scanner

13. Which is a storage device?

a) Hard disk drive
b) Microphone
c) Printer
d) Monitor

14. Which device can be used as both input and output?

a) Speaker
b) Touch screen
c) Flash drive
d) Microphone

15. Which of the following is a storage device?

a) Optical disk drive
b) Keyboard
c) Mouse
d) Monitor
Computer Specifications

16. What does the term "specifications" of a computer mean?

a) Cost of the device
b) Basic features of the device
c) Warranty details
d) Manufacturer name

17. Specifications of a book include all except:

a) Length
b) Thickness of paper
c) Author name
d) Type (ruled/blank)

18. Different specifications are chosen according to:

a) User requirements
b) Company reputation
c) After-sales service
d) Warranty

Processor

19. The CPU of a computer is often called the:

a) Heart of the computer
b) Brain of the computer
c) Memory of the computer
d) Power of the computer
20. The speed of a processor is measured in:
a) Mbps
b) Hertz (Hz)
c) Bits per second
d) Joules

21. 1000 MHz is equal to:

a) 1 KHz
b) 1 GHz
c) 100 GHz
d) 10 MHz

22. Which company does NOT manufacture processors?

a) Intel
b) AMD
c) Apple
d) Samsung

23. A processor with four cores is called:

a) Single core
b) Dual core
c) Quad core
d) Multi-core

24. Pentium I, II, III are examples of:

a) Dual core processors
b) Quad core processors
c) Single core processors
d) Octa-core processors
25. Core i3, i5, i7, i9 are examples of:
a) Single core processors
b) Quad core processors
c) Dual core processors
d) GPU processors

Hard Disk

26. The hard disk is used for:

a) Temporary memory
b) Permanent storage
c) Running the processor
d) Displaying output

27. The main secondary storage device in a computer is:

a) Hard disk
b) RAM
c) Monitor
d) VGA

28. 1 TB is equal to:

a) 100 GB
b) 1000 MB
c) 1000 GB
d) 1024 GB
Monitor

29. The main output device of a computer is:

a) Keyboard
b) Hard disk
c) Monitor
d) Speaker

30. Monitor size is measured in:

a) Centimeters
b) Pixels
c) Inches (diagonal)
d) Bytes

31. Which monitor type consumes the most electricity?

a) CRT
b) LCD
c) LED
d) OLED

32. Which monitor is most commonly used today?

a) CRT
b) LCD/LED
c) Plasma
d) OLED

Main Memory (RAM)

33. RAM is:

a) Permanent memory
b) Temporary memory
c) Storage device
d) Output device
34. The capacity of RAM is measured in:
a) Hz
b) Bytes (MB/GB)
c) MHz
d) Pixels

35. 1024 MB equals:

a) 1 GB
b) 10 GB
c) 512 MB
d) 100 GB

Video Graphic Adapter (VGA)

36. A separate VGA card is mostly useful for:

a) Writing documents
b) Computer games
c) Calculations
d) Typing

37. Onboard VGA means:

a) VGA card fixed into motherboard
b) VGA card connected externally
c) VGA card stored in RAM
d) VGA card used only for storage

38. HDMI cables can carry:

a) Only video
b) Only audio
c) Both video and audio
d) Neither video nor audio
39. VGA cables carry:
a) Only video
b) Only audio
c) Video and audio
d) Internet signals

Sound Card
40. A sound card is used for:
a) Storing data
b) Listening and recording audio
c) Processing images
d) Connecting USB devices

41. Most computers have their sound card:

a) Built into the motherboard
b) Connected externally
c) Inside the monitor
d) Inside the hard disk

42. Light green port in a sound card is for:

a) Microphone in
b) Line in
c) Audio out (speakers/headphones)
d) Video output

43. Light pink port in a sound card is for:

a) Microphone in
b) Line in
c) Audio out
d) HDMI
Pre-installed Software

44. The operating system provides an interface between:

a) Software and monitor
b) User and hardware
c) Storage and memory
d) Processor and hard disk

45. Which of the following is a free and open-source operating system?

a) Windows 10
b) Linux
c) macOS
d) MS-DOS (licensed)

46. A trial version of an operating system can be used:

a) Forever
b) Only for a limited period
c) Without installation
d) Only offline

47. A computer with licensed software is usually:

a) Cheaper
b) More expensive
c) Free of charge
d) Trial based

Non-technical Features

48. Which of the following is a non-technical specification?

a) Processor speed
b) Warranty
c) RAM capacity
d) Hard disk space
49. Extended warranty requires:
a) No extra cost
b) Additional cost
c) Free services
d) Lifetime repair

50. An on-site warranty means:

a) User takes computer to the shop
b) Technician visits user’s location
c) Free internet support
d) Only software repair

Essay-Type Questions

1. Explain the different types of users in the computing world (programmer, network administrator, system analyst, etc.)
with examples.

2. Compare portable and non-portable computers with suitable examples.

3. Describe the role of peripheral devices in a computer system. Give examples of input, output, and storage devices.

4. What are the main specifications of a computer? Why is it important to consider them before purchasing?

5. Explain the importance of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and its role in a computer system.

6. Differentiate between single-core, dual-core, and quad-core processors with examples.

7. Explain how the speed of a processor is measured. Why is it an important specification?

8. Write notes on the different generations of processors (e.g., Pentium I–IV, Core i3–i9).

9. Explain the importance of main memory (RAM) in a computer. How does its size affect performance?

10. Discuss the importance of hard disk capacity in a computer. Give examples of different capacities.

11. Compare the different types of monitors (CRT, LCD, LED) in terms of features, electricity consumption, and usage.

12. Explain the role of the Video Graphic Adapter (VGA) in a computer. Why is a separate VGA card important for
some users?

13. What is the function of a sound card? Describe the uses of its different ports.

14. Explain the concept of pre-installed software. Compare free/open-source operating systems with licensed ones.

15. Discuss the importance of non-technical specifications in purchasing a computer, giving examples.

16. What is a warranty? Explain the types of warranty (manufacturer warranty, extended warranty, and on-site warranty).

17. Why is price not the only factor to consider when buying a computer? Give examples to support your answer.

18. Describe the importance of after-sales services in purchasing a computer. What services are generally provided?

19. Explain the role of ports and network connections in computers. Why are USB ports considered essential?

20. Write an essay on the lmportant technical specifications to be considered when buying a computer (CPU type,
RAM, hard disk, monitor, sound card, VGA, etc.).
Answers to 20 Essay-Type Questions
1. Types of Users in Computing

Users are people who work with computers for different tasks.
* Programmer – writes and develops computer programs.
* Network Administrator – manages and maintains networks.
* System Analyst – designs information systems.
* Software Engineer – develops software solutions.
* Web Developer– creates and maintains websites.
Thus, each user has a specific role based on their area of work.

2. Portable vs Non-Portable Computers

* Non-portable: Desktop, server, workstation, all-in-one PCs. They run on electricity, are heavy, and used in homes,
schools, and offices.

* Portable: Laptop, notebook, tablet, smartphone. They run on rechargeable batteries and can be used while travelling.
Example: A teacher may use a laptop while travelling, but a school lab uses desktops.

3. Role of Peripheral Devices

Peripheral devices are external devices connected to the computer.
* Input devices: keyboard, mouse, microphone.
* Output devices: monitor, printer, speakers.
* Storage devices: hard disk, flash drive, optical disk.
They allow users to enter, save, and receive information.

4. Importance of Computer Specifications

Specifications are details about a computer’s features. They help us choose a computer based on needs.
Example: A gamer needs a fast CPU and separate VGA card, while a student may only need basic RAM and storage.
5. Importance of CPU
The CPU is called the “brain of the computer”.
* It processes all data and instructions.
* Its speed and type determine the performance.
Without a CPU, no program can run.

6. Single, Dual, Quad Core Processors

* Single Core – one processor, slower (Pentium I–IV).
* Dual Core – two processors, faster multitasking (Core 2 Duo).
* Quad Core– four processors, high performance (Core i3, i5, i7, i9).
More cores = more speed and better performance.

7. Speed of Processor
Processor speed is measured in **Hertz (MHz, GHz).
* More speed = more instructions per second.
* Example: 3.2 GHz is faster than 2.8 GHz.
Thus, a faster processor makes the computer more efficient.

8. Generations of Processors
* Pentium I–IV → single-core, basic.
* Core 2 Duo → dual-core, better speed.
* Core i3, i5, i7, i9 → quad-core, modern, high-speed.
Each generation adds better speed, efficiency, and multitasking ability.

9. Importance of RAM (Main Memory)

RAM temporarily stores data and instructions while the computer runs.
* More RAM → faster performance and ability to run many programs.
* Example: 4GB is suitable for office tasks, but 8GB is better for gaming.
10. Importance of Hard Disk Capacity
The hard disk provides permanent storage.
* Small capacity (500GB) → suitable for students.
* Larger capacity (1TB–4TB) → needed for businesses or video editing.
Thus, storage depends on user requirements.

11. Monitor Types

* CRT – old, heavy, uses more electricity.
* LCD – thinner, uses less power.
* LED – modern, energy-efficient, better display.
Today, LED and LCD monitors are preferred.

12. Video Graphic Adapter (VGA)

VGA sends the output to the monitor.
* Onboard VGA – built into motherboard, basic.
* Separate VGA card – has its own processor & memory, better for gaming and graphics.
Modern computers use HDMI and DVI instead of VGA.

13. Function of Sound Card

A sound card allows the computer to play and record sound.
* Ports:
* Green = Audio out (speakers).
* Pink = Mic in.
* Blue = Line in.
Used for music, movies, voice recording, and gaming.

14. Pre-installed Software

* Operating system connects user and hardware.
* Free OS (Linux, Ubuntu) → no cost.
* Licensed OS (Windows 10) → must be purchased, more features.
Pre-installed OS makes a computer ready to use.
15. Non-Technical Specifications
Apart from hardware, buyers consider:
* Warranty – for repairs/replacements.
* Price – must suit budget.
* After-sales service – technical support.
*Company reputation – trusted brands give reliable products.

16. Types of Warranty

1. Manufacturer warranty – given by company, free repairs/replacement.
2. Extended warranty– longer coverage with extra cost.
3. On-site warranty – technicians visit customer’s place for repair.
Example: A laptop may have 3 years warranty, but only 1 year for the battery.

17. Why Not Choose by Price Only

A cheap computer may lack speed, memory, and warranty.
Example:

* A high-speed processor costs more but saves time.

*A larger monitor is costlier but useful for graphics.
Therefore, price alone should not decide purchase.

-18. After-Sales Services

Shops provide:
Technical advice– guidance.
Technical assistance – repairs.
Contact support– helpline, email.
These services give customers trust and long-term satisfaction.
19. Ports and Network Connections

USB ports – connect printer, keyboard, mouse, pen drive, camera, etc.
*RJ45 port – connects computer to network.
Wi-Fi & Bluetooth – wireless connections.
USB is essential because many devices use it.

20. Technical Specifications in Buying a Computer

Key specifications to check:

Processor type and speed – i3, i5, 2.8GHz, etc.
RAM – 4GB, 8GB depending on usage.
Hard disk – 500GB–4TB.
Monitor– LCD/LED, 17”–21”.
VGA card – onboard or separate.
Sound card– onboard or external.
Choosing the right combination gives the best performance for the user.