BASIC LAWS
Engineers must be able to design and conduct experiments, as
well as analyze and interpret.
--- Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the
two points…
𝑣∞ 𝑖
𝑣= i R
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the
flow of electric current; it is measured in ohms (Ω).
𝐿
𝑅= 𝜌
𝐴
Ohm’s Law
This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in
order for V=iR. If current flows from a lower potential to a higher potential, V
= -iR.
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
𝐼=
𝑅
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero. An
open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.
Ohm’s Law
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is measured
in mhos or siemens (S).
1 𝑣2 𝑖2
𝑅= 𝑖= 𝐺𝑣 𝑝= v i = 𝑖2𝑅= 𝑝= v i = 𝑣2𝐺=
𝐺 𝑅 𝐺
The power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current or
voltage.
Since R and G are positive quantities, the power dissipated in a resistor is always
positive. Thus, a resistor always absorbs power from the circuit. This confirms the
idea that a resistor is a passive element, incapable of generating energy.
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
A node is the point of connection between
two or more branches
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A loop is said to be independent if it
contains at least one branch which is not a
part of any other independent loop.
Independent loops or paths result in
independent sets of equations.
Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology.
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single
node and consequently carry the same current.
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes
and
consequently have the same voltage across them.
𝑏= 𝑙 + 𝑛− 1
b = 5 ; n = 3 ; 𝑙= 3
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s laws were first introduced in
1847 by the German physicist Gustav
Robert Kirchhoff (1824 –1887)
• These laws are formally known as Kirchhoff’s
current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law
(KVL).
Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff
1824-1887
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Kirchhoff’s first law is based on the law of conservation of charge, which requires
that the algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot change.
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around
a closed path (or loop) is zero. So, the Sum of voltage drops=Sum of voltage
rises
𝑀
Σ 𝑣𝑚= 0
𝑚=1
𝑉AB= 𝑉𝑠
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a
node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) Note that KCL also applies to a closed boundary.
𝑁
Σ 𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
−𝐼𝑇+ 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝑖3 = 0
Circuit Solve
Σ 𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑛=1
𝑣= i R
Circuit Solve
Try Yourself
Answer : 12 V, 6
A.
Circuit Solve
𝑉0= 2𝑖0
𝑖0 𝑉0
9 − 𝑖0 − − = 0
4 8
5𝑖0 𝑉0
+ =9
4 8
Answer : 12 V, 6
A.
Circuit Solve - Assignment
Circuit Solve
Circuit Solve
Applying KCL at node
a:
Applying KVL at loop
1: Applying KVL at loop
2:
Circuit Solve-Assignment
Thank you