Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Co-ordinate
Geometry
Number system .

Plotting of points in a coordinate plane.

Drawing graphs of linear equations .
Notes
Solving systems of linear equations .
13.1 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE AXES
Recall that in previous classes, you have learnt
to fix the position of a point in a plane by draw- y
ing two mutually perpendicular lines. The fixed
point O,where these lines intersect each other is
called the origin O as shown in Fig. 13.1 These
mutually perpencular lines are called the
coordinate axes. The horizontal line XOX' is
the x-axis or axis of x and the vertical line YOY' x′ x
is the y- axis or axis of y. O
13.1.1 Cartesian Coordinates of a Point
To find the coordinates of a point we proceed
as follows. Take X'OX and YOY' as coordinate Fig. 13.1
axes. Let P be any point in this plane. From point
P draw PA ⊥ XOX ' and PB ⊥ YOY ' . Then the y′
distance OA = x measured along x-axis and the
distance OB = y measured along y-axis
determine the position of the point P with y
reference to these axes. The distance OA
measured along the axis of x is called the
abscissa or x-coordinate and the distance OB
(=PA) measured along y − axis is called the B P(x, y)
ordinate or y-coordinate of the point P. The
abscissa and the ordinate taken together are x′ x
O A
called the coordinates of the point P. Thus, the
coordinates of the point P are (x and y) which
represent the position of the point P point in a
plane. These two numbers are to form an
ordered pair beacuse the order in which we
write these numbers is important. y′
Fig. 13.2

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In Fig. 13.3 you may note that the position of y
Co-ordinate
the ordered pair (3,2) is different from that of
Geometry
(2,3). Thus, we can say that (x,y) and (y,x)
• (2,3)
are two different ordered pairs representing
• (3,2)
two different points in a plane.
O
x′ x Notes

Fig.13.3
y′

y
13.1.2 Quardrants
We know that coordinate axes XOX' and N2 Q(x2, y2)
YOY' divide the region of the plane into four
regions. These regions are called the quardrants
as shown in Fig. 13.4. In accordance with the
convention of signs, for a point P (x,y) in N1 1
different quadrants, we have P(x1, y1) R
x′ x
M1 M2
I quadrant : x > 0, y > 0
II quadrant : x < 0, y > 0 y′ Fig.13.4
III quadrant : x < 0, y < 0
IV quadrant : x > 0, y < 0

13.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Recall that you have derived the distance y
formula between two points P (x1,y1) and Q
(x2,y2) in the following manner: Q(x2, y2)

m2
Let us draw a line l XX' through P. Let R be
R(x, y) T
the point of intersection of the perpendicular
m1
from Q to the line l. Then ∆ PQR is a right-
angled triangle. P(x1, y1) V
S
Also PR = M 1M 2
x′ x
O L M N
= OM 2 − OM 1 O(0, 0)

= x2 − x1 Fig.13.5

and QR = QM 2 − RM 2

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Co-ordinate = QM 2 − PM 1
Geometry = ON 2 − ON1
= y2 − y1

Now PQ2 = PR 2 + QR 2 (Pythagoras theorem)

Notes
= ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2

∴ PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2

Note: This formula holds for points in all quadrants.

Also the distance of a point P(x,y) from the origin O(0,0)

is OP = x2 + y2 .

Let us illustrate the use of these formulae with some examples.

Example 13.1 Find the distance between the following pairs of points :
(i) A(14,3) and B(10,6) (ii) M(–1,2) and N(0,–6)
Solution :

(i) Distance between two points = (x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2

Here x1 = 14, y1 =3, x2 = 10, y2 = 6

∴ Distance between A and B = (10 − 14)2 + (6 − 3)2

= (− 4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

Distance between A and B is 5 units.

(ii) Here x1 = –1, y1 = 2, x2 =0 and y2 = –6

Distance between A and B = (0 − (−1) )2 + (− 6 − 2)2 = 1 + ( −8) 2

= 1+ 64 = 65

Distance between M and N = 65 units

Example 13.2 Show that the points P(–1, –1), Q(2, 3) and R (–2, 6) are the vertices of a
right-angled triangle.
Solution: PQ2 = (2 + 1)2 + (3 + 1)2 = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25
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QR2 = ( − 4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 MODULE-IV

Co-ordinate
and RP2 = 12 + ( − 7)2 = 1 + 49 = 50 Geometry
∴ PQ2 + QR2 = 25+25=50= RP2
⇒ ∆ PQR is a right-angled triangle (by converse of Pythagoras Theorem)
Notes
Example 13.3 Show that the points A(1, 2), B(4, 5) and C(–1, 0) lie on a straight line.
Solution: Here,

AB = (4 − 1)2 + (5 − 2)2 units = 18 units = 3 2 units

BC = (− 1 − 4)2 + (0 − 5)2 units = 50 units = 5 2 units

and AC = (− 1 − 1)2 + (0 − 2)2 units = 4 + 4 units = 2 2 units

Now ( )
AB + AC = 3 2 + 2 2 units = 5 2 units = BC

i.e. BA + AC = BC
Hence, A, B, C lie on a straight line. In other words, A,B,C are collinear.

( )
Example 13.4 Prove that the points (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a) and 2a + 3a, 5a are the vertices of
an equilateral triangle whose side is 2a.

(
Solution: Let the points be A (2a, 4a), B (2a, 6a) and C 2a + 3a, 5a )
AB = 0 + ( 2a ) 2 =2a units

BC = ( 3a) 2 + (−a) 2 units = 3a 2 + a 2 = 2a units

and AC = ( 3a) 2 + (+ a) 2 = 2a units

⇒ AB + BC > AC, BC + AC > AB and

AB + AC > BC and AB = BC = AC = 2a
⇒ A, B, C form the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 2a.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.1

1. Find the distance between the following pairs of points.
(a) (5, 4) and (2, –3) (b) (a, –a) and (b, b)

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MODULE-IV 2. Prove that each of the following sets of points are the vertices of a right angled-trangle.
Co-ordinate
(a) (4, 4), (3, 5), (–1,–1) (b) (2, 1), (0, 3), (–2, 1)
Geometry
3. Show that the following sets of points form the vertices of a triangle:
(a) (3, 3), (–3, 3) and (0, 0) (b) (0, a), (a, b) and (0, 0) (if ab = 0)

Notes 4. Show that the following sets of points are collinear :

(a) (3, –6), (2, –4) and (–4, 8) (b) (0,3), (0, –4) and (0, 6)
5. (a) Show that the points (0, –1), (–2, 3), (6, 7) and (8, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle.
(b) Show that the points (3, –2), (6, 1), (3, 4) and (0, 1) are the vertices of a square.
13.3 SECTION FORMULA
13.3.1 Internal Division

Let P( x1 , y1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 ) be two given points on a line l and R ( x, y ) divide PQ internally

in the ratio m1 : m2.
To find : The coordinates x and y of point R.
Construction : Draw PL, QN and RM perpendiculars to XX' from P, Q and R respectively
and L, M and N lie on XX'. Also draw RT⊥QN and PV⊥QN .
Method : R divides PQ internally in the ratio m1 : m2.

PR m1
⇒ R lies on PQ and RQ = m
2

Also, in triangles, RPS and QRT,

∠ RPS = ∠ QRT (Corresponding angles as PS RT )

and ∠ RSP = ∠ QTR = 90 0 y

∴ ∆RPS ~ ∆QRT (AAA similarity) R(x, y )

PR RS PS Q(x2, y2)
= = T
⇒ RQ QT RT
... (i)

Also, PS = LM = OM − OL = x − x1 S
S

RT = MN = ON − OM = x2 − x x′ x
O L N M
RS = RM − SM = y − y1
y′ Fig.13.6
QT = QN − TN = y2 − y .

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From (i), we have
Co-ordinate
m1 x − x1 y − y1 Geometry
∴ = =
m2 x 2 − x y 2 − y

⇒ m1 ( x2 − x) = m2 ( x − x1 )
Notes
and m1 ( y2 − y ) = m2 ( y − y1 )

m1 x2 + m2 x1 m y + m2 y1
⇒ x= and y= 1 2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

Thus, the coordinates of R are:

 m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 
 , 
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 

Coordinates of the mid-point of a line segment

If R is the mid point of PQ, then,

m1 = m2 = 1 (as R divides PQ in the ratio 1:1

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
Coordinates of the mid point are  , 
 2 2 

13.3.2 External Division

Let R divide PQ externally in the ratio m1:m2
To find : The coordinates of R.
Construction : Draw PL, QN and RM perpendiculars to XX' from P, Q and R respectively
and PS ⊥ RM and QT ⊥ RM.
Clearly, ∆ RPS ~ ∆ RQT.. y

R(x, y )
RP PS RS
∴ = =
RQ QT RT Q(x2, y2)
T

m1 x − x1 y − y1
or = = P(x1, y1)
m2 x − x 2 y − y 2 S
S

⇒ m1 ( x − x2 ) = m2 ( x − x1 ) x′ x
O L N M
and m1 ( y − y2 ) = m2 ( y − y1 )
y′
Fig.13.7

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MODULE-IV These give:

Co-ordinate
Geometry m1 x2 − m2 x1 m y − m2 y1
x= and y = 1 2
m1 − m2 m1 − m2

Hence, the coordinates of the point of external division are

Notes
 m1 x2 − m2 x1 m1 y2 − m2 y1 
 , 
 m1 − m2 m1 − m2 

Let us now take some examples.

Example 13.5 Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the
points (4, –2) and (–3, 5) internally and externally in the ratio 2:3.
Solution:
(i) Let P (x, y) be the point of internal division.

2( −3) + 3(4) 6 2 (5) + 3( −2) 4

∴x= = and y = =
2+3 5 2+3 5

6 4
∴ P has coordinates  , 
5 5
If Q (x', y') is the point of external division, then

( 2)(−3) − 3(4) (2)(5) − 3(−2)

x' = = 18 and y ' = = −16
2−3 2−3
Thus, the coordinates of the point of external division are (18, –16).

Example 13.6 In what ratio does the point (3, –2) divide the line segment joining the points
(1,4) and (–3, 16) ?
Solution : Let the point P(3, –2) divide the line segement in the ratio k : 1.

 −3k + 1 16k + 4 
Then the coordinates of P are  , 
 k +1 k +1 

But the given coordinates of P are (3, − 2)

− 3k + 1 1
∴ = 3 ⇒ −3k + 1 = 3k + 3 ⇒ k =−
k +1 3

⇒ P divides the line segement externally in the ratio 1:3.

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Example 13.7 The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are respectively (1, 4), ( − 2,1), (0, –1)
Co-ordinate
and (3, 2). If E, F, G, H are respectively the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and DA, prove that the Geometry
quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram.
Solution : Since E, F, G, and H, are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA, therefore,
the coordinates of E, F, G, and H respectively are :
Notes

1− 2 4 +1  − 2 + 0 1 −1   0 + 3 −1+ 2  1+ 3 4 + 2 

 , ,  , ,  ,  and  , 
 2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2 

 −1 5  3 1
⇒ E , , F ( −1,0), G  ,  and H ( 2, 3) are the required points.
 2 2 2 2
Also, the mid point of diagonal EG has coordinates

 −1 3 5 1 
 + + 
 2 2 , 2 2  =  , 
1 3
 2 2  2 2
 
 

 −1+ 2 0 + 3   1 3 
Coordinates of midpoint of FH are  , = , 
 2 2  2 2

Since, the midpoints of the diagonals are the same, therefore, the diagonals bisect each
other.
Hence EFGH is a parallelogram.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.2

1. Find the midpoint of each of the line segements whose end points are given below:
(a) (–2, 3) and (3, 5) (b) (6,0) and (–2,10)
2. Find the coordinates of the point dividing the line segment joining
(–5, –2) and (3, 6) internally in the ratio 3:1.
3. (a) Three vertices of a parallelogram are (0,3), (0,6) and (2,9). Find the fourth vertex.
(b) (4, 0), (– 4, 0), (0,– 4) and (0, 4) are the vertices of a square. Show that the quadrilateral
formed by joining the midpoints of the sides is also a square.
4. The line segement joining (2, 3) and (5, –1) is trisected. Find the points of trisection.
5. Show that the figure formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a rectangle is a
rhombus.

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MODULE-IV 13.4 AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Co-ordinate A(x1, y1)
y
Geometry Let us find the area of a triangle whose

vertices are A( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) C(x3, y3)

Draw AL, BM and CN perpendiculars to XX'. B(x2, y2)

Notes
area of ∆ ABC x′ x
O M L N
= Area of trapzium. BMLA + Area of trapzium. y′
ALNC – Area of trapzium. BMNC Fig.13.8

1 1 1
= ( BM + AL ) ML + ( AL + CN ) LN − ( BM + CN ) MN
2 2 2

1 1 1
= ( y 2 + y1 )( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 + y3 )( x3 − x1 ) − ( y 2 + y3 )( x3 − x2 )
2 2 2

1
=
2
[( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + ( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + ( x3 y1 − x3 y3 )]

1
= [x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y2 )]
2
This can be stated in the determinant form as follows :

x1 y1 1
1
x y2 1
Area of ∆ ABC = 2 2
x3 y3 1

Example 13.8 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(3, 4), B(6, –2) and
C(– 4, –5).

3 4 1
1
∆ ABC = 6 −2 1
Solution: The area of 2
− 4 −5 1

1
= [3(−2 + 5) − 4(6 + 4) + 1(−30 − 8)] = 1 [9 − 40 − 38] = −69
2 2 2
As the area is to be positive
69
∴ Area of ∆ ABC = square units
2

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Example 13.9 If the vertices of a triangle are (1, k), (4, –3) and (–9, 7) and its area is 15
Co-ordinate
square units, find the value(s) of k. Geometry

1 k 1
1
4 −3 1
Solution : Area of triangle = 2 Notes
−9 7 1

1
= [− 3 − 7 − k (4 + 9) + 1(28 − 27)] = 1 [− 10 − 13k + 1] = 1 [− 9 − 13k ]
2 2 2
Since the area of the triangle is given to be15,

− 9 − 13k
∴ = 15 or, – 9 –13k = 30, –13k = 39 , or, k = –3
2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.3

1. Find the area of each of the following triangles whose vertices are given below :
(1) (0, 5), (5, –5), and (0,0) (b) (2, 3), (–2,–3) and (–2, 3)
(c) (a, 0), (0, – a) and (0, 0)

5 
2. The area of a triangle ABC, whose vertices are A (2, − 3), B(3, − 2) and C  , k  is
2 
3
sq unit. Find the value of k
2
3. Find the area of a rectangle whose vertices are (5, 4), (5,– 4), (–5, 4) and (–5, – 4)
4. Find the area of a quadrilateral whose vertices are (5, –2), (4, –7), (1, 1) and (3, 4)

13.5 CONDITION FOR COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS

The three points A( x1 , y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear if and only if the area of the
triangle ABC becomes zero.

1
i.e. [ x1 y2 − x2 y1 + x2 y3 − x3 y2 + x3 y 1 − x1 y3 ] = 0
2

i.e. x1 y2 − x2 y1 + x2 y3 − x3 y2 + x3 y1 − x1 y3 = 0

In short, we can write this result as

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Co-ordinate x1 y1 1
Geometry x2 y2 1 =0
x3 y3 1

Let us illustrate this with the help of examples:

Notes
Example 13.10 Show that the points A( a , b + c ), B (b, c + a ) and C (c, a + b ) are collinear..

a b+c 1
1
= b c+a 1
Solution : Area of triangle ABC 2 (Applying C1 → C1 + C2 )
c a+b 1

a+b+c b+c 1 1 b+c 1

1 1
= a+b+c c + a 1 = (a + b + c) 1 c + a 1 = 0
2 2
a+b+c a+b 1 1 a+b 1

Hence the points are collinear.

Example 13.11 For what value of k, are the points (1, 5) , (k, 1) and (4, 11) collinear ?
Solution : Area of the triangle formed by the given points is

1 5 1
1
= k 1 1 = 1 [− 10 − 5k + 20 + 11k − 4] = 1 [ 6k + 6] = 3k + 3
2
4 11 1 2 2

Since the given points are collinear, therefore

3k + 3 = 0 ⇒ k = −1
Hence, for k = –1, the given points are collinear.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.4

1. Show that the points (–1,–1), (5, 7) and (8, 11) are collinear.
2. Show that the points (3, 1), (5, 3) and (6, 4) are collinear.

1 1
3. Prove that the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear if + = 1.
a b

4. If the points (a, b), (a1 , b1 ) and (a −a1 , b − b1 ) are collinear, show that a1b = ab1

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5. Find the value of k for which the points (5, 7), (k, 5) and (0, 2) are collinear. MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate
6. Find the values of k for which the point (k, 2–2k), (– k+1, 2k) and (– 4 – k, 6 – 2k) are Geometry
collinear.

13.6 INCLINATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE

Look at the Fig. 13.9. The line AB makes an angle or π + α with the x-axis (measured in Notes
anticlockwise direction).
The inclination of the given line is represented by the measure of angle made by the line with
the positive direction of x-axis (measured in anticlockwise direction)
In a special case when the line is parallel to x-axis or it coincides with the x-axis, the inclination
of the line is defined to be 00.

y B y

α α
α
π+

π+

x′ x x′ x
α

O O
y′ A y′ A

(a) (b)
Fig. 13.9

Again look at the pictures of two mountains given below. Here we notice that the mountain in
Fig. 13.10 (a) is more steep compaired to mountain in Fig. 13.10 (b).

(a) (b)
Fig.13.10
How can we quantify this steepness ? Here we say that the angle of inclination of mountain (a)
is more than the angle of inclination of mountain (b) with the ground.
Try to see the difference between the ratios of the maximum height from the ground to the base
in each case.

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MODULE-IV Naturally, you will find that the ratio in case (a) is more as compaired to the ratio in case (b).
Co-ordinate That means we are concerned with height and base and their ratio is linked with tangent of an
Geometry angle, so mathematically this ratio or the tangent of the inclination is termed as slope. We define
the slope as tangent of an angle.
The slope of a line is the the tangent of the angle θ (say) which the line makes with the positive
Notes direction of x-axis. Generally, it is denoted by m (= tan θ )

Note : If a line makes an angle of 900 or 2700 with the x–axis, the slope of the
line can not be defined.

Example 13.12 In Fig. 13.9 find the slope of lines AB and BA.
Solution : Slope of line AB = tan α

Slope of line BA = tan ( π + α ) = tan α .

Note : From this example, we can observe that "slope is independent of the
direction of the line segement".
y
Example 13.13 Find the slope of a line
which makes an angle of 300 with the negative
direction of x-axis.
B
Solution : Here θ = 1800 – 300 = 1500
180°–30°
∴ 0 0 30° x
m = slope of the line = tan (180 –30 ) x′
= – tan 300
1
= − Fig. 13.11
3
A

Example 13.14 Find the slope of a line y′

y
which makes an angle of 600 with the positive
direction of y-axis. B 60°
Solution : Here θ = 900 + 600
∴ m = slope of the line 90°+60°
x′ x
O A
= tan (900 + 600)
= – cot 600

1 Fig. 13.12
= – tan 300 =−
3
y′

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Example 13.15 If a line is equally inclined to the axes, show that its slope is ± 1 .
Co-ordinate
Solution : Let a line AB be equally inclined to the axes and meeting axes at points A and B as Geometry
shown in the Fig. 13.13

y′
y′
Notes
B
B

45° 135°
x′ x x′ x
O O A

Fig. 13.13

In Fig 13.13(a), inclination of line AB = ∠XAB = 450

∴ Slope of the line AB = tan 450 = 1

In Fig. 13.13 (b) inclination of line AB = ∠XAB = 180 0 − 450 = 135 0

∴ Slope of the line AB = tan1350 = tan (1800–450) = – tan 450 = –1

Thus, if a line is equally inclined to the axes, then the slope of the line will be ± 1 .

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.5

1. Find the Slope of a line which makes an angle of (i) 600, (ii)1500 with the positive direction
of x-axis.
2. Find the slope of a line which makes an angle of 300 with the positive direction of y-axis.
3. Find the slope of a line which makes an angle of 600 with the negative direction of x-axis.

13.7 SLOPE OF A LINE JOINING TWO DISTINCT POINTS

Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) be two distinct points. Draw a line through A and B and let the
inclination of this line be θ . Let the point of intersection of a horizontal line through A and a
vertical line through B be M, then the coordinates of M are as shown in the Fig. 13.14

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MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate y y
Geometry

B(x2, y2) B(x2, y2)

Notes , y 1)
A(x 1 (x2, y1) A(x1, y1)
M M
θ (x2, y1) θ
x x′ x
O O

(a) (b)
y′ y′
Fig.13.14

(A) In Fig 13.14 (a), angle of inclination MAB is equal to θ (acute). Consequently..

MB y2 − y1
tan θ = tan(∠MAB ) = =
AM x2 − x1

(B) In Fig. 13.14 (b), angle of inclination θ is obtuse, and since θ and ∠MAB are
supplementary, consequently,

MB y − y1 y2 − y1
tan θ = − tan(∠MAB ) = − =− 2 =
MA x1 − x2 x2 − x1

Hence in both the cases, the slope m of a line through A(x1,, y1) and B( x2 , y2 ) is given by

y2 − y1
m= x −x
A2 1

Note : if x1 = x2 , then m is not defined. In that case the line is parallel to y-axis.

Is there a line whose slope is 1? Yes, when a line is inclined at 450 with the positive direction of
x-axis.
0
Is there a line whose slope is 3 ? Yes, when a line is inclined at 60 with the positive direction
of x-axis.
From the answers to these questions, you must have realised that given any real number m,
there will be a line whose slope is m (because we can always find an angle α such that
tan α = m).

Example 13.16 Find the slope of the line joining the points A(6, 3) and B(4, 10).
y 2 − y1
Solution : The slope of the line passing through the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) = x − x
2 1

302 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates
y
MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate ⇒ m1 =m 2
l1
Geometry Thus, if two lines are parallel then their slopes
l2
are equal.
Case II : Let the lines l1, and l2 have equal
slopes.
Notes
θ1 θ2
i.e. m1 = m2 ⇒ tan θ1 = tan θ2 x
O
⇒ θ1 = θ 2 (0 ≤ θ ≤ 180 )
° °

⇒ l1 l2 Fig.13.15

Hence, two (non-vertical) lines are parallel if and only if m1 =m 2

13.8.2 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines

Let l1 and l2 be two (non-vertical)lines with their slopes m1 and m2 respectively. Also let
θ1 and θ 2 be their inclinations respectively..

y y

l2 l1

θ1 θ2 θ2 θ1
x x
O O

(a) (b)
Fig.13.16

Case-I : Let l1 ⊥ l2

⇒ θ 2 = 900 + θ1 or θ1 = 900 + θ 2

(
⇒ tan θ 2 = tan 900 + θ1 ) or (
tan θ1 = tan 900 + θ 2 )
⇒ tan θ2 = − cot(θ1 ) or tan θ1 = − cot(θ2 )

1 1
⇒ tan θ 2 = − or ⇒ tan θ1 = −
tan θ1 tan θ 2

⇒ In both the cases, we have

tan θ1 tan θ 2 = −1
or m1.m2 = –1

304 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

Thus, if two lines are perpendicular then the product of their slopes is equal to –1. MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate
Case II : Let the two lines l1 and l2 be such that the product of their slopes is –1. Geometry
i.e. m1.m2 = –1
⇒ tan θ 1 tan θ 2 = − 1

1 Notes
⇒ tan θ1 = − = − cot θ 2 = tan ( 900 + θ 2 )
tan θ 2
or

−1
tan θ 2 = = − cot θ1 = tan ( 90 + θ1 )
tan θ1

⇒ Either θ1 = 900 + θ 2 or θ 2 = 900 + θ1 ⇒ In both cases l1 ⊥ l2.

Hence, two (non-vertical) lines are perpendicular if and only if m1.m2 = –1.

Example 13.18 Show that the line passing through the points A(5,6) and B(2,3) is parallel
to the line passing, through the points C(9,–2) and D(6,–5).

3−6 −3
Solution : Slope of the line AB = = =1
2−5 −3

−5+ 2 −3
and slope of the line CD = = =1
6−9 −3

As the slopes are equal ∴ AB CD.

Example 13.19 Show that the line passing through the points A(2,–5) and B(–2,5) is
perpendicular to the line passing through the points L(6,3) and M(1,1).
Solution : Here

5+5 10 − 5
m1 = slope of the line AB = = =
−2−2 −4 2

1− 3 2
and m2 = slope of the line LM = =
1− 6 5

−5 2
Now m1.m2 = × = −1
2 5
Hence, the lines are perpendicular to each other.

MATHEMATICS 305
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV Example 13.20 Using the concept of slope, show that A(4,4), B(3,5) and C (-1,-1) are the
Co-ordinate
Geometry vertices of a right triangle.
5−4
Solution : Slope of line AB = m1 = = −1
3− 4

Notes −1− 5 3
Slope of line BC = m2 = =
−1 − 3 2
−1− 4
and slope of line AC = m3 = =1
−1− 4
Now m1 × m3 = −1 ⇒ AB ⊥ AC

⇒ ABC is a right-angled triangle.

Hence, A(4,4), B(3,5) and C( − 1, − 1) are the vertices of right triangle.

Example 13.21 What is the value of y so that the line passing through the points A(3,y) and
B(2,7) is perpendicular to the line passing through the point C ( − 1,4) and D (0,6)?

7− y
Solution : Slope of the line AB = m1 = = y−7
2−3
6−4
Slope of the line CD = m2 = =2
0 +1
Since the lines are perpendicular,

∴ m1 × m2 = −1 or ( y − 7 ) × 2 = −1

13
or 2 y − 14 = −1 or 2 y = 13 or y =
2

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.7

1. Show that the line joining the points (2,–3) and (– 4,1) is
(i) parallel to the line joining the points (7,–1) and (0,3).
(ii) perpendicular to the line joining the points (4,5) and (0,–2).
2. Find the slope of a line parallel to the line joining the points (– 4,1) and (2,3).
3. The line joining the points (–5,7) and (0,–2) is perpendicular to the line joining the points
(1,3) and (4,x). Find x.
4. A(–2,7), B(1,0), C(4,3) and D(1,2) are the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD. Show that
the sides of ABCD are parallel.
306 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates
5. Using the concept of the slope of a line, show that the points A(6, − 1), B(5,0) and MODULE-IV
C(2,3) are collinear.[Hint: slopes of AB, BC and CA must be equal.] Co-ordinate
6. Find k so that line passing through the points (k,9) and (2,7) is parallel to the line passing Geometry
through the points (2,–2) and (6,4).
7. Using the concept of slope of a line, show that the points (–4,–1), (–2–4), (4,0) and
(2,3) taken in the given order are the vertices of a rectangle. Notes
8. The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(–3,3), B(–1,– 4) and C(5,–2). M and N are the
1
midpoints of AB and AC. Show that MN is parallel to BC and MN = BC.
2

13.9 INTERCEPTS MADE BY A LINE ON AXES

If a line l (not passing through the Origin) meets x-axis at A and y-axis at B as shown in
Fig. 13.17, then
(i) OA is called the x-intercept or the intercept made by the line on x-axis.
(ii) OB is called y-intercept or the intercept
made by the line on y-axis.
(iii) OA and OB taken together in this order l
are called the intercepts made by the line l B
on the axes.
(iv) AB is called the portion of the line
intercepted between the axes.
b
(v) The coordinates of the point A on x-axis
are (a,0) and those of point B are (0,b)
A
To find the intercept of a line in a given plane on O a
x-axis, we put y = 0 in the given equation of a Fig. 13.17
line and the value of x so obtained is called the x
intercept.
To find the intercept of a line on y-axis we put x = 0 and the value of y so obtained is called the
y intercept.

Note: 1. A line which passes through origin makes no intercepts on axes.

2. A horizontal line has no x-intercept and vertical line has no y-intercept.
3. The intercepts on x- axis and y-axis are usually denoted by a and b respectively.
But if only y-intercept is considered, then it is usually denoted by c.

Example 13.22 If a line is represented by 2 x + 3 y = 6 , find its x and y intercepts.

Solution : The given equation of the line is 2 x + 3 y = 6 ... (i)

Putting x = 0 in (i), we get y = 2

MATHEMATICS 307
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV Thus, y-intercept is 2.

Co-ordinate Again putting y = 0 in (i), we get 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
Geometry
Thus, x-intercept is 3.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.8

Notes
1. Find x and y intercepts, if the equations of lines are :

x y
(i) x + 3 y = 6 (ii) 7 x + 3 y = 2 (iii) + =1 (iv) ax + by = c
2a 2b
y y 2x
(v) − 2x = 8 (vi) − =7
2 3 3

13.10 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Let l1 and l2 be two non vertical and non perpendicualr lines with slopes m1 and m2
respectively. Let α1 and α2 be the angles subtended by l1 and l2 respectively with the
positive direction of x-axis. Then m1 = tan α1 and m2 = tan α2.
From figure 1, we have α1 = α2 + θ
∴ θ = α1 – α2
⇒ tan θ = tan (α1 – α2)
tan α1 − tan α 2
i.e. tan θ =
1 + tan α1. tan α 2

m1 − m2
i.e. tan θ = 1 + m m ...(1)
1 2

l1
y
l2
θ
π–

α2 α1
x
O
Fig.13.18

As it is clear from the figure that there are two angles θ and π – θ between the lines l1 and l2.
We know, tan (π – θ) = – tan θ
 m1 − m2 
∴ tan (π – θ) = – 
 1 + m1m2 

308 MATHEMATICS
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MODULE-IV
Let π – θ = φ
Co-ordinate
 m1 − m2  Geometry
∴ tan φ = –  ...(2)
 1 + m1m2 
m1 − m2
l If is positive then tan θ is positive and tan φ is negative i.e. θ is acute and
1 + m1m2 Notes
φ is obtuse.

m1 − m2
l If 1 + m m is negative then tan θ is negative and tan φ is positive i.e. θ is obtuse and
1 2

φ is acute.
Thus the acute angle (say θ) between lines l1 and l2 with slopes m1 and m2 respectively
is given by

m1 − m2
tan θ = 1 + m m where 1 + m1m2 ≠ 0.
1 2

The obtuse angle (say φ) can be found by using the formula φ = 180° – θ.

3
Example 13.23 Find the acute and obtuse angles between the lines whose slopes are
4
−1
and .
7
Solution : Let θ and φ be the acute and obtuse angle between the lines respectively.

3 1
+
4 7 21 + 4
∴ tan θ = = = |1|= 1
 3   −1 28 − 3
1+    
 4  7 

⇒ θ = 45°
∴ φ = 180° – 45° = 135°.
Example 13.24 Find the angle (acute or obtuse) between x-axis and the line joining the
points (3, –1) and (4, –2),
Solution : Slope of x-axis (say m1) = 0
−2 + 1
Slope of given line (say m2) = = −1
4−3
0 +1
∴ tan θ = =1
1 + (0)( −1)
⇒ θ = 45° as acute angle.

MATHEMATICS 309
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV π 1
Co-ordinate Example 13.25 If the angle between two lines is and slope of one of the lines is ,
4 2
Geometry find the slope of the other line.

1
π − m2
Solution : Here, tan = 2
Notes 4  1
1 +   (m2 )
 2
1 − 2m2
⇒ = 1
2 + m2
1 − 2m2 1 − 2m2
⇒ = 1 or = – 1.
2 + m2 2 + m2
1
⇒ m2 = − or m2 = 3.
3
1
∴ Slope of other line is 3 or − .
3

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.9

2
1. Find the acute angle between the lines with slopes 5 and .
3
2. Find the obtuse angle between the lines with slopes 2 and –3.
3. Find the acute angle between the lines l1 and l2 where l1 is formed by joining the points
(0, 0) and (2, 3) and l2 by joining the points (2, –2) and (3, 5)

13.11 SHIFTING OF ORIGIN :

We know that by drawing x-axis and y-axis, any plane is divided into four quadrants and
we represent any point in the plane as an ordered pair of real numbers which are the lengths
of perpendicular distances of the point from the axes drawn. We also know that these axes
can be chosen arbitrarily and therefore the position of these axes in the plane is not fixed.
Position of the axes can be changed. When we change the position of axes, the coordinates
of a point also get changed correspondingly. Consequently equations of curves also get
changed.
The axes can be changed or transformed in the following ways :
(i) Translation of axes (ii) Rotation of axes (iii) Translation and rotation of axes. In the
present section we shall discuss only one transformation i.e. translation of axes.

310 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates
Y Y′ MODULE-IV
P(x, y) Co-ordinate
P(x, y)′ Geometry
x′
O′ M

k Notes
h
x
O L N
Fig. 13.19

The transformation obtained, by shifting the origin to a given point in the plane, without
changing the directions of coordinate axes is called translation of axes.
uuur
Let usuuu see
r how coordinates of a point in a plane change under a translation of axes. Let OX
and OY be the given coordinate uuuraxes. uuu
Suppose
r the
uuuuur origin
uuuuurO is shifted to
O′(h, k) by the translation of the axes OX and OY . Let O ′X ′ and O ′Y ′ be the new axes
uuuuur uuuuur
as shown in the above figure. Then with reference to O ′X ′ and O ′Y ′ the point O′ has
coordinates (0, 0).
uuur uuur
Let P be a point with coordinates (x, y) in the system OX and OY and with coordinates
uuuuur uuuuur
( x ′, y ′ ) in the system O′X ′ and O ′Y ′ . Then O ′L = K and OL = h.

Now x = ON = OL + LN
= OL + O′M
= h + x′.
and y = PN = PM + MN = PM + O′L = y′ + k.
Hence x = x′ + h; y = y′ + k
or x′ = x – h, y′ = y – k
• If the origin is shifted to (h, k) by translation of axes then coordinates of the point P(x,
y) are transformed to P(x – h, y – k) and the equation F(x, y) = 0 of the curve is
transformed to F(x′ + h, y′ + k) = 0.
• Translation formula always hold, irrespective of the quadrant in which the origin of the
new system happens to lie.

Example 13.26 When the origin is shifted to (–3, 2) by translation of axes find the
coordinates of the point (1, 2) with respect to new axes.
Solution : Here (h, k) = (–3, 2), (x , y) = (1, 2), (x′, y′) = ?
x′= x – h = 1 + 3 = 4

MATHEMATICS 311
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV y′ = y – k = 2 – 2 = 0
Co-ordinate
Geometry Therefore (x′, y′) = (4, 0)

Example 13.27 When the origin is shifted to the point (3, 4) by the translation of axes,
find the transformed equation of the line 3x + 2y – 5 = 0.
Notes Solution : Here (h, k) = (3, 4)
∴ x = x′ + 3 and y = y′ + 4.
Substituting the values of x and y in the equation of line
we get 3(x′ + 3) + 2(y′ + 4) – 5 = 0
i.e. 3x′ + 2y′ + 12 = 0.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.10

1. (i) Does the length of a line segment change due to the translation of axes? Say yes
or no.
(ii) Are there fixed points with respect to translation of axes? Say yes or no.
(iii) When the origin is shifted to the point (4, –5) by the translation of axes, the
coordinates of the point (0, 3) are ...
(iv) When the origin is shifted to (2, 3), the coordinates of a point P changes to
(4, 5), coordinates of point P in original system are ...
(v) If due to translation of axes the point (3, 0) changes to (2, –3), then the origin
is shifted to the point ...
C

1A
% +
LET US SUM UP

Distance between any two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is (x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2

Coordinates of the point dividing the line segment joining the points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 )
internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are

 m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 
 , 
 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 

● Coordinates of the point dividing the line segment joining the the points ( x1 , y1 ) and
(x2 , y2 ) externally are in the ratio m1 : m2 are.

312 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates
MODULE-IV
 m1 x2 − m2 x1 m1 y2 − m2 y1  Co-ordinate
 , 
 m1 − m2 m1 − m2  Geometry

● Coordinates of the mid point of the line segment joining the points (x1,y1) and (x2, y2) are

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 
 ,  Notes
 2 2 

● The area of a triangle with vertices ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) is given by

1
[( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + ( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + ( x3 y1 − x1 y3 )]
2
● Three points A, B, and C are collinear if the area of the triangle formed by them is zero.
● If θ is the angle which a line makes with the positive direction of x-axis, then the slope
of the line is m = tan θ .
● Slope (m) of the line joining A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) is given by

y 2 − y1
m=
x2 − x1

● A line with the slope m1 is parallel to the line with slope m2 if m1 = m2 .

● A line with the slope m1 is perpendicular to the line with slope m2 if m1 × m2 = − 1.

● If a line l (not passing through the origin) meets x- axis at A and y- axis at B then OA is
called the x- intercept and OB is called the y- intercept.
● If θ be the angle between two lines with slopes m1 and m2 , then

m1 − m2
tan θ =
1 + m1m2

where 1 + m1m2 ≠ 0

● If tan θ is +ve, the angle (θ ) between the lines is acute and if tan θ is -ve then it is
obtuse.
● When origin is shifted to (h,k) then transformed coordinates (x',y') (say) of a point P (x,y)
are (x-h, y-k)

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MATHEMATICS 313
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate
Geometry TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. Find the distance between the pairs of points:
(a) (2, 0) and (1, cot θ ) (b) (–sin A, cosA) and (sin B, cos B)

Notes
2. Which of the following sets of points form a triangle?
(a) (3, 2), (–3, 2) and (0, 3) (b) (3, 2), (3, –2) and (3, 0)
3. Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (3. –5) and (–6, 8).
4. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are:
(a) (1, 2), (–2, 3), (–3, –4) (b)(c, a), (c + a, a), (c – a, –a)
5. Show that the following sets of points are collinear (by showing that area formed is 0).
(a) (–2, 5) (2, –3) and (0, 1) (b) (a, b + c), (b, c + a) and (c, a + b)
6. If (–3, 12), (7, 6) and (x, a) are collinear, find x.
7. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (4,3) (–5,6) (0,7) and (3,–6).
8. Find the slope of the line through the points
(a) (1,2), (4,2) (b) (4, –6), (–2, –5)
9. What is the value of y so that the line pasing through the points (3, y) and (2,7) is parallel
to the line passing through the points (–1, 4) and (0, 6) ?
10. Without using Pythagoras theorem, show that the points (4, 4), (3, 5) and (–1, –1) are
the vertices of a right-angled triangle.
11. Using the concept of slope, determine which of the following sets of points are collnear:
(i) (–2, 3) , (8, –5) and (5, 4), (ii) (5, 1) , (1, − 1) and (11, 4),
12. If A (2, –3) and B (3, 5) are two vertices of a rectangle ABCD, find the slope of
(i) BC (ii) CD (iii) DA.
13. A quadrilateral has vertices at the points (7, 3), (3, 0), (0, –4) and (4, –1). Using slopes,
show that the mid-points of the sides of the quadrilatral form a parallelogram.
14. Find the x-intercepts of the following lines:
y
(i) 2 x − 3 y = 8 (ii) 3 x − 7 y + 9 = 0 (iii) x − =3
2
15. When the origin is shifted to the point (3, 4) by translation of axes, find the transformed
equation of 2 x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 0.
16. If the origin is shifted to the point (3, –4), the transformed equation of a curve is
( x1 ) 2 + ( y1 ) 2 = 4 , find the original equation of the curve.
17. If A(–2, 3), B(3, 8) and C(4, 1) are the vertices of a ∆ABC. Find ∠ABC of the
triangle.
18. Find the acute angle between the diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD formed by the
points A(9, 2), B(17, 11), C(5, – 3) and D(–3, –2) taken in order.
19. Find the acute angle between the lines AB and BC given that A = (5, –3),
B = (–3, –2) and C = (9, 12).
314 MATHEMATICS
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates
MODULE-IV
Co-ordinate
ANSWERS Geometry

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.1

(a) 58 (b) 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) Notes

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.2

1 
1. (a)  ,4  (b) (2,5) 2. (1,4) 3. (a) (2,6)
2 

 5  1
4.  3,  ,  4, 
 3  3
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.3
25 a2
1. (a) sq. units (b) 12 sq. units (c) sq. units
2 2

5 41
2. k= 3. 80 sq. units 4. sq. units
3 2
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.4
1
5. k=3 6. k= , –1
2
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.5
1
1. (i) 3 (ii) − 2. − 3 3. − 3
3
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.6
7 5
1. −3 2. 5 3. − 4.
3 3
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.7
1 14 10
2. 3. . 6. k =
3 3 3
CECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.8
1. (i) x-intercept = 6, y-intercept = 2
2 2
(ii) x-intercept = , y-intercept =
7 3
(iii) x-intercept = 2a, y-intercept = 2b

MATHEMATICS 315
 Cartesian System Of Rectangular Co-ordinates

MODULE-IV
c c
Co-ordinate (iv) x-intercept = , y-intercept =
Geometry a b
(v) x-intercept = − 4, y-intercept = 16
−21
(vi) x-intercept = , y-intercept = 21
2
Notes
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.9
11
1. 45° 2. 135° 3. tan =
23
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 13.10
1. (i) No (ii) No (iii) (-4,8) (iv) (6,8) (v) (1,3)

TERMINAL EXERCISE
A+ B
1. (a) cosec θ (b) 2 sin
2
2. None of the given sets forms a triangle.

 3 3
3. − ,  4. (a) 11 sq. unit (b) a2 sq. unit.
 2 2

51 − 5a
6. 7. 29 sq. unit.
3
1
8. (a) 0 (b) −
6
9. y=3 11. Only (ii)

1 1
12. (i) − (ii) 8 (iii) −
8 8
14. (i) 4 (ii) −3 (iii) 3
15. x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 xy + 116 x + 2 y + 259 = 0

16. x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 8 y + 21 = 0

4  48   62 
17. tan −1   18. tan −1   19. tan −1  
3  145   55 

316 MATHEMATICS