Technological University (Yamethin)

Department of Electronic Engineering

Engineering Circuit II
Chapter-9
The RLC Circuit
1

EcE-12001
Semester-II
2
 9.1 THE SOURCE-FREE PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 9.2 THE OVERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
 9.3 CRITICAL DAMPING
 9.4 THE UNDERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
 9.5 THE SOURCE-FREE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
 9.6 THE COMPLETE RESPONSE OF THE RLC CIRCUIT
 9.7 THE LOSSLESS LC CIRCUIT
9.1 THE SOURCE-FREE PARALLEL CIRCUIT
3
 Two basic types of RLC circuits:
 Parallel RLC circuit
 Series RLC circuit
 The result of any interest voltage or current of a RLC circuit is a second-
order differential equation.
 So, they are also called second-order circuits.
 From a source-free parallel RLC circuit, where one or both of the energy
storage elements have some nonzero initial energy, the natural response is
obtained.
Obtaining the Differential Equation for a Parallel RLC Circuit
4  By KCL, the integrodifferential equation:

 The initial conditions; 𝑖 0 = 𝐼 and 𝑣 0 = 𝑉

 The second-order equation is Figure-9.1
𝑑 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1 The source-free parallel RLC circuit.
𝐶 + + 𝑣=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿

Solution of the Differential Equation

 By assuming: ;
1 1
𝐶𝐴𝑠 𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑒 + 𝐴𝑒 =0
𝑅 𝐿
1 1
𝐴𝑒 𝐶𝑠 + 𝑠+ =0
𝑅 𝐿
  The characteristic equation:
5
1 1 1
𝑠 , =− ± −
2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

,
𝑑 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1
𝐶 + + 𝑣 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑑 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1
𝐶 + + 𝑣 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿

 By adding these two differential equations,

𝑑 (𝑣 + 𝑣 ) 1 𝑑(𝑣 + 𝑣 ) 1
𝐶 + + (𝑣 + 𝑣 ) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿

 The general form of the natural response,

Definition of Frequency Terms
6

 Resonant frequency,
𝜔 = (rad/s)

 Neper frequency or Exponential damping coefficient,

𝛼= (Np/s or s )

 α is a measure of how rapidly the natural response decays or Where

damps out to its steady, final value (usually zero).  𝐴 and 𝐴 = the constants
 Overdamped response,
 Complex frequencies,
 𝛼>𝜔
𝑠 , = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 − 𝜔 (s )  Underdamped response,
 𝛼<𝜔
 The natural response of the parallel RLC circuit,
 Critically damped response,
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒  𝛼=𝜔
 Example-9.1
Consider a parallel RLC circuit having an inductance of 10 mH and a capacitance
7
of 100 μF. Determine the resistor values that would lead to overdamped and
underdamped responses.
Solution:
 In a parallel RLC circuit,
For overdamped response,
L = 10 mH, C = 100 μF
 For overdamped response, = ?
 For underdamped response, = ?

For underdamped response,

9.2 THE OVERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
8  If

𝛼 −𝜔 <𝛼

−𝛼 − 𝛼 − 𝜔 < −𝛼 + 𝛼 − 𝜔 <0

 Thus, the response v(t) can be expressed as the sum of two decreasing
exponential terms.
 The overdamped response of the parallel RLC circuit,
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒

 and are negative real numbers.

 term decays more quickly than .
 For large values of time, v(t) → →0 as t →∞
Finding Values for 𝟏 and 𝟐

9
 the initial condition:
the instant before switching event
the instant after switching event
 The initial value of inductor current,

 The initial value of capacitor voltage,

 Constant values; are determined from the two initial equations,

 Example-9.2
Find an expression for (t) valid for t > 0 in the
10
circuit of Figure-9.2(a).
Solution:
 For 𝑡 > 0, 𝑣 (𝑡)= ?
For 𝑡 < 0,
200
𝑣 0 = × 150 = 60 V
300 + 200 𝒕=0 Figure-9.2(a)
𝑖 0 =− = = −0.3 A

For 𝑡 > 0,
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 = 60 V
𝑖 0 = 𝑖 0 = −0.3 A 𝒕>𝟎
𝑣 0 60 +
𝑖 0 = = = 0.3 A Figure-9.2(b)
200 200 𝑣
𝑖 0 = −𝑖 0 − 𝑖 0 = − −0.3 − 0.3 = 0 A _
1 1
𝛼= = = 125 ks Figure-9.2(c)
2𝑅𝐶 2 × 200 × 20 × 10
 1 1
𝜔 = = = 100 krad/s
𝐿𝐶 5 × 10 × 20 × 10
11 𝛼 > 𝜔 , ∴ it is an overdamped parallel RLC circuit.
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒

𝑠 = −𝛼 + 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −125 × 10 + 125 × 10 − 100 × 10 = −50000 𝑠

𝑠 = −𝛼 − 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −125 × 10 − 125 × 10 − 100 × 10 = −200000 𝑠

𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒
𝑣 0 = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑒 = 𝐴 +𝐴 = 60 … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 1

𝑑𝑣 𝑡
= −50000𝐴 𝑒 − 200000𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 0 𝑖 0
= −50000𝐴 𝑒 − 200000𝐴 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
−50000𝐴 − 200000𝐴 = 0 … … … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 2
By solving eqn:1 and eqn:2, 𝐴 = 80, 𝐴 = −20
∴𝑣 𝑡 = 80𝑒 − 20𝑒 V#
 Example-9.3
The circuit of Figure-9.3(a) reduces to a simple parallel RLC circuit after t = 0.
12
Determine an expression for the resistor current valid for all time.
Solution:
 For all t, 𝑖 =?
For 𝑡 < 0,
30𝑘
𝑣 0 = × 4 = 3.75 V
2𝑘 + 30𝑘 Figure-9.3(a)
.
𝑖 0 = = = 125 𝜇A # 𝒕=0
𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 = 125 𝜇A
For 𝑡 > 0,
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 = 3.75 V
Figure-9.3(b) 𝒕=0
𝑖 0 = 𝑖 0 = 125 𝜇A
𝑣 0 3.75
𝑖 0 = = = 125 𝜇A
30𝑘 30𝑘
𝑖 0 = 𝑖 0 − 𝑖 0 = 125𝜇 − 125𝜇 = 0 A
Figure-9.3(c)
 1 1
𝛼= = = 8.333 × 10 s
2𝑅𝐶 2 × 30𝑘 × 2𝑝
13 1 1
𝜔 = = = 6.455 × 10 rad/s
𝐿𝐶 12𝑚 × 2𝑝
𝛼 > 𝜔 , ∴ it is an overdamped parallel RLC circuit.
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒

𝑠 = −𝛼 + 𝛼 − 𝜔

= −8.333 × 10 + 8.333 × 10 − 6.455 × 10 = −3.063 × 10 𝑠

𝑠 = −𝛼 − 𝛼 − 𝜔

= −8.333 × 10 − 8.333 × 10 − 6.455 × 10 = −13.603 × 10 𝑠

. × . ×
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒
𝑣 0 = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑒 = 𝐴 +𝐴 = 3.75 … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 1

𝑑𝑣 𝑡 . × . ×
= −3.063 × 10 𝐴 𝑒 − 13.603 × 10 𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑡
14

By solving eqn:1 and eqn:2,

. × . ×

. × . ×

. × . ×

. × . × #
 Graphical Representation of the Overdamped Response
15 Example-9.4
For t > 0, the capacitor current of a certain source-free parallel RLC circuit is
given by = A. Sketch the current in the range 0 < t < 5 s, and
determine the settling time.
Solution:
 For t > 0, 𝑖 𝑡 =2𝑒 − 4𝑒 A
 sketch 𝑖 𝑡 in the range 0<t<5 s and the settling time, 𝑡 =?
𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝑒 − 4𝑒 (𝑡 = the time at which the current becomes maximum)
𝑑𝑖 𝑡
= −4𝑒 + 4𝑒 =0
𝑑𝑡
∴𝑡 =0←
At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝑒 − 4𝑒 = −2 A ←
𝑖 𝑡 −2
𝑖 𝑡 = = = −0.02 ←
100 100
2𝑒 − 4𝑒 = −0.02
 By neglecting 2𝑒 term, −4𝑒 = −0.02
∴ 𝑡 = 5.298 s ← Figure-9.4 The current response, 𝑖 𝑡 =2𝑒 − 4𝑒 A
9.3 CRITICAL DAMPING
16
 If

The second-order equation is

𝑑 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1
𝐶 + + 𝑣=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑑 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ 2𝛼 +𝛼 𝑣 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 The critically damped response of the parallel RLC circuit,
)
 Constant values; are determined from the two initial equations,
 Example-9.5
Select a value for such that the circuit of Figure-9.5(a) will be characterized by
17
a critically damped response for t > 0, and a value for such that v(0) = 2 V.
Solution:
 If a critically damped response, 𝑅 =? for t > 0,
 If v(0) = 2 V, 𝑅 =?
For 𝑡 > 0, It is a critically damped parallel RLC circuit.
𝛼=𝜔
1 1 Figure-9.5(a)
𝒕>𝟎
=
2𝑅 𝐶 𝐿𝐶 +
v 1nF 4H R1
× _
𝑅 = = ×
= 31.623 kΩ #

For 𝑡 < 0, Figure-9.5(b) 𝒕<𝟎

𝑣 0 =𝑅 𝑖 0 +
R2
𝑣 0 2 2 5A v R1
𝑅 = = = _
𝑖 0 𝑅 31.623 k iL
𝑅 +𝑅 × 5 ×5
31.623 k + 𝑅
= 0.4 Ω # Figure-9.5(c)
9.4 THE UNDERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
18  If
 Let 𝛼 −𝜔 = −1 𝜔 −𝛼 =𝑗 𝜔 −𝛼 (where 𝑗 = −1)

 The natural resonant frequency, 𝜔 = 𝜔 − 𝛼

 he exponential form )

𝑒 +𝑒 𝑒 −𝑒
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑒 𝐴 +𝐴 +𝑗 𝐴 −𝐴
2 𝑗2
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑒 𝐴 + 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝑗 𝐴 − 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡

 The underdamped response of the parallel RLC circuit,

)
 Constant values; are determined from the two initial equations,
𝑑𝑣 0 𝑖 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 0 and =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
 Example-9.6
Determine (t) for the circuit of Figure-9.6(a),
19
and plot the waveform.
Solution:
3 𝑡<0
 3𝑢 −𝑡 =
0 𝑡>0
 𝑖 (t) =? and plot the waveform Figure-9.6(a)
𝒕<𝟎
For 𝑡 < 0,
100
𝑖 0 = × 3 = 2.027 A
48 + 100
𝑣 0 = 48 × 𝑖 0 = 48 × 2.027 = 97.297 V
For 𝑡 > 0,
Figure-9.6(b)
𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 = 2.027 A 𝒕>𝟎
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 = 97.297 V
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 = 97.297 V
1 1
𝛼= = = 1.2 s
2𝑅𝐶 2 × 100 × 1 Figure-9.6(c)
240
 1 1
𝜔 = = = 4.899 rad/s
𝐿𝐶 1
10 ×
20 240
𝛼 < 𝜔 , ∴ it is an underdamped parallel RLC circuit.
𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 (𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡)

𝜔 = 𝜔 −𝛼 = 4.899 − 1.2 = 4.75 rad/s

𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 . (𝐵 cos 4.75𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 4.75𝑡)
𝑖 0 = 𝑒 𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 sin 0 = 𝐵 = 2.027 … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 1

𝑑𝑖 𝑡 . .
=𝑒 −4.75𝐵 sin 4.75𝑡 + 4.75𝐵 cos 4.75𝑡 + (𝐵 cos 4.75𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 4.75𝑡)(−1.2)𝑒
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 0 𝑣 0
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
97.297
𝑒 −4.75𝐵 sin 0 + 4.75𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 sin 0 −1.2 𝑒 =
10
1.2𝐵 + 4.75𝐵 = 9.729 … … … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 2
By solving eqn:1 and eqn:2, 𝐵 = 2.027, 𝐵 = 2.56
∴𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 . 2.027 cos 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 sin 4.75𝑡 A #
  To plot the resulting waveform,
At t= 0 , 𝑖 0 = 𝑒 2.027 cos 0 + 2.56 sin 0 = 2.027 A ←
21
.
𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 2.027 cos 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 sin 4.75𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑡
To find t , =0
𝑑𝑡
.
𝑒 2.027 −4.75 sin 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 (4.75) cos 4.75𝑡
.
+ 2.027 cos 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 sin 4.75𝑡 −1.2 𝑒 =0
−12.7 sin 4.75𝑡 + 9.728 cos 4.75𝑡 =0
∴𝑡 = 0.138 s
At 𝑡 = 0.138 s, 𝑖 𝑡 = 2.684 A ←
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
 𝑖 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 + .
= 0.469 𝑠, 𝑡 = 𝑡 + .
= 1.13 𝑠, 𝑡 = 𝑡 + .
= 1.791 𝑠 ←

𝜋 ⁄2
∴𝑡 = 0.469 + = 0.799 s, At 𝑡 = 0.799 s, 𝑖 𝑡 = −1.213 A ←
4.75
𝜋 ⁄2
∴𝑡 = 1.13 + = 1.461 s, At 𝑡 = 1.461 s, 𝑖 𝑡 = 0.549 A ←
4.75
 To find t ,
22 𝑖 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡 =
100
.
2.684
𝑒 2.027 cos 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 sin 4.75𝑡 =
100
By neglecting 2.027 cos 4.75𝑡 + 2.56 sin 4.75𝑡 term,
.
𝑒 = 0.02684
∴ 𝑡 = 3.015 s ←

Figure-9.7 Plot of 𝑖 𝑡 .
Voltage Response by Varying the Resistance Value

23

Figure-9.8(a) Figure-9.8(b) Figure-9.8(c)

The response 𝑣 𝑡 = 84 𝑒 −𝑒 The response 𝑣 𝑡 = 420𝑡𝑒 . The response 𝑣 𝑡 = 210 2𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡

Figure-9.8(d)
Simulated overdamped, critically damped,
and underdamped voltage response
9.5 THE SOURCE-FREE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
24  The series RLC circuit is the dual of the parallel RLC
circuit.

 The fundamental integrodifferential equation is,

(a)

 In Figure-9.9(a),

 In Figure-9.9(b),
(b)
 The second-order equation is,
Figure-9.9

 In Figure-9.9(a), (a) The series RLC circuit

which is the dual of (b) a parallel

 In Figure-9.9(b), RLC circuit.

 A Brief Resume of the Series Circuit Response
25  The overdamped response,

where

 , ( )

 (rad/s) (Np/s or )

 The critically damped response,

)
 The underdamped response,
i )
where

Summary of Relevant Equations for Source-Free RLC Circuits
26
Type Condition Criteria α 𝜔 Response

1
Parallel 𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒
2R𝐶 1
Overdamped α>𝜔
R 𝐿𝐶 Where 𝑠 , = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 − 𝜔
Series
2𝐿
Parallel 1
Critically 2R𝐶 1
damped α=𝜔 𝑒 𝐴 𝑡+𝐴
Series R 𝐿𝐶
2𝐿
Parallel 1
2R𝐶 1 𝑒 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 𝑡
Underdamped α<𝜔
Series R 𝐿𝐶 Where 𝜔 = 𝜔 −𝛼
2𝐿
 Example-9.7
Given the series RLC circuit of Figure-9.10(a) in which L
27 = 1 H, R = 2 kΩ, C = 1/401 μF, i(0) = 2 mA, and (0) = 2
V, find and sketch i(t), t > 0.
Solution:
 𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 = 2 mA, 𝑣 0 = 𝑣 0 =2V
Figure-9.10(a)
 For t > 0, i(t) = ? and sketch i(t).
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 − 𝑖 0 𝑅 = 2 − (2𝑚 × 2𝑘) = −2 V

𝑅 2𝑘
𝛼= = = 1000 s
2𝐿 2 × 1
1 1
𝜔 = = = 20025 rad/s
𝐿𝐶 1
1 × 401 𝜇

𝛼 < 𝜔 , ∴ it is an underdamped series RLC circuit.

𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 (𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡)

𝜔 = 𝜔 −𝛼 = 20025 − 1000 = 20000 rad/s

 𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 (𝐵 cos 20000𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 20000𝑡)

28 𝑖 0 = 𝑒 𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 sin 0 = 𝐵 = 2 × 10 … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 1

𝑑𝑖 𝑡
=𝑒 −20000𝐵 sin 20000𝑡 + 20000𝐵 cos 20000𝑡
𝑑𝑡
+ (𝐵 cos 20000𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 20000𝑡)(−1000)𝑒

𝑑𝑖 0 𝑣 0
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
−2
𝑒 −20000𝐵 sin 0 + 20000𝐵 cos 0 + 𝑒 𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 sin 0 −1000 𝑒 =
1
−1000𝐵 + 20000𝐵 = −2 … … … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 2
By solving eqn:1 and eqn:2, 𝐵 = 2 × 10 ,𝐵 = 0
∴𝑖 𝑡 =𝑒 2 × 10 cos 20000𝑡 + (0) sin 20000𝑡 = 2𝑒 cos 20000𝑡 mA #
 To sketch the resulting waveform,
A𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 0 = 2𝑒 cos 0 mA = 2 mA ←
𝑑𝑖 𝑡
= 0 , 𝑡 = 0 , ∴ 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 0 = 2 mA ←
𝑑𝑡
29 To find t ,

𝑖 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡 =
100
2𝑚
2 × 10 𝑒 cos 20000𝑡 =
100
By neglecting cos 20000𝑡 term,
𝑒 = 0.01
∴ 𝑡 = 4.605 ms ← Figure-9.10(b) The current response

 The location of the quarter-cycle points of the sinusoidal wave at 20,000t = 0, π/2, π, etc., or t
= 0.07854k ms, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
 Example-9.8
Find an expression for (t) in the
30
circuit of Figure-9.11(a), valid for t > 0.

Solution: Figure-9.11(a)
 For 𝑡 > 0, 𝑣 (t) =? 𝑡<0
For 𝑡 < 0,
(Capacitor open, Inductor short) 𝑖
𝑖 0 =0A
10
𝑖 0 = = 5A Figure-9.11(b)
2
𝑣 0 = 10 − 3𝑖 0 = 10 − 3 5 = −5 V 𝑡>0 𝑖
For 𝑡 > 0,
𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 =0A
𝑣 0 = 𝑣 0 = −5 V 𝑖
𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 =0A
Figure-9.11(c)
 By Thévenin theorem with 1 A test source,
𝑖 = 1A
31
v = 2𝑖 + 9𝑖 − 3𝑖 = 8𝑖 = 8 V
v
R =R = = 8Ω
1
∴It is a source-free series RLC circuit. Figure-9.11(d)
𝑅 8
𝛼= = = 0.8 s
2𝐿 2×5
1 1
𝜔 = = = 10 rad/s
𝐿𝐶 5 × 2𝑚
𝑅
𝛼 < 𝜔 , ∴ it is an underdamped series RLC circuit.
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑒 (𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡) 𝑖

𝜔 = 𝜔 −𝛼 = 10 − 0.8 = 9.968 rad/s Figure-9.11(e)

.
𝑣 𝑡 =𝑒 𝐵 cos 9.968𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 9.968𝑡
𝑣 0 = 𝑒 𝐵 cos 0 + 𝐵 sin 0 = 𝐵 = −5 … … 𝑒𝑞𝑛: 1
32
.

By solving eqn:1 and eqn:2,

.

. V#
9.6 THE COMPLETE RESPONSE OF THE RLC CIRCUIT
33
 When dc sources are switched into the network,
Complete response = Forced response + Natural response


 (overdamped response )
 ) (critically damped response)
 ) (underdamped response)
 Example-9.9
There are three passive elements in the circuit shown in Figure-9.12(a), and a
34
voltage and a current are defined for each. Find the values of these six quantities at
both t = and t = .

Solution:
0 𝑡<0
 4𝑢 𝑡 =
4 𝑡>0
 six quantities at both t = 0 and t = 0 = ?
For 𝑡 < 0, Figure-9.12(a)
𝑖 0 =0A# t=0
𝑖 0 =5A#
𝑖 0 = −5 A #
𝑣 0 = 0V#
𝑣 0 = 30𝑖 0 = 30 −5 = −150V #
Figure-9.12(b)
𝑣 0 = −𝑣 0 = 150 V #
 t=0

35

For
Figure-9.12(c)
 Example-9.10
Complete the determination of the initial conditions in the circuit of Figure-
36
9.12(a), repeated in Figure-9.13(a), by finding values at t = for the first
derivatives of the three voltage and three current variables defined on the circuit
diagram.

Solution:

Figure-9.13(a)
 values at t = for the first derivatives of the three voltage and three current
variables = ?
For

Figure-9.13(b)
 For
37

Figure-9.13(c)
 𝑖 0 +𝑖 0 =4

38 𝑑𝑖 0 𝑑𝑖 0
+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖 0 𝑑𝑖 0
=− = −40 A⁄𝑠 #
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 0 = 30𝑖 0

𝑑𝑣 0 𝑑𝑖 0
= 30 = 30(−40) = −1200 V⁄𝑠 #
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 0 =𝑣 0 +𝑣 0

𝑑𝑣 0 𝑑𝑣 0 𝑑𝑣 0
= + = −1200 + 108 = −1092 V⁄𝑠 #
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖 0 =𝑖 0 +5

𝑑𝑖 0 𝑑𝑖 0
= + 0 = −40 A⁄𝑠 #
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
9.7 THE LOSSLESS LC CIRCUIT
39
 If the value of the resistance in a source-free parallel RLC circuit becomes
infinite, or zero in the case of a source-free series RLC circuit, a simple LC
loop in which an oscillatory response can be maintained forever is obtained.

 In Figure-9.14,
 If v(0) = 0 and i(0) = −16 A,
Figure-9.14
α = 0, = 3 and = 3 rad/s. This circuit is lossless.
 It provides the underdamped sinusoidal response, v = 2 sin 3t V.
 In the absence of exponential damping, the voltage response does not decay.
 It can be approximated with an op amp circuit.
40

End of Chapter-9

Thank You