OBSTACLE SLIT OR SHADOW
Diffraction.
Diffraction-Diffraction is the bending of light around the edges of an obstacle .
Diffraction-Enchrochment of light in the region of geometric shadow.
Diffraction-Bending of light while passing through narrow slit.
What are the conditions for visible diffraction pattern?
1)
Size of obstacle/width of slit should be comparable to the wavelength
of light.
2)
Source of light must be a point source.
Applications of diffraction.
Diffraction plays a important role in determining the resolving power of
optical instruments. chasme ka number determine krne mai help
X ray diffraction from crystal is used to determine the type of material and types of
crystal materials.
Types of Diffraction.
Fraunhofers diffraction.
Fresnels diffraction.
Fraunhofer's Diffraction. Fresnels Diffraction.
incident on slit is imp
Fraunhofers diffraction at Single Slit.
Thus the source of light should either be at large distance from the slit.
we can also use collimating lens.
In next figureb
S= Source of light (Monochromatic)
LensI- Used to convert spherical wavefront into plane wavefront.
Slit- A small opening through which light can pass.
LensII -Used to focus plane wavefront after pssing throgh slit to focus on screen.
parallel lines
slit
Explanation of Diffraction.
Fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit.
oa
a ar
sin = et theta/2r
by plazne angle
Addition of phasor
for diffracted rays.
From
Distant
Source
To distant
Addition of
Screen
phasor for parallel
rays.
Condition for maxima and minima (Single slit diffraction.)
maxima by amplitude
odd and alternate signs
minima by intensity
alpha nikalo then usse hi condition niklegi
maxima ki baat hi intensity se hoti h
PARALLEL SLITS ARR PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER OF EQUAL WIDTH
AND SEPERATED BY EQUAL OPAQUE SPACES
or equal lines'
scale h isliye ruling aata h
a Grating can be preparaed by ruling equidistance parallel lines on a glass plate with the help
of a diamond point.
The line acts as a opaque space-light cannot pass through it
The space between two lines acts as a slit and is transparent to light.
imp = space btwn them act as a slit and line act as opaque spaces
Grating generally consist of 15000 to 20000 lines per inch.
It was first constructed by fraunhofer.
What is reflection grating?
If the lines are drawn on a silver surface then it acts as a reflection grating.
imp
imp
per cm imp
ABILOTY TO RESOLVE=
RESOLVING POWER
RESOLVE = ALAG ALAG KRNA
THIS 3 WERE CRITERIA (JUST,RESOLVED ,UNRESOLVED
MAXIMA COINCIDE
WITH MINIMA
BITH MAXIMA COINCIDE WITH EACH OTHER
NO OBJECTS
HERE IT IS
DIFFRACTION
PATTERN KA
MAXIMA MINIMA
MAXIMA OF OBJECT IS WIDELY
SEPERATED
PRODUSED JUST REVOLVE IMAGE OR RESOLVE IMAGE
OF 2 CLOSELY SPACED OVBJECTS
RECIPROCAL OF THE SMAALEST ANGLE AT
WHICH IT RESOLVES THE IMAGES OF 2
CLOSEST IMAGES OF OBJECTS SUBTENDED AT
OBJ LENS OF TELESCOPE BY 2 DISTANT
OBJECTS
Resolving power of Telescope.
Limit of resolution
The limit of resolution (or resolving power) is a measure of the ability
of the objective lens to separate in the image adjacent details
that are present in the object.
It is the distance between two points in the object that are just resolved
in the image. ...
Shorter wavelengths yield higher resolution.
The resolution of the light microscope cannot be small than the half of the
wavelength of the visible light, which is 0.4-0.7 µm.
When we can see green light (0.5 µm), the objects
which are, at most, about 0.2 µm.
Resolving power
Angular resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device
such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye,
to distinguish small details of an object,
thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution
In visible light (at wavelengths near 500 nm) the combination of
the Hubble telescope plus its highest resolution
cameras achieve an angular resolution of about 0.04 arc seconds.
The human eye can resolve objects separated by about 40 arc seconds.
The human eye can distinguish the two objects as close as 0.1 mm
distance apart. So the resolving power of a human eye is 0.1 mm.
How to increase resolving power of optical Instrument.
Resolving power of telescope