CHAPTER 13
STATISTICS
NOTES
Measures of Central Tendency
1) Mean 2) Median 3) Mode
Types of Mean
1) Arithmetic Mean (A.M.)
2) Geometric Mean (G.M.)
3) Harmonic Mean (H.M.)
Devices to determine the Arithmetic Mean of a grouped data
1) Direct Method
̅= ∑
2) Assumed Mean Method (Change of Origin Method)
̅= + Σ , where = −
3) Step Deviation Method (Change of Origin & Scale Method)
̅= +ℎ
Derivation:
Let us consider a new variate vale such that = .
Now, =
⇒ .ℎ = −
⇒ℎ = −
⇒ ℎ = −
⇒ Σ ℎ =Σ −Σ
⇒ ℎΣ =Σ − Σ
⇒ ℎΣ = Σ − Σ
⇒ ℎ Σ = ̅− ×N
⇒ ℎ = ̅−
∴ ̅= +ℎ
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• Preparation of table to find A.M. by Direct Method
Class Frequency ( ) Mid-Value( ) .
• Preparation of table to find A.M. by Assumed Mean Method
Class Mid-value ( ) = !" − # Frequency ($ ) $.
• Preparation of table to find A.M. by Step Deviation Method
Class Mid-value ( ) − Frequency ( ) .
=
ℎ
)
$
Geometric Mean: % = (∏ )*
) ) $
Harmonic Mean: = ∑
+ *
Defect of Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean
The defect of geometric mean and harmonic mean are as follows:
(i) Inconveniences in calculating the numerical values.
(ii) Lack of versatility.
Note:
Arithmetic Mean is taken in most cases to represent the mean of the data because GM and HM have
the following disadvantages:
(i) Inconveniences in calculating the numerical values.
(ii) Lack of versatility.
Median
The median is the value of the variate such that half of the total number of variates have their values
less than or equal to it and the other half have their values greater than or equal to it.
*
/
.
• Formula: ,=-+ ×0 (for a grouped frequency distribution)
$
where, l = lower limit of the median class
N = size of the sample or population
c = cumulative frequency of the class just before the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = width of the median class
• Preparation of table to find Median of a grouped data
Class Frequency (f2 ) cumulative frequency
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Mode
The mode of a data is the value of the variate for which there is maximum frequency.
$ 5 $)
• Formula: ,3 4 = - + × 0 (for a grouped frequency distribution)
.$5 $) $.
where, l = lower limit of the modal class
6 = frequency of the modal class (frequency having the maximum value)
= frequency of the class just before the modal class
7 = frequency of the class just after the modal class
h = width of the modal class
• Preparation of table to find Mode of a grouped data
Class Frequency ($ )
Relation among the three measures of Central Tendency
Karl Pearson’s Emperical Formula:-
Mean – Mode =3(Mean – Median)
i.e. Mode = 3Median – 2Mean
Note:
In an ideal case (Normal Distribution), the mean, median and mode of a distribution coincide at
the same point.
Measures of Location (Or Partition Values Or Quantiles)
Some of the important Partition Values are
1) Quartiles 2) Deciles 3) Percentiles
• Quartiles: The values of the variate which divide the total frequency distribution into four equal
parts are called Quartiles.
There are three values of Quartiles. They are:
The first or Lower Quartile(8) ): The value of the variate such that one fourth of all the values of
the variate in the data have their values less than it while three fourth have their values greater than it
is called the first or Lower Quartile. It is denoted by Q .
The second Quartile (8. ): It is same to the Median.
The third Quartile (8; ): The value of the variate such that three fourth of all the values of the
variate in the data have their values less than it while one fourth have their values greater than it is
called the third or Upper Quartile. It is denoted by Q< .
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Combined Formula for Quantiles:
*
/
=
8 =-+ ×0 (i = 1, 2,3)
$
where, l = lower limit of the quartile class
N = sum of all the frequencies
c = cumulative frequency of the class just before the quartile class
f = frequency of the quartile class
h = width of the quartile class
• Deciles: The values of the variate which divide the total frequency distribution into ten equal parts
are called Deciles.
There are nine values of Quartiles.
Combined Formula for Deciles:
*
/
)?
> =-+ $
×0 (i = 1, 2,3, ........, 9)
where, l= lower limit of the decile class
N = sum of all the frequencies
c = cumulative frequency of the class just before the decile class
f = frequency of the decile class
h = width of the decile class
• Percentiles: The values of the variate which divide the total frequency distribution into one hundred
equal parts are called Percentiles.
There are ninety nine values of Percentiles.
Combined Formula for Percentiles:
*
/
)??
@ =-+ ×0 (i = 1, 2,3, ........, 99)
$
where, l=lower limit of the percentile class
N = sum of all the frequencies
c = cumulative frequency of the class just before the percentile class
f = frequency of the percentile class
h = width of the percentile class
Note: Median = 8. = >A = @A?
Preparation of tables for finding Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles are same to that of Medians.
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