ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
DESIGN

DR. MD. ZIAUR RAHMAN KHAN

PROFESSOR

DEPT OF EEE, BUET

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WHAT IS ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING?

Electrical engineering is a branch

of engineering that deals with the
study, design, and application of
equipment, devices, and systems
which use electricity, electronics,
and electromagnetism

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
Electrical engineers work in a wide
range of industries, including
• Energy and Power
• Telecommunications
• Computer industry
• Automotive industry

They design and develop electrical systems,

such as motors, generators, and wiring
systems, and also work on electronic circuitry,
power generation and transmission, batteries,
and control systems
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 WHY CIVIL ENGINEERS SHOULD KNOW ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
• The Interconnected World: Modern infrastructure
relies heavily on electrical systems.
• Safety: Understanding electrical hazards is crucial for
site safety.
• Holistic Design: Civil projects (buildings, bridges, water treatment plants)
integrate electrical components.
• Efficiency: Optimizing energy use in civil structures.
• Compliance: Adhering to electrical codes and standards.
• Collaboration: Effective communication with electrical engineers.
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 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS -
ELECTRICITY BASICS

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 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS -
ELECTRICITY BASICS

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 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS -
GENERATION

Role of Civil Engineers: Design and construction of power plant structures,

dams, wind turbine foundations. 7
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 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS -
TRANSMISSION

Components:
• Transmission lines (high voltage)
• Transmission towers/poles
• Substations (step-up transformers

Role of Civil Engineers: Tower foundation design, right-of-way planning,

structural integrity. 8
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 FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS -
DISTRIBUTION

Components:
• Distribution lines (lower voltage)
• Distribution transformers (step-down)
• Service drops
Role of Civil Engineers: Underground conduit design, RCC, Prestressed
concrete Pole, Pole placement, urban planning integration. 9
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

Components:
• Service Entrance
• Main Distribution Panel
• Branch Circuits Outlets & Fixtures
Purpose: Providing safe and reliable electrical power for lighting, HVAC,
appliances, and other systems 10
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS –
SERVICE ENTRANCE

Components:
• Service drop/lateral (connection to utility)
• Meter (measures energy consumption)
• Main disconnect switch
• Service entrance conductors
Civil Engineer Relevance: Coordination with utility companies, conduit routing,
structural support for meters. 11
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
MAIN DISTRIBUTION PANEL (BREAKER PANEL)

Components:
• Main breaker
• Individual circuit breakers
• Bus bars

Civil Engineer Relevance: Space allocation in architectural plans, fire safety

considerations around electrical panels.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
WIRING AND CONDUITS

Components:
• Cables
• Electrical Appliances
• Conduits
Civil Engineer Relevance: Coordination with structural elements, firestopping,
routing within concrete slabs or walls.
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 Classification of Wiring Systems

A process of connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy

from supplier’s meter board to home appliances such as lamps, fans and other
domestic appliances is known as Electrical Wiring.

The wiring system selected will depend to a large extent on the types of service
required.

Factors Affecting the Selection of Wiring

Durability, Safety, Appearance, Installation Cost, Accessibility, Maintenance Cost

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 Types of Internal Wiring

Cleat Wiring
This wiring comprises of PVC insulated wires or ordinary VIR (Vulcanised
Rubber Insulated) that are braided and compounded. They are held on walls
and ceilings using porcelain cleats with groves, wood or plastic. It is a temporary
wiring system, therefore making it unsuitable for domestic premises. Moreover,
cleat wiring system is rarely being used these days.
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 Types of Internal Wiring

Casing and Capping Wiring

It was quite popular in the past but it is considered obsolete these days due to
the popularity of the conduit and sheathed wiring system. The cables used in
this electric wiring were PVC, VIR or any other approved insulated cables.
The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures or plastic
casings and covered with a cap.

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 CTS or TRS or PVC Sheath Wiring

CTS - Copper Tubing Sheathed Cable

TRS - Tough Rubber Sheathed Cable
PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride Sheathed Cable

• The cables are run or carried on well seasoned, perfectly straight and well
varnished(on all four sides) teakwood batten of thickness 10mm, at least.
• The width of the batten depends upon the number and size of cables to be carried
by it. Battens are fixed to the walls or ceilings by means of gutties or wooden plugs.
• The cables are held on the wooden batten by means of tinned brass link clips
spaced at an interval of 10cm.
• This system is suitable for low voltage installations

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 Conduit Wiring

Conduit wiring system consists of either VIR or PVC cables taken through tubes or
pipes and terminated at the outlets or switches/sockets. The tube or pipe is known
as “conduit”. Conduit wiring may runover the surface of the walls and ceiling or may
be concealed under masonry work.

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 Conduit Wiring
There are two main types of Conduit Wiring which are as follows:
1. Surface Conduit Wiring.
2. Concealed Conduit Wiring.

This wiring is done on the outside of the wall obviously. Such wiring is known as
Surface Conduit Wiring. This is done by making a hole in the wall at equal
distances and fixing it with the help of a GI clamp. And by pulling the wire through
this pipe, it is given to the board and light, fan, or another consumer device.

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 Conduit Wiring

A plastic or metal pipe is concealed inside the plaster by drilling a hole in the wall
under this wiring. This wiring is called Concealed Conduit Wiring. These wiring
mouths are widely used nowadays. In this wiring, the pipe that is pressed inside the
plaster should be continuous and there should be no puncture or block. If a steel or
other metal pipe is used, it is necessary to give it some distance earthing. But
especially when it comes to the house, most of the PVC pipe is used.

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 Conduit Wiring

Electrical Systems in Buildings - Lighting Systems

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
LIGHTING SYSTEMS
A lighting system refers to the coordinated
arrangement of lighting components designed
to produce, control, and distribute light in a
space or for a purpose.

Type:
• Incandescent
• Fluorescent
• LED.

Civil Engineer Relevance: Structural support for fixtures, integration with ceiling
designs, daylighting strategies.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
LIGHTING SYSTEMS

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
HVAC ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
An HVAC system stands for Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

Function Purpose
Raises indoor temperature using
Heating
boilers, furnaces, or heat pumps.
Circulates fresh air, removes
Ventilation
odors, and controls humidity.
Cools indoor spaces and
Air
controls temperature and
Conditioning
humidity for comfort.

Civil Engineer Relevance: Coordination of large equipment placement, vibration

isolation, power supply requirements.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
FIRE ALARM & LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS
Fire Alarm & Life Safety Systems are
integrated technologies and protocols
designed to detect, notify, and respond to
emergency situations, especially fires, to
protect life and property.

Components:
• Smoke detectors,
• heat detectors,
• manual pull stations,
• alarm bells,
• strobe lights,
• fire control panel.
Civil Engineer Relevance: Egress path planning, structural integrity during fire,
coordination with architectural layouts for device placement.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
EARTHING (GROUNDING)
An Earthing system—also known as a grounding system—is a critical component of
electrical infrastructure that connects parts of an electrical system to the earth (ground).
Component Function
Metal rod or plate buried in soil to make contact
Earth Electrode
with the earth
Earthing Connects equipment or panels to the earth
Conductor electrode
Grounding Central point in switchgear for grounding multiple
Busbar components
Bonding
Ensure all metallic parts are at the same potential
Conductors
Housing for earth electrode with inspection cover
Earth Pit
for maintenance
Civil Engineer Relevance: Design of grounding electrode systems, soil resistivity
testing, ensuring proper connection to building steel.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
EARTHING (GROUNDING)
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) Structural Earthing refers to the method of
integrating the electrical grounding system with reinforced concrete elements of a
building—such as foundations, columns, or slabs—by bonding metallic
reinforcement (typically steel rebars) to the earth grid.

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
EARTHING (GROUNDING)
Factor RCC Structural Earthing Conventional Earthing
Integration with Embedded in existing RCC Separate installation—may need
Structure elements—space-saving additional space
Cost & Material Utilizes rebars already Requires separate earth rods, pits,
Efficiency present—cost-effective and conductors
Electrical Low resistance due to wide Performance varies with soil
Performance contact with moist concrete resistivity and depth
Durable—protected inside Can degrade in harsh soil or require
Longevity
concrete regular maintenance
Excellent fault current
Safety in High Fault Adequate in standard systems, may
dissipation for large-scale
Zones need reinforcement
facilities
Best suited for early-stage Suitable for retrofitting or external
Flexibility
construction installation
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS
A Lightning Protection System (LPS) is a network of components designed to safely
intercept, conduct, and dissipate lightning strikes.

Component Function
Air Terminals Positioned at high points to intercept lightning strikes
Down Conductors Safely carry lightning current from terminals to earth
Earth Electrode Dissipates current into soil through low-resistance
System connections
Bonding Electrically tie all metallic parts together to prevent side
Conductors flashes
Surge Protection Prevent voltage surges from damaging electrical
Devices (SPD) equipment

Civil Engineer Relevance: Structural integration of air terminals, routing of down

conductors, foundation grounding.
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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
ELECTRICAL PLAN
It is a type of technical drawing that
delivers visual representation and
describes circuits and electrical
systems.

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
ELECTRICAL PLAN
Step 1: Identify the power source (where the circuit starts).
Step 2: Follow the current flow from positive to negative (like
tracing a river).
Step 3: Recognize components using standardized symbols.
Step 4: Understand the purpose: is it a control circuit, lighting,
protection?

Tip: Use legend/key provided to decode symbols unfamiliar to

you.

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

BMS is a centralized system that

monitors and controls building
operations like HVAC, lighting, fire
safety, and security.
It uses sensors, controllers, and
software to automate functions for
efficiency and safety.

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 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS -
BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

BMS components must be planned before and

during construction.

Engineers need to consider:

• Space planning for cable trays, control
rooms
• Coordination with MEP engineers
• Energy efficiency targets

Good civil design enhances BMS performance

by enabling optimal layout and accessibility.

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION -
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV)
To set up a 1 MW solar power plant, the land requirement typically ranges between
3.5 to 5 acres, depending on several factors including panel type, layout efficiency,
and local climate conditions

Civil Engineer Relevance: Roof structural capacity for panels, flood protection,
foundation design for ground-mounted systems, land development, site layout,
Transmission line design 34
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 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION -
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV)
Task Purpose
Site Survey & Soil Testing Assesses terrain, load-bearing capacity, and environmental suitability
Foundation Construction Builds concrete pads, piers, or earth mounts for module structures
Trenching and Conduiting Lays underground paths for DC/AC cables and grounding systems
Mounting Structure
Assembles steel/aluminum structures for tilt and alignment of panels
Installation
Drainage & Earthwork Prevents waterlogging and supports erosion control
Perimeter Fencing &
Provides safety and access control
Security
Roads & Access Paths Enables vehicle and maintenance crew movement
Lightning Protection
Positions grounding rods and bonding points to enhance safety
Integration
Landscape & Environmental
Restores natural habitat if land is altered or cleared
Restoration

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 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION -
WIND POWER

Civil Engineer Relevance: Massive foundation design, site assessment for wind
resources, access roads, transportation logistics for large components.
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 RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION -
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
Component Function
Stores water and creates elevation difference
Dam
(head)
Reservoir Holds water for controlled release
Penstock Large pipes that direct water toward turbines
Converts water's kinetic energy into
Turbine
mechanical rotation
Converts turbine’s mechanical energy into
Generator
electricity
Control
Operates and monitors plant functions
Room
Spillway Releases excess water to prevent flooding

Civil Engineer Relevance: Dam design and construction, spillways, water flow
management, structural integrity of powerhouses.
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 SAFETY AND REGULATIONS –
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
It was estimated that more than 5,600 people die
due to burn and electrical injuries every year in
Bangladesh.
• Death due to Electrical injury 42% (2,352)
• Death due to other Burn injury 58% (3248)

Civil Engineer Relevance: Civil engineers may not design electrical systems, but
they’re deeply involved in environments where electrical risks exist—from construction
sites to building services integration.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Fire broke out at the warehouse of Minister Refrigerator of My One

Electronics at Dheerasram in Gazipur on 13/09/2019. Loss > 100 Cr
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Unsafe power connection

Nayeemul Abrar, 15, a nonresident student of class nine in
Dhaka Residential Model College, received electric shock from a
power generator set up behind a stage

Loss - Life
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DEFINITIONS
What is a Hazard?
Source with a potential to cause injury and/or ill health.
(Ref : ISO 45001-2017 Sec 3.19)

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DEFINITIONS
What is a Risk?
Combination of the likelihood of occurrence of a work-
related hazardous event or exposure(s) and the severity of injury
and/or ill health that can be caused by the event or exposure(s).
(Ref : ISO 45001-2017 Sec 3.21)

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DEFINITIONS

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DEFINITIONS
Which are Several Hazards?

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 Basic Hazards
Some of the hazards involved in working around electrical devices are
Shock/Electrocution, Arc Flash and Arc Blast
These hazards are present in any circuits over 50 volts.
Electricity can kill you but Most deaths are preventable
If a person is killed by getting shocked, then they are considered to have been
electrocuted.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) : In 2023, 2143 people died in
the industry of which 120 are from Electrocutions (5.6%)

What makes these statistics more tragic is that most of these fatalities and injuries
could have been easily avoided by using safe work practices such as making sure that
electrical equipment is locked out, tagged out, and deenergized.

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 GETTING SHOCKED
An electric shock occurs when current passes through the body. The current can
cause damage to muscles (including heart muscles), the nervous system, and other
parts of the body.
Getting shocked means your body is becoming part of the circuit. You become a
conductor because of the current running through your body.

Electric shocks can be harmless like getting shocked when touching a doorknob
after walking on carpet, or a shock can be deadly.

CASE-1: Touching a live wire (red, yellow, blue or black

wire) or live component and an electrical ground.

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 GETTING SHOCKED

CASE-2: Touching a live wire at one voltage and

another live wire at a different voltage or phase. e.g.,
Contact with both live wires of a 415 volt line will
deliver a shock.

CASE-3: Touching electrical components not

grounded properly and at the same time you are in
contact with the ground. e.g., if you are in contact
with a metal enclosure guarding live wires but not
grounded and also you are in contact with the
ground.
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 Getting Shocked

CASE-4: Touching or holding another

person who is receiving an electrical shock.

CASE-5: Power arcs can occur where there

are electrical energized parts. Sometimes it
is not necessary to touch an energized
conductor to receive an electrical shock. An
electrical arc may jump from a conductor to
a person and may give them shock.

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 Shock Can Occur Without Touching
Live Parts
Just as static electricity can shock you even before you touch a door knob,
electric currents can reach out and shock you if your body gets in a position that it
could become part of the circuit.
This is because, even though air has insulating values, it has its limits. If there is
enough voltage, the circuit can be completed just by going though the air.
Voltage Authorized Person Ordinary Person
Up to 1 KV 0.7 Meter 3.0 Meter
1KV to 6.6 KV 0.7 Meter 3.0 Meter
Minimum Approach 6.6 KV to 11 KV 0.7 Meter 3.0 Meter
Distance
11 KV to 22 KV 0.7 Meter 3.0 Meter
22 KV to 33 KV 1.0 Meter 3.0 Meter
33 KV to 66 KV 1.0 Meter 3.0 Meter
66 KV to 132 KV 1.2 Meter 3.0 Meter
132 KV to 220 KV 1.8 Meter 4.5 Meter
220 KV to 330 KV 3.0 Meter 6.0 Meter
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 Determinants of Shock Severity
5 milliamps is considered the limit for “harmless” current. Harmless does
not mean that the shock does not hurt, just that the shock should not
cause any lasting injury. (NEC)
The amount of time you are shocked also plays a role on how badly you
are hurt.
Even when you are dry, a 220‐volt outlet at your house can still shock you.

With wet situations, the 220‐volt outlets at your house have enough
current to kill you.
At 400 volts, a common voltage used in manufacturing, a shock can turn
into an electrocution and severely burn you as it kills you. In these
situations, you will not only die because of a shock across your heart,
your skin and internal organs will actually be cooked and charred.
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 ELECTRICAL FIRE HAZARD

How does fire occur?

Fire is an Exothermic Chain Reaction which starts and continues only
when three elements below are adequately available:
(1) Heat
(2) Oxygen, and
(3) Combustibles.
Absence or inadequate presence of one among the three above, called
Fire Triangles, will not cause a fire.

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 SAFETY AND REGULATIONS –
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to specialized gear worn by individuals
to protect against physical, chemical, biological, and electrical hazards in the
workplace.

Civil Engineer Relevance: Ensuring contractors adhere to safety protocols on site.

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 SAFETY AND REGULATIONS –
CODES AND STANDARDS
Bangladesh: Electricity Act, 2018/National Electrical Code (NEC) / IEC Standards: Sets
minimum requirements for safe electrical installations.
Building Codes: BNBC-Vol 3 Incorporate electrical safety provisions.
Local Regulations: Specific requirements based on jurisdiction.

Civil Engineer Relevance: Compliance during design and construction, understanding

implications for structural and architectural elements.
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 SAFETY AND REGULATIONS –
LOCKOUT/TAGOUT (LOTO)
LOTO is a safety procedure used to ensure that machines and equipment are properly
shut off and not started up again before maintenance or repair work is completed. It
involves physically locking energy isolation points and tagging them with warning
labels to prevent accidental activation.

Civil Engineer Relevance: Awareness of LOTO procedures on construction sites

where electrical work is ongoing.
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 CASE STUDIES- ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
Electrical Systems in a High-Rise Building:
Core design for risers, structural support for heavy electrical
equipment, coordination of MEP (Mechanical, Electrical,
Plumbing) services.

Electrical Infrastructure for a Smart City:

Urban planning, trenching for smart infrastructure, traffic
management integration, sustainable material selection.
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 CASE STUDIES- ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
Smart Grids & Energy Storage:
Infrastructure for battery storage facilities, grid
modernization projects.

Electric Vehicles (EV) Infrastructure:

Site planning for charging stations, structural design
for charging canopies, coordination with utility for
power supply upgrades.
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