Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management

MA 192001 - Tutorial 2
∞
1 X
(1) Use the generating function √ = Pn (x)tn to prove the following statements.
1 − 2xt + t2
n=0

(a) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x) (d) P2n (0) = (−1)n 1·3···(2n−1)

2n n!
(b) Pn (−1) = (−1)n (e) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) −
(c) P2n+1 (0) = 0 nPn−1 (x)
(2) If φ1 , φ2 , . . . , φn are orthonormal over [a, b], and if c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are real numbers, then show
Z b
that (c1 φ1 (x) + c2 φ2 (x) + · · · + cn φn (x))2 dx = c21 + c22 + · · · + c2n .
a
(3) Show that {sin nx : n ∈ N} is orthogonal over [−π, π].
(4) Express the following polynomials in terms of Legendre polynomials
(a) 3x2 + 5x − 6 (d) 7x4 + 6x3 + 3x2 + x − 6
3
(b) x + x + 1 (e) 5x4 + 3x3 − 6x2 − 2x + 3
(c) 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x − 6 (f) x2 + x + 1
(5) Use the Rodrigue’s formula to prove the following statements.
R1
(a) −1 Pn (x)dx = 0, n ∈ N (c) Pn′ (1) = n(n+1)
2
R1
(b) −1 xm Pn (x)dx = 0, m < n (d) Pn′ (−1) = (−1)n−1 n(n+1)
2
(6) (Least squares approximation) Let f be a square integrable function on [−1, 1], and let p(x)
Z 1
be a polynomial of degree n. Show that (f (x) − p(x))2 dx is minimum only when p(x) =
−1
2k + 1 1
Z
a0 P0 (x) + a1 P1 (x) + · · · + an Pn (x), where ak = f (x)Pk (x)dx for all 0 ≤ k ≤ n.
2 −1
R1 k
(7) If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 and if −1 x p(x)dx = 0 for all k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1,
then show that p(x) = cPn (x) for some constant c.
(8) Find the first three terms of the Legendre series of
(
0 −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 (b) f (x) = ex
(a) f (x) =
x 0<x≤1
Different formulas related to Bessel’s function Jn (x) of order n
∞
X (−1)m x (c) Γ(ν + 1) = νΓ(ν), ν > 0
(a) Jn (x) = ( )n+2m (d) Γ(n + 1) = n!, n ∈ N
m!Γ(m + n + 1) 2 √
Zm=0
∞ (e) Γ(1/2) = π
(b) Γ(ν) = e−x xν−1 dx, ν > 0
0

(9) Show that

(a) Jn (−x) = (−1)n Jn (x). d ν
(b) [x Jν (x)] = xν Jν−1 (x)
dx
d  −ν
x Jν (x) = −x−ν Jν+1

(c)
dx r r
2 2
(d) J 1 (x) = sin x and J− 1 (x) = cos x
2
r πx 
2
 πx r
2 sin x 2  cos x 
(e) J 3 (x) = − cos x and J− 3 (x) = − + sin x
2 πx x 2 πx x
1
 2
(10) Reduce the following equation as a Sturm-Liouville equation: (a)y ′′ + 3y ′ + 2y + λy = 0
(b)x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + λy = 0 (c)x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + (λ2 x2 − m2 )y = 0.
(11) Find all real numbers λ and corresponding nontrivial solution for each of the following
Sturm-Liouvolle problem.
(a) y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y(0) = y(ℓ) = 0.
(b) y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y ′ (0) = y ′ (ℓ) = 0.
(c) y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y(0) = y ′ (ℓ) = 0.
(d) y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y ′ (0) = y(ℓ) = 0.
(e) y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y(0) = 0 and y(ℓ) + y ′ (ℓ) = 0.
(f) y ′′ + 3y ′ + 2y + λy = 0, 0 < x < 1, y(0) = 0, y(1) = 0.
(g) x2 y ′′ + xy ′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < 2, y(1) = 0, y(2) = 0.
(12) Find all real λ for which the SLP y ′′ + λy = 0, 0 < x < ℓ, y(0) = y(ℓ), y ′ (0) = y ′ (ℓ) has a
nontrivial solution.
(13) Show that the functions (i) f0 (x) = 1, f2 (x) = 4x2 − 1, f4 (x) = 16x4 − 12x2 + 1, (ii)
f1 (x) = √ 2x, f3 (x) = 8x3 − 4x are pairwise orthogonal on [−1, 1] w.r.t the weight function
w(x) = 1 − x2 . (
−1, −π < x ≤ 0
(14) Show that the Fourier series of the periodic function f defined by f (x) =
1, 0<x≤π
∞
4 X sin(2n − 1)x
is .
π 2n − 1
n=1
π
(15) Show that the Fourier series of the periodic function f (x) = |x|, −π < x ≤ π is −
2
∞
4 X cos(2n − 1)x
.
π (2n − 1)2
n=1
(16) Find the Fourier series of the following periodic functions.
( 
1, −π < x ≤ 0 0,
 −π < x ≤ 0
(a) f (x) =
0, 0 < x ≤ π. (e) f (x) = −1, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2
 
1, π/2 < x ≤ π.

−π/4, −π < x < 0

(b) f (x) = 0, x=0 (f) f (x) = 1
( + x, −π < x ≤ π.


π/4, 0 < x ≤ π. x + π, −π < x ≤ 0
(g) f (x) =
( −x, 0 < x ≤ π.
0, −π < x ≤ π/2 2
(c) f (x) = (h) f (x) = x − x , −π < x ≤ π.
1, π/2 < x ≤ π.
( (i) f (x) = x2 , −π < x ≤ π.
−1, −π < x ≤ π/2 (j) f (x) = | sin x|, −π < x ≤ π.
(d) f (x) =
1, π/2 < x ≤ π.
x x x x 2





(17) Show that (1) a period of cos 3
+ sin 5 is 30π (2) a period of cos 3π + sin 5π is 30π
x x


(3) a period of cos 8 + sin 12 is 48π. (
0, −π < x ≤ 0
(18) Find the Fourier series of the periodic function f (x) = .
x, 0 < x ≤ π
(
0, −π < x ≤ 0
(19) Find the Fourier series of the periodic function f (x) = .
sin x, 0 < x ≤ π
(20) Find the Fourier series of the periodic function f (x) = ex , −π < x ≤ π and hence derive a
π
series for sinh π.
(21) Obtain the Fourier series of f (x) = e−x , −π < x ≤ π.