Crash Course Programme

Subject : Mathematics-D
Topic : Statistics
Course Teacher : Imam Hossain

Formulae

1. Mean (x ) :

(i) Mean =
x 
=
sum of numbers 
  (or sigma ) means “ the sum of ”
n  number of numbers 

=
 fx f = frequency (number of times that x occurs)
f
(ii) Combining Means:

If a set A, of size n1 has mean x1 and set B, of size n2 has a mean x2 , then the mean of the
combined

set of A and B is

n1 x1 + n2 x2
x = .
n1 + n2

lower class limit + upper class limit

2. Median:

The median of a series of numbers is obtained by arranging the numbers in ascending order and then
choosing the number in the ‘middle’. If there are two ‘middle’ numbers the median is the average
(mean) of these two numbers.
n
(i) When is not a positive integer, round the number up and pick the corresponding term.
2
= not a positive interger ( say 12.5)
n
[
2
 Median = 13 th term. ]
n
(ii) When is a positive integer, find the mid-point of the corresponding term and the term above.
2
= positive integer( say 12)
n
[
2

1
 12 th term + 13 th term
 Median = .]
2

(iii) Cumulative frequency: Add a column to the table showing the running total of the frequencies is

called the cumulative frequency.

3. Mode

The mode of a series of numbers is simply the number which occurs most often.

4. Histogram

Class

Class width

4.5 5 7 9 9.5

(lower class (lower class limit) (mid point) (upper class limit) (upper
class

boundary)
boundary)

(i) Class width = Upper class boundary - Lower class boundary.

(ii) (a) Frequency ∝ Area  Frequency = k  class width  frequency density ; where k = constant

frequency
(b) If k = 1 then Frequency density =
class width

(iii) (a) (class width same)

x-axis: Class boundary & y- axis: Frequency

(b) (class width not same)

x-axis: Class boundary & y- axis: Frequency density.

5. Bar Chart:

The length of each bar represents the quantity in question. The width of each bar has no significance
and all bars must have the same width. The bars can be joined together or separated.

6. Pie Chart:

f
Angle,  =  360o .
f
7. Frequency Polygon:

x-axis: Mid point & y- axis: Frequency

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8. Cumulative frequency curve or Ogive:

x-axis: Upper class boundary & y- axis: Cumulative frequency.

9. Quartiles or quantiles:

Lowest value Q1 Q2 Q3 Highest value

25% 25% 25% 25%

(i) Range = highest value – lowest value.

(ii) Lower quartile or first quartile ( Q1 ) :

n
(a) When is not a positive integer, round the number up and pick the corresponding term.
4
= not a positive interger ( say 6.25)
n
[
4
 Q1 = 7 th term. ]
n
(b) When is a positive integer, find the mid-point of the corresponding term and the term
4
above.
= positive integer ( say 4)
n
[
4
4 th term + 5 th term
 Q1 = .]
2

(iii) Median or second quartile ( Q2 ) . [It is already mentioned in the first page]

(iv) Upper quartile or third quartile ( Q3 ) :

3n
(a) When is not a positive integer, round the number up and pick the corresponding term.
4
= not a positive interger ( say 18.75)
3n
[
4
 Q3 = 19 th term. ]
n
(b) When is a positive integer, find the mid-point of the corresponding term and the term
4
above.
= positive integer ( say 18)
3n
[
4
18 th term + 19 th term
 Q3 = ].
2

(v) Interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile – lower quartile = Q3 – Q1 .

3
10. Decile:

i
(a) When n , where i = 1, 2, 3,…………., 9 is not a positive integer, round the number up and
10
pick
the corresponding term.
n = not a positive interger ( say 17.5)
7
[
10
 7 th decile, D7 = 18 th term. ]

i
(b) When n , where i = 1, 2, 3,…………., 9 is a positive integer, find the mid-point of the
10
corresponding term and the term above.
n = positive integer( say 14)
7
[
10
14 th term + 15th term
 7 th decile, D7 = ].
2

11. Percentile:

i
(a) When n , where i = 1, 2, 3,…………., 99 is not a positive integer, round the number up
100
and
pick the corresponding term.
n = not a positive interger ( say 21.75)
87
[
100
 87 th percentile, P87 = 22 th term. ]

i
(b) When n , where i = 1, 2, 3,…………., 99 is a positive integer, find the mid-point of the
100
corresponding term and the term above.
n = positive integer ( say 87)
87
[
100
87 th term + 88th term
 87 th percentile, P87 = ].
2

4
1. [June07/Q25/M7]

Answer: (a)(i) 125 < h  135 . (ii) 126 1 4 (b)(i) 11 cm (ii) 16.

2. [June09/Q9/M3]

5
Answer: (a)(i) 54 to 56. (ii) 28 to 30. (b) Mathematics and valid reason.

3. [June07/Q11/M3]

(a) Find the value of (i) p (ii) q

Answer: (a)(i) p = 40. (ii) q = 18. (b) rectangle, width = 30. ,height 0.4 .

4. [June04/Q9/M2]

6
Answer: (a) 10. (b) 8.

5. [June06/Q20/M4]

Answer: (a) 2.6 (b) -0.5 (c) -0.8

6. [June11(12)/Q20/M4]

Answer: (a) 20  n  40 (b) 37.5

7. [Nov11(12)/Q24/M4]

Find (a) the mode (b) the median (c) the mean.

3 8
Answer: (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1.6 or 1 or .
5 5

7
8. [Nov12(22)/Q6/M9]

2 32
Answer: (a) 158 (b)(i) (ii) .
5 149

9. [Nov11(12)/Q15/M3]

8
 7
Answer: (a) correct ruled line. (b) (c) 240.
15

10. [Nov07/Q10/M12]

Answer: (a)(i) 50300 g. (ii) 193g. (b)(i) 144 220 256 (ii) All 7 points plotted. 5 points plotted.
Smooth curve not grossly thick through all plotted points dep on P1 and ogive shape.(iii)(a) 190.0 to
197.5 . (b) Intention to read graph at 65 and 195. E.g. 152.5 to 157.5 and 230 to 235 seen. I.Q range =
72.5 to 82.5 . (c) 260 – 144 = 116 5(sacks)

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11. [June10(1)/Q7/M10]

Answer: (a) 3.45 hours .(b) 73,78. (c) Correct scale, points correct and smooth cure. (d)(i) 3.3 hours.
(ii) 2.5 hours.

12. [Nov06/Q11/M12]

10
Answer: (a)(i)30,,20,30,35,20,5 (ii) 40,60,90,125,145,150 (c)(i) 157.5 cm (ii) 149.5 cm (iii)16 cm

2 10
(d) (e) .
5 447

13. [Nov08/Q4/M7]

11
 1
Answer: (b) 5. (c) (d) 0.061, 0.0604
8

14. [Nov05/Q4/M10]

Answer: (b)(i) 2.(ii)1(iii)1.92 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.04 (e) 0.25 .

15. [Nov10(1)/Q6(a)/M3]

Answer: (i)2.25 (ii) 2

16. [June10(2)/Q11(b)/M5]

12
 7
Answer: (i) (ii) 60 (iii) 8.
60

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