13.

14 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

circular cone of base 40

Problem 20: Draw the projections of a right
(Fig. 22)
diameter and height 60 mm when resting with its base on hr.
1. Top view gives the true size of Apex O
the base. Hence, draw the top
view first.
Top view
2. Draw acircle abcd of 40 mm
diameter below XY. Center
of the circle o is the top view a' b'(d') C
X
of the apex and the axis. A d
3. Join oa, ob, oc and od to
represent the top view of the 40
generators. B

Front view
ABCD : Base
4. Draw a' b' c' (d'), the front OA, OC:End generators
viewof the base on XY. OB, OD, etc : Other generators
5. Mark o' 60 mm above XY.
Draw o' a' and o'c'. FIG. 22
 PROJECTIONS OF sOLIOS 13 23
Problem 40: (Fig. 35) Aright pentagonal
de 60 mm rests on one
of its
pyramid of base side 20 mm and
ontilthe highest corner in
edges of the base in HP, the base
being lifted up
it is 20 mm above HP
0'
Draw the projections of
the pyramid when the edge
on which it rests is made
perpendicular to VP. (UQ)
1. Draw the top view with
an edge of the base 1 to
XY. Project corres | p'
ponding front view.
2. Draw a locus line 20
mm above XY. Fix
the base edge point r
on XY. X
p' r(s) rl(s)
Draw an arc with r as
center and r p' as
radius to cut the locus
line at p'. S (s,)
Complete
second front view.
Project the Corres
ponding second top 20
view. Mark (si)& (ri).
FIG. 35

Problem 41: (Fig. 36)

hexagonal Pyramid of 26 mm side of o'
 second front view. p (s.)
Project the corres
ponding second
top
view. Mark (s1) & (r). 20

Problem 41: (Fig. 36) FIG 35

Ahexagonal pyramid of 26 mm side of
hase and 70 mm height rests on HP
on one of its base edges such that the
riangular face containing the resting II
edge is perpendicular to both HP and
VP. Draw its projections. (UQ)
1. Simple Position: Draw the [Link]
with the base on HP and one of the base
90°
edges perpendicular to VP. Project the X e')
front view. a'|(f) be) C|(d) a'(f)
2. Second Position: The triangular face d
AFO containing the resting edge AF
should be perpendicular to both HP 9z
and VP. Therefore, tilt the front view IV
so that the triangular face a'(f)o' is
vertical, ie., perpendicular to HP. b,
Complete the projections as shown. FIG. 36
 triang
long is lving with one cf its (UQ)
Draw its projections.
pyramid, side of base 25 mm and aeis te
55 mm
pentagonal
Problem 44: (Fig. 39) A HP such that its axis is parallelto VP. DraW
slant edges on
long. lies with one of its (UQ)
its projections.

First assume the pyramid to rest a'(b')

with its base on HP such that
one of its corners D is on the
right side and an imaginary line
connecting the corner with the (c')e'
center of base is parallel to VP. d'
a'(b') je'(c') d'
-Y
1. For this position draw, top X
C C,
view such that d is on right
b
side and imaginary line is
parallel to XY. Imaginary 25 d
line coincides with slant
edge od in top view. a,
IV

2. Project the corresponding D

e,
front view. Complete the
FIG. 39
final front and top views.
 Look lH arrow. The
its axis is parallel 50 mm 3. slant edge od, by dashed
So draw the
base and apex are
to the Vp line in final top visible. Slant edge o'd' is invisible.
view.
(UQ) Problem 45: (Fig. 40) A hexagonal prism, side of base 25
with one
long reSts of its base corners mm and axis 50
on
a' III to HP and its axis is parallel to VP. DrawHPitssuch that its base makes an angle of mm
projections. (UO)
(e') b t When the prism has to rest with one
edges of the base containing of its base corners on HP,
assume
while drawing the top view that corner make equal inclinations with that HP.
the two
So.
(d') of the prism in simple position,
(d')]c c connecting the center of the base with the corner should the imaginary line
be parallel to VP.
1. Simple Position
Assume the prism in simple
position, i.e., resting with
its base on HP and the
imaginary line o(4) parallel b'(f)
a' b(f) , (e')c' d'
IV to VP. Draw its topview.
b
FIG. 38 Project the corresponding 2'(6)
C(e')

front view, in which 4' is d

on right side.
30mm and axis 60 mnm 6 0 3 ( 5 ' )

A
2. Second (Final) Front View 2'(6) (5)3'
4
xis parallel to the VP. X
Tilt the front view such that e(5) 6. e.
(UQ) (6)}
4' is on XY and its base
makes 60° to XY and
5 mm and axis 55 mm
obtain the final front view.
d.
Darallel to VP. Draw (1)a d(4) I(4,)
IV
(UQ) 3. Second (Final) Top View b. C.
Project the corresponding (2)b |c(3) 2 3.
Now the 25
final top view.
XY in
axis is parallel to
a' (b') FIG. 40

thick
Draw boundary lines by
this view.
edges in the Second (Final) Top View: Edges a'l', a'b' and
and invisible direction of the arrow.
13.26 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

Problem 48: the proiections of acube of side 40 mm when it Peet.

(Fig. 41) Draw inclined at 30p
e gTound on one of its corners and a face containing that corner is
tothe ground and perpendicular to VP. (UQ)
1. The cube rests on one of
its corners with the base (s')
inclined at 30° to HP p' q(s) r

and the axis parallel to

VP. In this position, the
faces are equally inclined (d'
to VP. Draw the top |30°
view first as a square X C
with sides inclined at 45° a' b'(d') a'

to XY.
(d) S1 d
2. Project the corresponding
front view.
3. Tilt the front view about a r

the corner a' such that C (a,)

the base in inclined at
30° to XY, since it O40
makes 30° with HP.
FIG. 41 (b) 91 b
Thus obtain the final
front view. Pa()

4. Project the corresponding p'(t) q'(s)

 1. Sim
Problem 52: (Fig. 45) Drawthe projections of acone, base 30mm diameter aud Dra
axis 50 mm long, resting/on HP on a point of its base circle with the axis making an Cor
angle of 45° with HP and parallel to VP. (UQ) sar

Simple Position 2. Fi
I. When the cone has to rest with a point of its base circle on HP, first assume the cone in its Ti
simple position, i.e., resting with its base on HP and the axis perpendicular to HP. For this fr
position, draw the top view first and then the front view. in
2. Top view is a circle abcd in
which point c is on right side.
3. Front view is a triangle a' o' c' Prot
in which c' is on the right side. Dra
Also the axis of the cone is II
09 a
view
perpendicular to XY. dian
Second Position
III
heig
4. Cone has to rest with apoint of one
its base circle on HP, such that X a/ b':(d') 45
HP
its axis has to make =45° with to l
HP. Hence, tilt the first front
view such that c' is on XY and IV
1.
its base is inclined at 45, (i.e.,
90° - 0 ) to XY. Thus obtain
second front view with axis
lo(p) tp
inclined at 45° to XY. 30
5. Project the corresponding second b. 2.
top view in which the base is FIG, 45
seén as an ellipse and the axis is
parallel to XY. Inner portion
 13.34 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

Problem 65: A/square pyramid of base end 40 mm and axis

(Fig. 56) A pentagor

hving on VP on one of its triahgular faces with the plane containing the uxis 60 mm is 68. base on H

HP and 30mm above it. Drawthe projections of the pyramid. parallel to VP. Draw
(U0)
1. Simple Position A regular
First, draw the front D40 69.
C4 d The prism
View with the axis perpendic
IV
perpendicular to VP
and 30 mm above
Draw the
HP. Base is in VP. 70.
with its a
Project the Corres a
b'
ponding top view. a
X
(a)\d
71. A right
2. Final Position °/(b) (b)\C HPY inclined
Tilt the top view such on whic
that 60
one of its parallel
triangular faces is in
XY to obtain the final da) 72. A hexa
II
top view. of the
Project the Corres FIG. 56 corner
ponding final front and H
View. Mark the
d'
invisible sides as shown.
73. Draw
its ax
Problemn 66: (Fig. 57) 40
Ø
C a
A cone of base 40 mm (c}) 74. A per
diameter and axis on
50 mm long touches VP Draw
13.40 PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

PARALLEL TO BOTH HP AND

Vp
7.3 AXIS OF SOLID

Problem 83: (Fig. 62) A

square pyramid of 35 mm side and altitude 55 mm rete
HP with its
on one of its corners on
axis parallel to both HP and VP.
55
O35 s'
Two of the base edges are equally
inclined to HP. Draw the
projections when the base of the
pyramid lies on the left side. (UQ) ()

1. The axis of the pyramid is parallel LPPVP

X Y
to both HP and VP. Hence, the q" HP
side view gives the true shape. RightSide View
2. Draw the right side view of the
Pyramid as a square such that one
corner is touching XY and two base
edges are equally inclined to HP. (9)
3. Project the front view from the
right side view.
4. Project the top view, using the FIG. 62
Mitre Line construction as shown.

-X
Problem 84: (Fig. 63) A 55
hexagonal t
Stage III: Tilt th» S of views. Same
third and final set
Then draw the
and axis 50 (21) (31) is inclined a
square prism, side
of base 30 mm mm long. 6. In the final front vi
71) A its base in the HP ana inclined
Problem 101: (Fig. has an edge of at second front view.
at 60 to HP. I
has its axis inclined (UO) the second front viey
projections.
45° to VP. Draw its 7 Visible and Invisib
See Fig. (i). first assume it in its simple front viewby thick
Simple Position its base on H.P.
prism has to rest with an edge of of its base is perpendin.t
1. When the
on H.P. such that an
edge and l41 are visib
resting with its base of its base on HP For this
position, iie., prism about the edge 23
tilt the C is invisible. He
V.P. This is to enable to corresponding front view.
top view first. Then project the
position, drawthe front wias. invisible. Hence,
and on the right side. In the
Here in the top view, (2)(3) is perpendicular to XY
2.
the same edge 2' (3) appears as a point. Problem 102: (Fig
long has one of its st
d
a'(d")
a
slant edge on whic
appears to be inclin
a'(d') b'(c')
b(C') the observer than its

50

1/(4)
II 60

X
11 (4') 2'(3') 7602(3)
o 45°
(4)d c (3) 4, d (3,) C
XVP
HP ql(u)
K(3,)
o, (o,)
bl(2)
(1)a 1 b
30 a, (2,) (2,)
 ;a 2; and I, 4, by thick lines.
C is invisible. Hence, mark it as (c) in the
invisible. Hence, final front view.
draw (c()3,, (c() b and (c ) c|(31). cib and cd, are
d, by dashed lines.
Problem 102: (Fig. 72)
long has one of its slant A hexagonal
edges on pyramid, base 25 mm side
HP such that two of
slant edge on which it and axis 60 mm
its triangular faces
rests are
appears to be inclined at 45° to equally inclined to HP.
the observer than its VP Draw containing the
The top view
apex. its projections when its base isof the axis
nearer to
(UO)
III

09 (u) q u

VI
XVP (t')
HP p'
ql(u) rl(t)

45°

r
V
IV
 Problem 103: (ExerCIse) Draw The proje pyramid of 30) mm
side and heigh 60 mm, whenit is resting on one of its base edges. The axis is
30 with HP and the top view of the axis is making 45° with VP. making
(UQ)
Problem 104: (Fig. 73) Ahexahedron of edge 35 mm rests on HP on one of
i..
corners witha solid diagonal perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
a
(UQ) 0t
II
b' (d') b!
b'(d') C
II VI X
(1;)
2'(4) 2
HP 2(4) 3 3' 3;
(4))d
d. 1,

(1) a C
N(3,) 4,
C.
(3)

3 (3, d
b(2) 2. b.

IV
FIG. 73

1. Keep the hexahedron (cube) in simple position such that one

of the solid diagonals ()c Is 2. S
parallel to VP one of the square faces is on HP. For this position, draw the top view as a
square having edges equally inclined to XY. Thus,diagonal (1)c is parallel
2. Project the
to XY.
Problem 105: (Fig. 74) Draw the projections of acylinder, base 30 mm diamelor
and axis 40 mm long, resting with apoint of its base circle on HP such that the axis is
making an angle of 30° with HP and its top view perpendicular to VP. (UØ)
1 Simple position: See Fig. (i). First assume the cylinder, resting with its base on HP and
axis perpendicular to it. Draw top view and the corresponding front view.
 PROJECIONS OF SOLI0S 44

bd) C
a

C
(c;)
2
1
214) 330
30°
3
d(4) C

(1)a+ (3) a, 0, C. a
(0.

3.

b(2) 2. b,
2

()Simple Position (i) Second Position

FIG. 74 Final Position

a circle on
point of its base
has to rest with
The cylinder such that the point
Second position: See Fie. (i). tilt the front view
. with HP. Hence
its axis makes A= 30
XY. Thus obtain the second
HP such that 60 ie.90°-0) to
 mm Side rests with one of its
on of 40
face cotaining that edge edges Problemn 109:
(Fig. 77) PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
wiangular
softhe solid
is
inclined onat axis 50 mm long, resting on Draw the pro
HP ojections of a cone, buse 30 mm
1351

(UQ) an angle of
45° with HP and OR a point otits base circle with diameter and
(B) the axis making 45° with HP its top View mnaking an angle of (A) 30
the axis mnaking
and 30 with VP.
with Vp and
Case(A): When
the axis is
making 4s° with HP and its top view (UO)
Simple Position [Fig. (i)) 30° with Vp
b. L When the cone has to rest with
alb) a point of
simple position, i.e., resting its hbase circle on HP, first assume the cone in its
b position, draw the top view firstwith its base on HP and the axis perpendicular to HP. For this
andthen the front view.
2. Top view is a circle abcd in
a'o'c' in which c' is on the rightwhich point c is on the right side. Front view is a triangle
side. Also the axis of the cone is perpendicular to XY.
Second Position (Fig. (ii)]
3. The cone has to rest with a point
of its base
=45° with HP. Hence tilt circle on HP, such that its axis has to make 9
inclined at an angle of 45, (i.e.,the first front view such that c' is on XY and its base is
90 - 0) to Thus obtain the second front view.
(ii) 4. Project the corresponding second top view in XY.
which
Final Position FIG. 75 is parallelto XY. The inner portion of the ellinse the base is seen as an ellipse and the axis
b (c) d, between the tangents is shown
as dashed line.
Note: These tangents need not be any of the particular generators that
i.e., need not be oj bi or oj d,. have been chosen,
top vieus of an octahedron of edges
face makes 45° with VP. (UQ)
STEP VI

d (c;)

a/ b') c'
Y

a Jb; 30

C,) LOCUS
P, o(p) C
OF p
30 a.

b.