Module 2: AC Circuit Analysis

Lecture 12

Topics Covered:
o Steady-State Analysis of RL, and RC Series Circuits

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003]

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, MIT - Manipal
 RL Circuit
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑳
𝑹 Mathematical Representation

𝑉ത𝑅 𝑉ത𝐿 v(t) = Vm sin ωt

𝒗(𝒕)
i(t) = Im sin(ωt − ∅)
f = 50 Hz
∅ = phase angle between 𝑣 𝑡 and 𝑖(𝑡)

Graphical Representation Phasor Representation

𝒗(𝒕) Ref.
∅
Amplitude →

𝒊(𝒕) 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

∅ ∅ ∅ Current lags the

supply voltage
Time →
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 2
 RL Circuit
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑳
𝑹 Where,
𝑉ത𝐿 ഥ𝑅 = IR
V ҧ
𝑉ത𝑅
𝒗(𝒕) ഥ𝐿 = jIX
V ҧ L
f = 50 Hz
ഥ=V
V ഥR + V
ഥL

Impedance Impedance triangle

ഥ I(R
V ҧ + jXL )
= = R + jXL = Z ∠∅° Ω 𝒁
ҧI ҧI
𝐗𝐋
Z − Impedance of the circuit 𝝓
Where, 𝑹
𝐑 = |𝐙| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐗𝐋
−𝟏
𝐗 𝐋 = |𝐙| 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝟐𝐋 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐑
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 3
 Power Associated - RL Circuit
For RL load:

𝑄 = 𝐼 2 XL
𝑍

ҧ L
𝑉ത𝐿 = 𝐼X
XL ×𝐼 ×𝐼

𝜙 ϕ ϕ

𝑅 𝑉ത𝑅 = 𝐼R
ҧ P = 𝐼 2R
Impedance Triangle Phasor diagram Power Triangle
where, ഥ × Iҧ∗ = P + jQ
S=V
=(Vഥ × Iҧ cos ϕ) + j( V
ഥ × Iҧ × sin ϕ)
ഥ Iҧ
S= V Apparent Power (VA)
ഥ Iҧ cos ϕ
P= V Active Power (W)
ഥ Iҧ sin ϕ
Q= V Reactive Power (VAR)
P R
pf = power factor = cos ϕ = =
S Z
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 4
 Power Associated - RL Circuit
Instantaneous power,
Amplitude

𝑣(𝑡) 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
𝑖(𝑡)
= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 − ∅)]
0
Time (s)

∅
𝑝(𝑡) Average power,
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) T
1 Vm Im
Amplitude

P = න p t dt = cos ∅
T 2
0

Pavg = Vrms Irms cos ∅

0 cos ∅ is called the Power Factor

Time (s)
𝑝𝐿 (𝑡)

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 5

 RC Circuit
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹 C
Mathematical Representation
𝑉ത𝑅 𝑉ത𝐶
v(t) = Vm sin ωt
𝒗(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz i(t) = Im sin(ωt + ∅)
∅ = phase angle between v t and i(t)

Graphical Representation Phasor Representation

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
Amplitude →

𝒗(𝒕)
𝒊(𝒕)
∅ ∅ ∅ ∅
Ref.
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

Time → Current leads the

supply voltage
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 6
 RC Circuit
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹 C Where,
ഥR = IR
V ҧ
𝑉ത𝑅 𝑉ത𝐶
𝒗(𝒕) ഥC = −jIX
V ҧ C
f = 50 Hz
ഥ=V
V ഥR + V
ഥc

Impedance Impedance triangle

ഥ I(R
V ҧ − jXC ) 𝑹
= = R − jXL = Z ∠ − ∅° 𝝓
Iҧ Iҧ
Z − Impedance of the circuit 𝒁 𝐗𝐂

Where,
𝐑 = |𝐙| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
𝐗𝐜
𝐗 𝐜 = |𝐙| 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ 𝐙 = 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝟐𝐜 ∅= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝐑
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 7
 Power Associated - RC Circuit
For RC load
𝑅 ഥR = IR
V ҧ P = Iҧ 2 R
𝜙 ϕ ϕ

ഥC = Iҧ XC

𝑄 = Iҧ 2 X C
×I ×I
XC

V
Impedance triangle Phasor diagram Power triangle

where, ഥ × Iҧ∗ = P − jQ
S=V
= Vഥ × Iҧ cos ϕ − j( V
ഥ × Iҧ × sin ϕ)
ഥ Iҧ
S= V Apparent Power (VA)
ഥ Iҧ cos ϕ
P= V Active Power (W)
ഥ Iҧ sin ϕ
Q= V Reactive Power (VAR)
P R
pf = power factor = cos ϕ = =
S Z
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 8
 Power Associated - RC Circuit
Instantaneous power
Amplitude

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
𝑣(𝑡)
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 + ∅)]
0
Time (s)
∅ Average power
T
𝑝(𝑡) 1 Vm Im
P = න p t dt = cos ∅
𝑝𝑅 (𝑡) T 2
0
Amplitude

Pavg = Vrms Irms cos ∅

cos ∅ is called the Power Factor

Time (s)
𝑝𝑐 (𝑡)

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 9

 Illustration 1
A voltage of v = 200 sin 100πt is applied to a load having a Resistance of 200 Ω
in series with an inductance of 638 mH.

Estimate the following:

i) Expression for current in i = Im sin (𝜔𝑡 ± ∅) form
ii) Power Consumed by Load
iii) Reactive Power of the load
iv) Voltage across R and L

i) i = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 - ∅) = 0.7071 sin (100πt - 45.060 ) 𝐴

ii) P = 49.94≈ 50𝑊
iii) Q = 50 VAR
iv) 𝑉𝑅 = 100 V
v) 𝑉𝐿 = 100.21 V

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 10

 Illustration 2
A resistance of 120 Ω and a capacitive reactance of 250 Ω are connected in series
across an A.C. voltage source. If a current of 0.9 A is flowing in the circuit, find out
i) Power factor
ii) Supply voltage
iii) Voltage across resistance and capacitance
iv) Active power
v) Reactive power

1) 0.4327 leading
2) 249.5772∠ − 64.3580 V
3) 𝑉𝑅 = 108 V
4) 𝑉𝐶 = 225 V
5) P = 97.1928 W
6) Q = -202.498 VAR
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 11
 Summary
Terms RL RC
Supply voltage and current v(t), i(t) v(t), i(t)
Instantaneous voltage v(t) = Vm sin ωt v(t) = Vm sin ωt
Instantaneous current i(t) = Im sin(ωt − ∅) i(t) = Im sin(ωt + ∅)
Phasor Current lags the voltage Current leads the voltage
ഥ
V
Z=
Iҧ
Impedance Z = R + jXL ; Z = Z ∠∅° Z = R − jXC ; Z = Z ∠ − ∅°
XL XC
∅ = tan−1 ∅ = tan−1
R R
S=V ഥ × Iҧ∗ = P + jQ S = V × I ∗ = P − jQ
Apparent power (S) - (VA)
ഥ Iҧ
S= V
Active power (P) - (W) ഥ × Iҧ × cos ϕ
P= V
Reactive power (Q) - (VAR) ഥ × Iҧ × sin ϕ
Q= V
P R
Power factor (pf) pf = cos ϕ = =
S Z
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering [ELE 1003] 12