Student evaluation methods
- Continuous assessment: 20 marks
- Midterm (quizzes): 20 marks
- Practical: 20 marks
- Final: 40 marks
- Total: 100 marks
Syllabus
- Introduction
- Skin & fascia
- Bones & cartilage
- Joints & muscles
- Body systems ( lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, CVS, nervous,……….)
Human Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
Anatomy is subdivided into:
1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy: the study of structures of the
human can be seen without a microscope.
2. Histology (microscopic) anatomy: the study of structures can be
seen with the aid of magnification as the study of cells and tissues.
Methods of studying anatomy:
Anatomy can be studied following either a regional or a systemic
approach.
• Regional approach, each region of the body is studied separately
including the vasculature, the nerves, the bones, the muscles and
all other structures and organs located in this region.
Systemic approach, each system of the body is studied and
followed throughout the entire body.
Important anatomical terms:
The anatomical position:
The anatomical position is the standard reference position of
the body used to describe the location of structures.
The body is in the anatomical position when standing upright
with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward.
The palms of the hands face forward with the fingers straight
and together and the thumb directed laterally. The toes point
forward.
Anatomical Planes:
Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes
(median, sagittal, coronal, and transverse) that intersect the
body in the anatomical position:
1. The median plane, the vertical plane passing
longitudinally through the body, divides the body into
right and left halves. The plane intersects the midlines
of the body.
2. Sagittal planes, are vertical planes passing through the
body parallel to the median plane. It is situated in the
direction of sagittal suture of the skull.
3. Coronal planes, are vertical planes passing through the
body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the
body into anterior and posterior parts. It is situated in the
direction of coronal suture of the skull.
4. Transverse planes, are planes passing through the body
at right angles to the vertical planes, dividing the body
into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
Anatomical planes
Terms of position:
1. Anterior (or ventral): refers to a position of structures on the front of
the body.
2. Posterior (or dorsal): refers to a position of structures on the back of
the body.
3. Medial: refers to a position of structures nearer to median plane.
4. Lateral: refers to a position of structures away from median plane.
5. Intermediate: refers to a position of structure between medial and
lateral point.
6. Superior (or cranial): refers to a position of structures nearer to the
top of the head.
7. Inferior (or caudal): refers to a position of structures nearer to the
lower end of the body.
8. Proximal: refers to a position of structure nearer to the root of the
limb.
9. Distal: refers to a position of structure away from the root of the
limb.
[Link]: refers to a position of structure nearer to the surface of
the body.
Superior Median sagittal plane
Paramedian plane
Lateral
Medial
Posterior Anterior
Inferior
A
B
A
B
11. Deep: refers to a position of structure away from the surface of
the body.
12. Internal: refers to a position of structure nearer to the cavity of
the organ.
13. External: refers to a position of structure away from the cavity
of the organ.
Terms Related to Movement:
1. Flexion: indicates bending or decreasing the angle between the
bones.
2. Extension: indicates straightening or increasing the angle
between the bones.
3. Abduction: is a movement of a limb away from the median plane.
4. Adduction: is a movement of a limb toward median plane.
5. Circumduction: is a circular movement that is a combination of
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction occurring in such a
way that the distal end of the part moves in a circle.
6. Rotation: involves turning a part of the body around its
longitudinal axis,
There are 2 types of rotation:
Medial (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb
closer to the median plane, whereas lateral rotation (external
rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane.
7. Pronation: is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner
that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly.
8. Supination: is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the
pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face
anteriorly.
9. Inversion: is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in
a medial direction.
10. Eversion: is the opposite movement of the foot so that the
sole faces in a lateral direction.
abducti
on
abducti
on
Movements