UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)

Explain the systems of The Five Great Early China had

government Relationships employed feudalism.
employed by Chinese developed, Civil Service
dynasties and how emphasizing the idea examinations were
they developed over of Filal Piety – the introduced to select
time. duty of a son or government
daughter--The most officials—based off
important one being performance and not
the Father- son heredity. Bureaucrats
relationship – also were appointed from
influenced by a great the highest-scoring
sect of Confucianism. candidates. Mandate
of heaven was also
set up; right to rule
given by divine
source, but only
granted if ruler cares
for subjects, and ruler
is not limited to a
single family/dynasty
Explain the effects of Buddhism influenced Economic growth was
Chinese cultural the spread of a result of daimyo
traditions on East Syncretism- emerged interest in trade,
Asia over time. as a reform developing
movement of standardized
Hinduism, rejecting currency, and an
several major tenets. increase in
Chinese Sinification associations with
increased to Japan & workers. Regional
Korea- spread of art; Lords in Japan
heavy Buddhist collected taxes, Serfs
influence depicting and peasants lost
natural beauty of their status and
Japan, landscapes freedom, and were
with tiny human treated as property of
figures. In Korea, local lord because of
Buddhism became Chinese Sinification.
the state religion, and
Daoism also spread-
Chinese writing
system affected
Korea too.
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Explain the effects of The economy of Song Innovations were
innovation on the China depended on possible due to lots of
Chinese economy over free peasant and food and agricultural
time. artisanal labor. The movement.
use of Champa rice Innovations include
increased the high quality
population. The porcelain, utensils,
Grand Canal allows art (later diffused to
for crops grown South other cities), iron and
to easily transport steel made stronger,
North, porcelain and gunpowder in
silk are in high military battles,
demand, long moveable type: texts
distance trade and produced faster,
the Silk Road led to cheaper; advances
paper money. stimulated trade and
production
throughout the
Eastern Hemisphere.
Explain how systems Neo-Confucianism Monotheistic .
of belief and their reduced the role of traditions from 1200-
practices affected women in the Late 1450 developed and
society in the period Song Period. This led flourished, including
from c. 1200 to c. to the practice of foot Zoroastrianism,
1450. binding, which was Judaism, Christianity,
considered very and Islam. Similarities
attractive, and among these religions
physical confinement suggest that
in the household. Zoroastrianism had a
Philosopher Zhu Xi big influence of the
(1120-1200) wrote development of
the Family Ritual w/ Abrahamic religions.
Neo-Confucianism Christianity became
instructions stressing the dominant religion
personal behavior for in Europe, after
social harmony. originally being seen
as a sect of Judaism
Explain the causes Abbasid Caliphate: The rule of Islam,
and effects of the rise capital, Baghdad took which originated in
of Islamic states over control in 750, the Arbian Peninsula
time. Muslim Persians, in the 600s, spread to
Egyptians, India and Europe,
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Mesopotamians have leading to not only
positions of power. extensive trade, but
Focused on ruling also more diverse
their empire, variety groups, upping
of linguistics, cultural, interaction. Land-
religious, ethnic based trade and
groups, trade maritime trade
between China, India, facilitated the spread
and Sub-Saharan of Arabic, new crops,
Africa held empire trads, goods, ideas
together. Ulama (writing of the
(religious experts) Ancient Greeks).
and qadi (judges) These events also led
resolve local disputes to Islamic Golden
and set standards Age.
Explain the effects of Several agricultural Mansa Musa made a
intellectual innovation innovations because Hajj to Mecca in
in Dar al-Islam. of intellectual 1324, devastating
innovation developed economies that he
including the visited, while also
Moldboard, curved bringing back scholars
iron plate, allowed and architects. Due
deeper turning of soil, to this transmission of
crop rotation left half intellectuals, Dar-Al-
of the land Islam and its
uncultivated each intellectual
year to restore soil, innovation influenced
but limited advances in
productivity. The mathematics like
three-field system Algebra, Algorithms
left 1/3 of the land and Trigonometry,
unplanted. advancements in
Agricultural literature, and
improvements advances in medicine.
increased production, The transmission of
population growth, Arabic nu
and the size of urban
areas.
Explain how the There are several Hinduism impacted
various belief systems sects that the social structure
and practices of South represented and developed the
and Southeast Asia Patriarchy in Several caste system. Sacred
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
affected society over major sects of societal texts such as the
time. expectations in Vedas, origin of the
Hinduism, including universe and basis for
the Laws of Manu, the caste system,
called for respect Upanishads
towards women if (intellectual
they were subservient exploration,
to men. However, meditation, fasting)
they had no public and the Bhagavad
authority, and could Gita, which stated
not inherit property. how a man shall
This made society, reach his perfection if
especially where he performs his duty
Hinduism was on earth impacted
dominant, highly society by implying
patriarchal. what caste a person
was born into,
worked in, married
within, etc.
Explain how and why The Khmer Empire Song Dynasty rulers’
various states of (9th to the 15th agricultural
South and Southeast century – Southeast production and
Asia developed and Asia) was expansion. Canals
maintained power characterized by a helped transport
over time. powerful central products quickly, with
authority. The capital a continued reliance
city of Angkor on corvee labor. New
featured monumental discovered seeds
structures, including improved water
Angkor Wat, and the control, use of the
empire relied on an wheelbarrow and
extensive hydraulic terrace farming
infrastructure for began. – These
agriculture, as well as interactions with the
promoting their environment spurred
growth through the massive population
Silk Road Trade for growth and promoted
several cultural and the size of cities
innovational
exchanges.
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Explain how and why The rise of the Inca The Incan Religion
states in the Americas (founded by was Polytheistic,
developed and Quechua) was a emperor required
changed over time. result of Pachacutti pilgrimages to the sun
expanding the empire temple on Cuzco. –
from 1438-1471, and this led to the
building Machu concentration of
Picchu, and expansion power in the capital.
continued after his Human Sacrifices
death through occurred, and their
practice of split religion was also
inheritance. The head influenced by
of Inca was animism – the belief
considered almost a in spirits inhabiting
God, divided empire both animate and
into four provinces, inanimate objects
and it was run by a including mountains,
bureaucracy of rivers, lakes, etc. that
nobles. Leaders of the were considered
conquered peoples Huacas, including
could keep positions, Machu Picchu
but only if they
remained loyal to the
Inca, Mit’a System
was their rotational
draft system
Explain how and why States in Africa Cross-Saharan trade
states in Africa increased in wealth routes facilitated
developed and due to trade, and economic interactions
changed over time. rulers saw the between North Africa
opportunity to and Sub-Saharan
expand power – Africa, contributing to
increasing the power the rise of powerful
in city-states. empires such as
Zimbabwe (1100s- Ghana, Mali, and
1400s) obtained Songhai. Coastal and
wealth and power inland states engaged
from trade, expanded in trade along the
interior of East Africa. Indian Ocean,
Great Zimbabwe also connecting Africa
encouraged long with the Middle East,
distance trade with Asia, and even
Europe. Swahili city-
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Persia, China, and states and the Great
India. Zimbabwe Kingdom
were influenced by
this trade.
Explain how the Eastern-Orthodox As a result of a
beliefs and practices Christianity in motive to spread
of the predominant Byzantine culture had Christianity
religions in Europe lots of creativity in throughout Europe,
affected European architecture, technology of the
society. including the Hagia European Exploration
Sophia. Richly colored developed. Examples
mosaics were of this include the
designed in a distinct innovation of Lateen
Byzantine style – sails, astrolabe
rulers used this (determine latitude),
monumental the sternpost rudder
architecture to and the magnetic
maintain and compass (from
legitimize their rule, China). This allowed
more examples being mariners to learn
the use of more about ocean
Iconography and winds and currents
Illuminated and make new
manuscripts. accurate maps –
originating from the
motive to spread
their belief system.
Explain the causes The decentralization In terms of
and consequences of in Europe was caused Urbanization and the
political by several invasions, rise of European city-
decentralization in specifically by the states, the economic
Europe from c. 1200 Seljuk Turks. As a revival and growth of
to c. 1450. result of political trade led to the rise
decentralization, of prosperous urban
Manorialism and centers. Some cities,
Feudalism were like Venice, Florence,
introduced, and and Genoa, became
involved a powerful city-states
decentralized with significant
structure where local autonomy,
lords held significant challenging
power over their traditional
 UNIT 1 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
territories. The monarchical
allegiance of vassals authority.
to lords created a
fragmented political
landscape.
Explain the effects of Europe made tons of American explorers
agriculture on social money off its encountered Native
organization in agriculture, with the (who relied on
Europe from c. 1200 reliance on slaves and hunting and
to c. 1450. serfs to work their gathering) and
land – typically Europeans seeking
through free or fertile land, displaced
coerced labor. them and claimed it
Oftentimes the as their own. This
higher-class was able caused conflict
to bribe the serfs to between the Natives
work their land in & Europeans for land
return for protection control, and conflicts
against barbarian among settlers.
invasions, enforcing Socially, Europeans
social hierarchy. and Natives tend not
to mix; Latin America
classes reflect mixed
ancestry.
Explain the While Song China While the Swahili The Mali Kingdom as .
similarities and used a large Coast was very well as the Abbasid
differences in the bureaucracy to rule, interconnected to its Caliphate used the
processes of state Japan was very feudal trade routes, religion of Islam to
formation from c. and regional. Western Europe took unite with people and
1200 to c. 1450. a longer time to make more positive
modernize because it connections.
did not have access to
these land-based - Both
trade routes. Christianity
and Japan
saw several
divisions in
their faiths
which caused
religious and
political
conflict
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Explain the causes During the Pax Because of the
and effects of growth Mongolia, the expansion of the
of networks of Mongol Empire, led Indian Ocean Trade,
exchange after 1200. by Genghis Khan, had there were several
dominant control advancements in
over the Silk Road maritime
trade and other trade technologies. This
routes that were included lateen sails,
rarely used since the dhow ships, and the
Classical Era. During astrolabe. All these
this time, Chinese technological
and Islamic scholars innovations aided in
had constructed the the expansion of
new Mongol capital maritime trade and
at the Karakorum. allowed travelers to
better navigate the
monsoon winds.
Explain the process of In terms of the When the Mongol
state building and Mongol Empire, Empire established
decline in Eurasia over there was a highly themselves to be
time. centralized political powerful, the Pax
system implemented Mongolica occurred,
by Genghis Khan and which was a time of
his successors. He relative stability and
implemented a legal security. This was also
code that was called a time known for its
the Yassa, and it religious syncretism.
governed various Mongol rulers Tolui
aspects of life, and Kublai Khan were
including trade, known for their
military discipline, religious tolerance
and social conduct. during the empire’s
Genghis Khan’s expansion. They were
leadership was also able to promote
based off meritocracy Islam, Nestorian
– meaning individuals Christianity,
were promoted based Buddhism, and
on skills and loyalty Daoism, especially in
rather than social the Yuan Dynasty.
status or connections.
Because of the
Mongol’s success,
Genghis Khan’s
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
armies were much
more efficient
compared to the rest
of the world. At the
end of the 13th
century, the empire
fragmented and
formed khanates,
each of them being
ruled by a different
khan as opposed to it
being under the
leadership of one
great khan. As the
Mongols conquered
more territory across
Eurasia, they
conquered the non-
Mongol Central Asian
Pastoral Peoples,
China (collapsing
Song Dynasty), and
destroyed the
Abbasid Caliphate in
the Middle East.
Explain how the The expansion of the The Pax Mongolica
expansion of empires Islamic Caliphates, facilitated trade and
influenced trade and particularly through cultural exchanges
communication over the Golden Age of across Eurasia. The
time. Islam, led to a lot of control that the
artistic achievements Mongol Empire had
that reflected the over a vast amount of
cultural interaction of territory encouraged
the Islamic World a lot more economic
through trade. Islamic activities across the
calligraphy became a Silk Road. In fact, the
highly developed art Mongols
form, and Illuminated implemented policies
Manuscripts became to promote trade as
extremely popular. they expanded,
The Islamic world was including the
also able to excel in reduction of tolls and
the production of taxes on merchants.
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
carpets and textiles. – encouraged greater
Textile production participation in long-
centers in Spain, distance trade
Central Asia, and the They also had
Middle East improved
contributed to more infrastructure (built
flourishing trade in bridges and repaired
artistic textiles. roads) and increased
communication
systems with the Yam
System.
Explain the During the Golden When the Mongol
significance of the Period of trade -- Empire had a policy
Mongol Empire in Marco Polo’s travels, to send skilled people
larger patterns of there was lots of to all different parts
continuity and cultural exchange of of the empire, the
change. art and literature in spread of
the Yuan Dynasty. technological
Examples of this advancements had
would include: The increased. Some
incorporation of examples would be
Buddhist Art, the the Advancement of
translation of Central Medical Knowledge
Asian literary works (From Greek and
into Chinese, and Islamic scholars to
integration of Daoist Western Europe), and
and Confucian the Adoption of the
Philosophical Uyghur script, which
elements. allowed them to write
their own language.
Explain the causes of A main cause of the One cause of the
the growth of growth of the Indian growth of the Indian
networks of exchange Ocean Trade Ocean trade network
after 1200. Network (IOTN) was due to
would be innovations technological
in commercial advancements that
practices. Mercantile benefitted the safety
practices made and efficiency of
Money economies maritime trade. The
and the ability to buy Magnetic compass
items of credit more allowed sailors to
convenient during know where they
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
trade, increasing the were going for sure,
use of these routes. and the astrolabe, a
There was also tool used to measure
economic appeal in stars for the purpose
the means that the of recognizing
IOTN facilitated the location. Additionally,
movement of both the use of lateen sails
essential and high and knowledge of the
luxury goods, and a monsoon winds were
lot of goods were also benefitting
facilitated by the navigation.
Ming Dynasty,
contributing their
items to a better
economic prosperity.
Explain the effects of diasporic Malacca became very
the growth of communities rich because of the
networks of exchange expanded because of growth of the IOTN
after 1200. the growth of the because the Strait of
IOTN. In the Indian Malacca was located
Ocean region, at an admirable place
diasporic Chinese of the trading
communities network—being an
established entrance and exit to
permanent the routes. They
communities in increased their
Southeast Asia, and wealth through
Arab and Persian methods of taxation,
diasporic taxing ships before
communities did the they arrived in the
same thing in East IOTN, which boomed
Africa. This led to the their economic status.
exchange of religion
and literature in
addition to the goods
that were exchanged
in the trade routes.
Explain the role of In the Silk Road Environmental factors
environmental factors network, harsh contributed to the
in the development of climate civilizations diffusion of new crops
networks of exchange were linked with to various regions. An
warm climate example of an
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
in the period from c. civilizations. This agricultural transfer
1200 to c. 1450. allowed the exchange would be Bananas to
of steppes exports Africa. Bananas were
along with first domesticated
agricultural and over Southeast Asia,
manufactured items. but thanks to
In the Indian Ocean merchants crossing
Trade, gaining over the Indian
knowledge to Ocean, they were
maritime travel introduced to Africa.
allowed people to Additionally, Lush
navigate and work rainforests in sub-
with the monsoon Saharan Africa
winds. In the Trans- provided good
African trade, each conditions for the
region contributed growing of the
different goods due bananas. This
to their agricultural
environmental achievement was very
conditions. For important because it
example, South Africa caused the diets of
grew crops, made people to expand,
textiles, and mined leading to population
gold due to the state growth.
of its region.
Explain the causes One cause of the One cause of the
and effects of the growth was due to growth of trans-
growth of trans- the desire for gold. As Saharan trade was
Saharan trade. a result, new political due to innovations in
structures taxed transportation
merchants and were technology. The
able to grow their introduction of the
wealth from trade: use of the Arabian
Ghana, Mali, and Camel made it so
Songhai. New urban merchants could
and commercial travel more safely
centers were also across the desert. The
able to flourish in use of camel saddles
areas such as Jenne, also flourished, and
Timbuktu, and Gao, caravanserai were
also induced also established along
hierarchy in West trading routes to act
African Civilization.
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
as a rest stop for
merchants.
Explain how the The growth of the Mansa Musa’s hajj to
expansion of empires Trans-Saharan trade Mecca injected an
influenced trade and network also led to immense amount of
communication over the growth of power gold into the Egyptian
time. within empires. The economy that the
most notable one is value of existing gold
the empire of Mali. plummeted. He was
Due to religious and able to do this
economic because Mali had
connection, Mali’s become very rich by
empire grew participating in the
exceedingly wealthy Trans-Saharan
and were able to up network. He induced
their taxation in a massive caravan
methods. So, Not of camels, horses,
only did Mali’s empire soldiers, and slaves,
export goods of their while inadvertently
own, such as gold, devastating
but they also gained economies that he
wealth by taxing visited. Additionally,
merchants that were he brought back
entering the trade scholars and
routes, expanding the architects due to his
wealth overall in their immense wealth,
empire. having an estimated
net worth of 400
billion.
Explain the Culture and Scientific and
intellectual and technology had Technological
cultural effects of the influences on where transfers also
various networks of they arrived due to flourished through
exchange in Afro- trade networks. The various networks of
Eurasia from c. 1200 cultural transfers, exchange. For
to c. 1450. such as the exchange example, Chinese
of belief systems, papermaking
allowed Buddhism to technology spread to
spread from India to Europe by the 13th
East Asia along the century along with
Silk Roads. However, moveable type which
to make the Buddhist was adopted by
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
teachings intelligible Europeans and led to
to Chinese an increase in
populations, literacy. Another
merchants and monks significant transfer is
had to explain them the spread of
in terms of Chinese gunpowder thanks to
Daoism, an the Mongols. This
indigenous belief to was adapted by
China. This resulted in Islamic empires and
religious syncretism, later European states
where Buddhism and
Daoism came
together to form
Chan-Buddhism.
When Buddhism
came to Japan,
another reform
movement was made
known as Zen-
Buddhism.
Explain the A big environmental An agricultural
environmental effects effect on networks of transfer due to the
of the various exchange would environment would
networks of exchange include the transfer be the exchange of
in Afro-Eurasia from of diseases. The Champa Rice. This
c. 1200 to c. 1450. spread of the Bubonic was introduced to
plague, which was China from the
mainly spread by the Champa Kingdom in
Mongols, erupted in Vietnam. Because it
Northern China and could mature quickly
traveled rapidly and be harvested at a
through the Silk fast rate, it led to
Roads and the Indian increased population
Ocean trade due to this
network. In the sustainable food
Middle East, the source. Another
plague killed nearly transfer is the
1/3 of the population, transfer of Citrus
and about ½ of the fruits through Muslim
population in Europe. traders into Europe
via the
Mediterranean Trade
routes, spreading
 UNIT 2 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
throughout the
regions of Europe and
North Africa.
Explain the There was an In terms of exchange
similarities and immense exchange in of different goods,
differences among cultural transfers that the Silk Road was
the various networks had similarities and known for the trade
of exchange in the differences. For of Silk, spices and
period from c. 1200 to example, Buddhism precious metals, but
c. 1450. was spread through the Indian Ocean
the Silk Roads, network was known
Hinduism was spread for the trade of spices
throughout the (a similarity), textiles,
Indian Ocean, and and more luxury
Islam spread in Trans- goods. For both
Saharan trade routes. trading networks,
In conclusion, the commercial practices
networks were all impacted their trade.
important in cultural For example,
exchange and innovations in new
interactions between forms of credit,
different societies. caravanserai, and the
development of new
money economies
helped trade flourish.
 UNIT 3 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Explain how and why Gunpowder empires A main cause of the
various land-based were land-based and expansion was
empires developed were all expanding through the
and expanded from geographically at the advancement of
1450 to 1750. time. The Ottoman gunpowder weapons.
empire was a Muslim Much of
empire that ruled Southwestern Europe
over parts of Europe, and Anatolia was
Asia and Africa, under Ottoman
known for a control, but one of
sophisticated system the biggest
of government and achievements due to
administration. The the advancement of
Ottomans adapted gunpowder weapons
and integrated under the Ottoman
Islamic institutions Empire was the Sack
into their of Constantinople,
administrative which was then
system, so the named Istanbul in
empire’s early rulers 1453.
had established a
close connection with
Islamic scholars and
jurists, allowing them
to incorporate the
Sharia law into the
legal system. This
helped legitimize the
rule of the Ottomans
among their Muslim
(the majority)
subjects
Explain how rulers The Safavid Empire The Safavid rulers,
used a variety of used religious especially the Shah
methods to legitimize authority to Abbas, patronized the
and consolidate their legitimize their rule. arts and architecture.
power in land-based They established Shia Isfahan, which was
empires from 1450 to Islam as their state the new capital,
1750. religion. The religious underwent the
hierarchy, including construction of
the ulama (Islamic mosques, palaces,
scholars) played a and public buildings.
crucial role in Safavid All these
 UNIT 3 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
administration, The achievements
Shahs sought the reflected a blend of
support of the clergy Persian, Islamic, and
to legitimize their Central-Asian
rule, and in return, influences, and they
the ulama influenced were able to project
state policies. the image of a
powerful and
sophisticated empire.
Explain continuity and Christianity had been To fund building
change within the the dominant belief projects that aided in
various belief systems system in Europe religious validation,
during the period since the 4th century. such as Saint Peter’s
from 1450 to 1750. However, a massive Basilica, the church
split occurred the began the Sale of
church, leading to Indulgences
two sects of (forgiveness of
Christianity: Eastern punishment from past
Orthodox Church, sins). Another
which remained corruption point can
dominant in the East, be seen through
and The Roman Simony, which was
Catholic Church, this the selling or
is known as the Great purchasing of church
Schism of 1054, offices. Both factors
boosted the church’s
economic status
because of the
corruption of the
Papacy and Church.
Compare the methods In terms of social In terms of
by which various hierarchy, the Quing differences in
empires increased Dynasty had a administrative
their influence from restrictive policy on systems, the French
1450 to 1750. Han Chinese, and the Empire implemented
Spanish Empire the Divine right of
mainly used the Casta Kings, and Songhai
system – both Islam implemented
empires had a form of the Mandate of
social hierarchy based Heaven – meaning
on race and culture. that both systems
However, some were based off of
UNIT 3 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
empires had a social religious justification.
hierarchy based off On the other hand,
religion. Examples of the Ottoman empire
this would include the implemented the
Ottoman Empire’s Devshirme system,
use of the Millet and Japan recruited
System, and the Samurai warriors,
Mughal empire using meaning that these
the Zamindar/Rajput two systems’
system. administrative
systems were based
off military elites.
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Explain how cross- Europeans were able In terms of
cultural interactions to adopt Maritime advancements that
resulted in the Technology Examples were innovated by
diffusion of of this include the the Europeans, they
technology and Magnetic Compass, succeeded
facilitated changes in which was first dominantly in
patterns of trade and developed in China, shipbuilding because
travel from 1450 to and used for of the knowledge
1750. reckoning direction. adopted from other
They adapted cultures. Examples of
Astrolabe, which these innovations
determined latitude include the Caravel –
and longitude. from Portugal, which
Another notable were nimbler on the
technological water due to their
adoption would be size. Another example
the Lateen sail, a is the Carrack – also
triangular-shaped sail from Portugal, which
developed by Arab was much bigger for
Merchants that could the purpose of world
take wind on either domination through
side. The last most trade. The last more
notable achievement notable one is the
is the adoption of fluyt – from the
astronomical charts, Dutch, which was
which had updated implicitly designed for
diagrams of stars and trade; they could hold
constellations. It is more cargo and
notable that these required smaller
were not INNOVATED crews.
BY EUROPE but
ADOPTED BY EUROPE
THROUGH TRADE,
which puts this in the
economic box.
Describe the role of Because of the role of The Dutch were some
states in the states in the of the first Europeans
expansion of expansion of to trade and explore
maritime exploration maritime with the East Indies,
from 1450 to 1750. exploration, the established colonies
Spanish were the first and trading posts in
Europeans to explore what is now present-
and conquer the day Indonesia,
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
Americas, and it Singapore, and
began with the Malaysia. The Dutch
voyage of obtained a significant
Christopher amount of economic
Columbus in 1492. growth due to the
They were able to trading of gold,
establish colonies in spices, and other
both Central and important valuables.
South America,
gaining a lot of wealth
and power through
exploiting labor and
natural resources
found within these
regions.
Explain the economic As a result of There were several
causes and effects of economic motivation economic motivations
maritime exploration and the that influenced
by the various acknowledgement maritime exploration.
European states. that they would gain In Portugal, Prince
significant wealth by Henry became
establishing colonies intrigued by the
and trading posts in riches that
the regions, The surrounded the Trans
French underwent Saharan Trade
the exploration of Network, mainly
North America. They through the theme of
were also among the gold. He also gained
first Europeans to an interest in spices
explore the Arctic that were transferred
regions--In 1534, through the routes.
Jacques Cartier led an As a result, he
expedition to the developed a trading
Arctic. This led to the post empire around
desire for more Africa and eventually
exploration and led to around the Indian
the French claiming Ocean. To establish
territory in Africa – colonies, the
led by French Portuguese had the
explorers Henry de economic strategy of
Tonti and Rene- establishing self-
Robert Cavelier. sufficient trading
posts to facilitate
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
trade and make more
money.
Explain the causes of Because Christopher Cash cropping had
the Columbian Columbus set sail to developed, which was
Exchange and its what he considered a method of
effects on the Eastern “the new world”, agriculture in which
and Western contact was made, it food is grown
Hemispheres. was because of this primarily for the
momentous contact export to other
between the new places. They were
world and the old able to do this by
world that the implementing
Columbian exchange coerced labor on
began to occur. One their plantations. An
effect of the example of this would
Columbian Exchange be sugarcane being
is the transfer of grown in Caribbean
diseases, including colonies, where
Malaria which was enslaved Africans
given by mosquitoes - performed the
-introduced to the laborious efforts,
Americas by enslaved while the sugar was
Africans. Another exported to markets
example is Measles— in Europe and the
spreading in densely Middle East.
populated areas. The
most notable is
Smallpox, which
some indigenous
people referred to as
the Great Dying.
Explain the process of The Portuguese were The Spanish
state building and the first people to conquistadors
expansion among explore Iberia (Dias brought down the
various empires and de Gamma, Prince Aztec and Inca
states in the period Henry, etc.) and empires within the
from 1450 to 1750. created a maritime span of just a few
empire, which was decades. Hernan
controlled by the Cortes and his troops
Indian Ocean Trade brought disease to
by the 16th century. these regions. As a
They also established result of the Aztec
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
colonies in Caribbean and Inca decline from
and Brazil to cultivate diseases, Cortes was
and process able to establish the
sugarcane. The Spanish capital of
Spanish were the first Mexico City.
to sail West.
Conquistadors
pursued gold, glory,
and God, and
colonized Manila,
establishing a hub of
silver trade.
Explain the There were a few The two most notable
continuities and different labor changes in labor
changes in economic systems used in this systems include the
systems and labor period, which also encomienda system –
systems from 1450 to contributed to which involved
1750. societal conditions. tribute labor in
Slaves at the time exchange for
typically worked in protection and
the Americas and religious instruction
Africa, with the and the hacienda
expectation of system -- which was a
harvesting cash crops, system of agricultural
working in estates developed by
plantations, and Spanish empire in the
maintaining homes. Americas. There was
Serfs, typically also Chattel slavery -
located in Europe and which was mainly
East Asia, had the Indigenous
societal expectation populations, but later
of working the farm became Africans:
of the lords, tied to enslaved as property.
the land with little to Indentured servitude
no legal protections was used primarily in
North America, and it
acted as a form of
debt bondage in
exchange for
freedom. Later, the
Repartimiento
replaced encomienda,
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
and was based off
mit’a in Peru.
Explain changes and The casta system was The Atlantic Slave
continuities in a hierarchal social Trade became very
systems of slavery in structure that was profitable due to the
the period from 1450 implemented in demand for cheap
to 1750. Spanish colonies in labor. Africa was
the Americas – this targeted for labor in
was a system based the Americas because
on racial and ethnic Indigenous
categories, which populations were
shaped labor systems. dying from the spread
The main groups of of diseases from the
the casta system Columbian exchange.
included the As the slave trading
Spaniards, people of system expanded,
mixed race, mestizos, slaves were captured,
indigenous peoples, and then crammed
and African slaves. onto ships for the
Middle Passage
journey across the
Atlantic.
Explain how rulers England, Spain, and England’s colonies
employed economic Portugal practiced provided the nation
strategies to mercantilism. Joint with raw materials to
consolidate and Stock companies, for manufacture in trade,
maintain power example, the British consolidating their
throughout the period East India company power. This was a
from 1450 to 1750. and the Dutch East factor in the
India Company aided commercial
in the finance of more revolution, which
exploration colonies. impacted the
Portugal played a European economy
crucial rule in the and increased trade,
spice trade in the making it much more
Indian Ocean. powerful.
Additionally, Spain’s
power was
consolidated in the
New World
compared to Portugal
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
via the Treaty of
Tordesillas.
Explain the In Asia and Africa, In the Triangle trade
continuities and Portugal was able to in the Atlantic,
changes in networks conquer a vast continuity in
of exchange from amount of territory. mercantilism
1450 to 1750. Because of this, occurred. New trade
trading posts were routes were created
built by coasts, which in the Atlantic and
establish new trading Pacific. The
networks. Enslaved establishment of
Africans being Spanish and
brought to the Portuguese
Americas resulted in governments erupted
the syncretism of as a result of the
culture with development of
Europeans, however profitable colonies.
their rights were Additionally, Chinese
terminated. demand was satisfied
by silver trade that
was found in the
Americas. Regional
trade was still going
on at the time, like
the Indian Ocean.
Explain how political, The Spanish casta There was a
economic, and system broke down destruction of native
cultural factors Latin America into literature, art and
affected society from social classes languages because of
1450 to 1750. including: the the colonization of
peninsulares, creoles, the Americas. These
mixed, natives, and also experienced
slaves. Polygamy large amounts of
from imbalance cultural synthesis
occurred, especially in from the growth of
Africa when most of African, American,
the male population and European
was lost due to the Populations.
slave trade.
Explain the The spread of The diffusion of many
similarities and Catholicism to the religions was
differences in how Americas was expanded due to the
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
various belief systems influenced by Spain. increase of
affected societies However, this interactions, trade,
from 1450 to 1750. devastated the states and exploration-
and tribes that mainly in the new
resided in the hemisphere. The
Americas. Examples spread of Christianity
of this include the to the New World
conquering of the was valued by the
Aztecs, and the Spanish. Additionally,
conquering of the there was dispute
Incas in Central and between the
South America. Protestant
Reformation and the
Catholic Counter
Reformation in
Europe.
Explain the effects of Catherine the Great, Due to the Russian
the development of an empress from Central government,
state power from Russia, helped free peasants lost
1450 to 1750. transform Russia to their land because
major European they were not able to
power. Her main pay debt, and where
motives were to then forced into
improve the serfdom—having
education system, little to no
legal system, and opportunity for
economy in Russia. freedom. Escaped
She is also serfs emerged as free
responsible for peasants, notably in
expanding the the steppes, called
territory of Russia Cossacks.
through Military
conquest, where she
added parts of
Crimea and Poland to
the Russian Empire. –
She is still considered
one of the greatest
rulers in Russian
history
Explain how social In Europe, there was The Quing Dynasty
categories, roles, and a class structure was ruled by the
 UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
practices have been developed that Manchus, who were
maintained or have emerged during the an ethnic minority in
changed over time. Middle Ages. This China originating in
class structure had a Northeast Asia.
distinct place in Ironically, they were
society for the able to conquer the
nobility, clergy, and Ming Dynasty and
commoners. establish their own
However, when the rule over China, with
merchant class an effort to make the
emerged because of Manchu culture
the growth of dominant because of
trade/commerce their rule. This is an
during this period, example of a minority
new opportunities group ruling over a
were available for majority group, which
social mobility. For challenges the social
example, in the structures between
Americas, European the two via the
colonizers arrived, minority conquering a
and the importation major dynasty,
of African slaves
created a system of
racial hierarchy.
Explain how economic Mercantilism was
developments from In Africa, the Atlantic defined by the
1450 to 1750 affected slave trade formed a growing global trade,
social structures over societal crisis. During which later influenced
time. the Atlantic Slave capitalism.
Trade, men were sold Mercantilism
to work overseas. possessed the ideas
This led to a gender that the wealth and
imbalance and led to power of a country
a redefinition of was based off the
gender roles as amount of gold and
women and children silver that it had,
in Africa had to take shaping European
on traditional male nations and their
roles. This also caused colonies. This
single parent impacted social
households to rise in structures because it
numbers. induced labor
systems that were
UNIT 4 Social (SIO) Political (GOV) Interactional (ENV) Cultural (CDI) Economic (ECN) Technological (TEC)
During this time, aided by the Atlantic
several changes in Slave Trade, which
agriculture were changed social roles
made, making it a in Africa.
more commercial,
market-oriented
system. This changed
the role of men and
women in agricultural
labor. For example,
men were involved in
produced cash crops,
like sugar and
tobacco, while
women oversaw
household
maintenance and
domestic tasks.