Learner Guide

Enter & Work in Confined Spaces

This Learner Guide manual supports the units of

competency RIIWHS202E Enter & Work in Confined Spaces
Kangaroo Training Institute Pty Ltd V3.1 April 2022

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These materials were developed by Manufacturing Skills Australia @ 2010. Kangaroo Training Institute has
been redeveloped to current release.

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Disclaimer
Copyright © 2010 by Manufacturing Skills Australia & Kangaroo Training Institute Pty Ltd.

This work is the result of consultations with Australian industry participants. It is a collaborative view and
does not necessarily represent the view of Manufacturing Skills Australia or any specific body. For the sake
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Published by: Manufacturing Skills Australia

Release Date: October 2010

Published by: Kangaroo Training Institute Pty Ltd

Release Date: September 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

UNIT Introduction 6

About This Resource 6

About Assessment 7
Elements and Performance Criteria 8
Performance evidence and Knowledge evidence 9
Performance Evidence 9
Knowledge Evidence 10

Assessment Conditions 11

Pre-Requisites 13

Topic 1 – Plan and prepare for working in con ined space 14

1.1 Access, interpret and apply procedures for confined space entry and the environmental management plan
and ensure the work activity is compliant 14
Organization of work activities 14
Using JSA’s/JSEA/Safe work methods 15
Interpreting and Complying with Safety Data Sheets(SDS) and Materials Handling Methods 16
Achieving project quality outcomes 18
Civil construction terminology 19
1.2 Obtain, confirm, clarify and apply work instructions and agreed procedure 19

PLAN AND PREPARE FOR WORKING IN CONFINED SPACE 22

1.3 Obtain, con irm, clarify and apply safety requirements 22

Interpreting and implementing safe work method statement(SWMS) 26
RIsk Management 29
Various types of Hazards 32
Recording of health and safety information process 35
Hierarchy of control 35
1.4 Obtain and confirm authorisation (entry permit) meets regulatory requirements 36

Work Permit Details 36

Confined Space Entry Permit 37
1.5 Confirm the emergency response procedure is with the stand-by person and understood 45
Stand-by person 45
1.6 Identify, obtain and implement signage and barrier requirements 46
Isolation 48

1.8 Select tools and equipment for the tasks, check for serviceability and rectify or report any faults 50
Determine equipment types, characteristics, technical capabilities and limitations 51
Operational and maintenance procedures for equipment 52
1.9 Correctly apply tagging and lock-out procedures 52
Tally 52

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Guidelines 52
Guideline Tallies 52
Communication Equipment 53
Lifting and Lowering Devices 54
Fire Fighting Equipment 54
Personal Protective Equipment 54
Respiratory Equipment 55
Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment 55
1.10 Identify, confirm and apply the environmental protection requirements 56

Position rescue equipment by the entry permit 58

Topic 2 – Work in confined space 59

2.1 Gain access to confined space 59

2.2 Ensure that the atmosphere is tested and monitored for harmful elements 60
2.3 Hazardous atmosphere 60
2.3.1 Common toxic gasses 62
hydrocarbons 62
Carbon dioxide 62
Carbon monoxide 62
Hydrogen cyanide 63
Hydrogen sulfide 63
2.3.2 Common irritants and corrosives 64
chlorine 64
ammonia 65
2.3.3 Common flammable gasses 65
acetylene 66
petroleum 67
Methane – Ethane - Propane - Butane 68
2.3.4 explosive range, upper and lower explosive limits 68
Lower explosive limit (LEL) 68
Upper explosive limit 69
2.4 Influence of temperature, pressure and composition 69
2.5 Tools and equipment 70
2.6 Types of gas detectors 71
2.7 Measurement of toxic gasses 71
Electrochemical sensors 71
Metal oxide semiconductors 71
2.8 Measurement of Combustible Gasses 72
2.9 Radiation detector 72
2.10 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 73
2.11 Oxygen level meter 74
2.12 Carbon monoxide detector 74
2.13 Combustible gas detectors 75
2.14 Calibration 75
2.15 Challenge (bump) test 76
2.16 Find out gas testing regime/sampling pattern required 76
Monitoring gasses 77
What to do if Carbon monoxide is detected? 77
What to do if oxygen levels are detected as low? 77
Potential Effects of Oxygen Enriched and Deficient Atmospheres 78
Limitations of breathing apparatus 78
Enter the confined space correctly 80
Role of the Entry Control Officer 81
Maintain ongoing communication with the stand-by person 83
Comply with entry permit requirements & Monitor and adhere to allocated entry time 84

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categories of offenses 86
Category 1 87
Category 2 87
Category 3 87
Dealing with New Hazards 88
Emergency Response 89
Entrapment Procedures 89
Purpose of complying with safe work methods statement (SWMS) & (JSA) Job safety Analysis 90

Topic 3 – Exit confined space 91

3.1 Exit confined space correctly & Recover tools, equipment and materials 91
3.2 Conduct inspection of the confined space 91
3.3 Secure access to the confined space & Remove tagging and lock-out 92
3.4 Accurately complete confined space entry permit 92
Topic 4 – Clean up 94

4.1 Clear work area and dispose of or recycle materials 94

4.2 Completing housekeeping activities 94
4.3 disposing of waste 94
4.4 removal of waste 95
4.5 sorting of waste 95
4.6 cleaning of worksite 95
4.7 Clean, check, maintain and store tools and equipment & Remove, clean and store barriers and signs 96
summary 98
References 99

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 UNIT INTRODUCTION
This resource covers the unit RIIWHS202D - Enter and work in con ined spaces.

This unit describes a participant’s skills and knowledge required to enter and work in
con ined spaces in the Resources and Infrastructure Industries.

This unit is appropriate for those working in operational roles undertaking work in
con ined spaces.

Licensing, legislative, regulatory and certi ication requirements that apply to this unit
can vary between states, territories, and Industry sectors. Relevant information must
be sourced prior to application of the unit.

Note: The terms Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and Work Health and Safety
(WHS) are equivalent and generally either can be used in the workplace. In
jurisdictions where the National Model WHS Legislation has not been implemented
RTOs are advised to contextualize the unit of competency by referring to the existing
State/Territory OHS legislative requirements.

ABOUT THIS RESOURCE

This resource brings together information to develop your knowledge about this unit.
The information is designed to re lect the requirements of the unit and uses headings
to make it easier to follow.

Read through this resource to develop your knowledge in preparation for your
assessment. You will be required to complete the assessment tools that are included in
your program. At the back of the resource are a list of references you may ind useful
to review.

As a student it is important to extend your learning and to search out text books,
internet sites, talk to people at work and read newspaper articles and journals which
can provide additional learning material.

Your trainer may include additional information and provide activities, slide
presentations, and assessments in class to support your learning.

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 ABOUT ASSESSMENT

Throughout your training we are committed to your learning by providing a training

and assessment framework that ensures the knowledge gained through training is
translated into practical on the job improvements.

You are going to be assessed for:

● Your skills and knowledge using written and observation activities that apply
to your workplace.
● Your ability to apply your learning.
● Your ability to recognize common principles and actively use these on the
job.

You will receive an overall result of Competent or Not Yet Competent for the
assessment of this unit. The assessment is a competency-based assessment, which has
no pass or fail. You are either competent or not yet competent. Not Yet Competent
means that you still are in the process of understanding and acquiring the skills and
knowledge required to be marked competent. The assessment process is made up of a
number of assessment methods. You are required to achieve a satisfactory result in
each of these to be deemed competent overall.

All of your assessment and training is provided as a positive learning tool. Your
assessor will guide your learning and provide feedback on your responses to the
assessment. For valid and reliable assessment of this unit, a range of assessment
methods will be used to assess practical skills and knowledge.

Your assessment may be conducted through a combination of the following methods:

● Written Activity
● Case Study
● Observation
● Questions
● Third Party Report
The assessment tool for this unit should be completed within the speci ied time period
following the delivery of the unit. If you feel you are not yet ready for assessment,
discuss this with your trainer and assessor.

To be successful in this unit you will need to relate your learning to your workplace.
You may be required to demonstrate your skills and be observed by your assessor in
your workplace environment. Some units provide for a simulated work environment
and your trainer and assessor will outline the requirements in these instances.

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 ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
1 Plan and prepare 1.1 Obtain, interpret and con irm work requirements
for working in 1.2 Access, interpret and apply documentation required to
con ined space enter and work in con ined spaces
1.3 Identify and address potential risks, hazards and
environmental issues, and implement control measures
according to workplace procedures
1.4 Obtain and con irm authorisation of a con ined space entry
permit that meets regulatory requirements
1.5 Select and wear appropriate personal protective equipment
for planned work activities
1.6 Obtain and interpret emergency procedures with the
stand-by person, and be prepared for emergency situations
1.7 Identify, obtain and implement signage and barrier
requirements according to workplace procedures
1.8 Select tools and equipment for the tasks, check for
serviceability and rectify or report any faults to relevant
personnel
1.9 Position rescue equipment by the entry permit
2 Work in con ined 2.1 Gain access to con ined space
space 2.2 Test and monitor the atmosphere for harmful elements
according to workplace procedures
2.3 Correctly apply tagging and lock-out procedures
2.4 Enter the con ined space according to workplace
procedures
2.5 Maintain ongoing communication with the stand-by person
2.6 Comply with entry permit requirements
2.7 Monitor and adhere to allocated entry time
3 Exit con ined 3.1 Exit con ined space according to workplace procedures
space 3.2 Recover tools, equipment and materials
3.3 Conduct inspection of the con ined spaces according to
workplace procedures
3.4 Remove tagging and lock-out procedures
3.5 Complete con ined space entry permit requirements
according to workplace procedures
4 Clean up 4.1 Clear work area and dispose of materials according to
workplace procedures
4.2 Remove, clean and store barriers and signs
4.3 Conduct equipment inspections to identify faults according
to manufacturer speci ications and workplace procedures and
report to relevant personnel
4.4 Conduct routine operational servicing, lubrication and
housekeeping activities according to workplace procedures
4.5 Process written maintenance records according to
workplace procedures

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 PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE AND KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE
This describes the essential knowledge and skills and their level required for this unit.

PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE

The candidate must demonstrate the ability to complete the tasks outlined in the
elements, performance criteria and foundation skills of this unit, including evidence of
the ability to:

■ Enter and Work in Con ined Spaces on at least two occasions, including:
■ Obtaining the required entry permit and instructions for performing
work in con ined spaces
■ Interpreting and applying workplace procedures
■ Applying tagging and lock out procedures
■ Selecting, wearing and caring for personal protective equipment
■ Using atmospheric monitoring devices prior to entering the con ined
space
■ Entering the con ined space
■ Working in the con ined space
■ Using atmospheric monitoring devices during con ined space activity
■ Applying safe materials handling methods
■ Exiting the con ined space
■ Removing tagging and lock out.

During the above, the candidate must:

■ Locate and apply relevant legislation, documentation, policies and procedures

and con irm that the work activity is compliant
■ Implement the requirements, procedures and techniques for entering and
working in con ined spaces
■ Work effectively with others to enter and work in con ined spaces in a way that
meets all required outcomes

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 ■ Communicate clearly and concisely with others to receive and clarify work
instructions and to determine coordination requirements prior to commencing
and during work activities.

KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE

The candidate must be able to demonstrate knowledge to complete the tasks outlined
in the elements, performance criteria and foundation skills of this unit, including
knowledge of:

■ Key legislation relevant to enter and work in con ined spaces

■ Key policies, procedures and documentation required to enter and work in
con ined spaces, including:
■ Entry and exit procedures, risks and regulations
■ Site and equipment safety requirements
■ Site isolation and site control responsibilities and authorities
■ Safety data sheets
■ Incidents and emergency response documentation
■ Principles and techniques for identifying and responding to:
■ Areas that constitute con ined spaces
■ Types of air contaminants and toxic gasses
■ Limitations of breathing apparatus
■ Relevant hazards and emergencies
■ Equipment types, characteristics, technical capabilities and limitations
■ Principles and techniques for using con ined space and industry terminology
■ Techniques for coordinating and communicating job activities with others.

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 ASSESSMENT CONDITIONS
Mandatory conditions for assessment of this unit are stipulated below. The assessment
must:

■ Include access to:

■ Personal protective equipment
■ Equipment related to entering and working in con ined spaces
■ Relevant documentation
■ Be conducted in a safe environment; and,
■ Be assessed in the context of this sector's work environment; and,
■ Be assessed in compliance with relevant legislation/regulation and using
policies, procedures and processes directly related to the industry sector for
which it is being assessed; and,
■ Con irm consistent performance can be applied in a range of relevant workplace
circumstances.

Where personal safety or environmental damage are limiting factors, assessment may
occur in a simulated work environment* provided it is realistic and suf iciently rigorous
to cover all aspects of this sector’s workplace performance, including environment, task
skills, task management skills, contingency management skills and job role environment
skills.

Assessor requirements

Assessors must be able to clearly demonstrate current and relevant industry

knowledge and experience to satisfy the mandatory regulatory standards as set out in
the Standards for Registered Training Organizations (RTOs) 2015/Australian Quality
Training Framework mandatory requirements for assessors current at the time of
assessment and any relevant licensing and certi ication requirements. This includes:

■ vocational competencies at least to the level being delivered and assessed

■ current industry skills directly relevant to the training and assessment being
provided

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 ■ current knowledge and skills in vocational training and learning that informs
their training and assessment
■ formal relevant quali ications in training and assessment
■ having knowledge of and/or experience using the latest techniques and
processes
■ possessing the required level of RII training product knowledge
■ having an understanding and knowledge of legislation and regulations relevant
to the industry and to employment and workplaces
■ demonstrating the performance evidence, and knowledge evidence outlined in
this unit of competency, and
■ the minimum years of current** work experience after competency has been
obtained as speci ied below in an industry sector relevant to the outcomes of
the unit.

It is also acceptable for the appropriately quali ied assessor to work with an industry
expert to conduct assessment together and for the industry expert to be involved in the
assessment judgment. The industry expert must have current industry skills directly
relevant to the training and assessment being provided. This means the industry
subject matter expert must demonstrate skills and knowledge from the minimum years
of current work experience after competency has been obtained as speci ied below,
including time spent in roles related to the unit being assessed:

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Industry sector AQF indicator Required assessor or industry
level*** subject matter expert experience

Drilling, Metalliferous Mining, Coal Mining, Extractive 1 1 year

(Quarrying) and Civil Infrastructure
2 2 years

Drilling, Coal Mining, Extractive (Quarrying), 3-6 3 years

Metalliferous Mining and Civil Infrastructure

Other sectors Where this unit is being assessed outside of the resources
and infrastructure sectors assessor and/or industry subject
matter expert experience should be in-line with industry
standards for the sector in which it is being assessed and
where no industry standard is speci ied should comply with
any relevant regulation.

*Guidance on simulated environments has been stipulated in the Companion Volume

Implementation Guide located on VETNet.

**Assessors can demonstrate current work experience through employment within

industry in a role relevant to the outcomes of the unit; or, for external assessors this
can be demonstrated through exposure to industry by conducting a minimum number
of site assessments as determined by the relevant industry sector, across various
locations.

*** While a unit of competency does not have an AQF level, where a unit is being
delivered outside of a quali ication the irst numeric character in the unit code should
be considered as the AQF indicator level for assessment purposes.

PRE-REQUISITES

There are no prerequisites for this unit.

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 TOPIC 1 – PLAN AND PREPARE FOR WORKING IN CONFINED
SPACE

ACCESS, INTERPRET AND APPLY PROCEDURES FOR CONFINED SPACE ENTRY AND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENSURE THE WORK ACTIVITY IS COMPLIANT

AREAS THAT CONSTITUTE CONFINED SPACES

A con ined space is determined by the hazards associated with a set of speci ic circumstances
and not just because work is performed in a small space.
A con ined space means an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
● Is not designed or intended primarily to be occupied by a person; and
● Is, or is designed or intended to be, at normal atmospheric pressure while any
person
● Is in the space; and
● Is or is likely to be a risk to health and safety from:
o An atmosphere that does not have a safe oxygen level, or
o Contaminants, including airborne gasses, vapors and dusts, that may
cause injury from ire or explosion, or
o Harmful concentrations of any airborne contaminants, or
o Engulfment.

Con ined spaces are commonly found in vats, tanks, pits, pipes, ducts, lues, chimneys, silos,
containers, pressure vessels, underground sewers, wet or dry wells, shafts, trenches, tunnels or
other similar enclosed or partially enclosed structures, when these examples meet the de inition
of a con ined space in the WHS Regulations.

ORGANIZATION OF WORK ACTIVITIES

For every job that you do, there will be documentation that you will need to access,
interpret and apply. When you are planning and organizing in the civil construction
industry this documentation might include:

● Legislative, organizational and site requirements and procedures

● Manufacturer's guidelines and speci ications
● Australian standards
● Code of practice
● Employment and workplace relations legislation

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 ● Equal Employment Opportunity and Disability Discrimination legislation
These pieces of documentation are in place to guide you on the requirements of
completing your tasks.

When you apply the information held within the relevant documentation and follow the
guidelines and procedures set for you, you are ensuring that your work activities are
compliant.

At all times you must ensure that you are aware of and comply with all policies and
procedures and site requirements set by the government, industry bodies,
manufacturers, and your organization. Particularly those relating to:

● Using operational tools and equipment safely and effectively

● Achieving project quality and accuracy
● Using JSA’S/JSEA/safe work methods

USING JSA’S/JSEA/SAFE WORK METHODS

Before you commence work, in most cases, you will be required to undertake a Job
Safety Analysis (JSA). A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) simply means looking at the work task
and considering what is the safest way to complete it. It is a way of becoming aware of
the hazards involved in doing the job and taking action to prevent an injury.

The JSA process is suitable for most tasks and will not require enormous amounts of
time or use endless pieces of paper.

To undertake a JSA, you will need to ill out a JSA worksheet. This worksheet will be
provided to you by your organization.

In some cases, your work will require a Job Safety Environmental Analysis (JSEA).
Developing a JSEA ensures that the hazards involved in each step of a job are properly
considered and documented for future reference. It provides a structured method for
evaluating a task and determining the effective management of any health and safety
hazards or environmental impacts that may result from doing the task. A JSEA is
required for:

● All jobs where a pre-start risk assessment determines that the risk rating is
extreme, high or medium with controls in place
● All non-routine work (con ined space, working at height, excavation, etc.)
● The introduction of new plant/ equipment/ processes
● Jobs involved with past injuries, incidents and/or illnesses
● Live electrical work
A JSEA is a much larger document and will require the assistance of your manager or
supervisor.

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Regardless of the task that you are undertaking and the risks that the task might
include, you must ensure that all work is done using any safe work methods outlined in
your policies and procedures. Safe work methods might include:

● Tagging
● Wearing PPE
● Getting supervisors to check work
● Abiding by site signage
● Following all instructions that are given to you
● Etc.
The requirements of your job and any guidelines and procedures will be outlined for
you in your organizational policies and procedures manual. If at any point you are
unsure of how to apply the documentation to your work or if you do not understand
the documentation, you will need to seek assistance from your supervisor or manager.

INTERPRETING AND COMPLYING WITH SAFETY DATA SHEETS AND MATERIALS HANDLING METHODS

In addition to your organization’s policies and procedures, and relevant legislative,

organizational and site requirements, as described in the previous section of this unit,
you must ensure you are able to interpret and comply with safety data sheets and
materials handling methods. Read the following about safety data sheets, which include
important information on materials handling methods:

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a document that provides information on the properties of
hazardous chemicals and how they affect health and safety in the workplace. For an
example,

SDS includes information on:

● The identity of the chemical
● Health and physicochemical hazards
● Safe handling and storage procedures
● Emergency procedures
● Disposal considerations

The SDS should always be referred to when assessing risks in the workplace.

The Work Health and Safety Regulations require the manufacturer or importer of a hazardous
chemical to prepare an SDS for the chemical. Additionally, a supplier must provide the
manufacturer or supplier’s current SDS for the hazardous chemical on irst supply to a
workplace and upon request.

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In your work, you may encounter a range of hazardous chemicals which have safety
data sheets. It is essential that you are able to correctly interpret and comply with
safety data sheets, including materials handling methods when using these hazardous
chemicals.

Safety data sheets are available online, by searching for the name of the chemical you
are handling. Safety data sheets should also be stored in hard-copy on a building site
near to where chemical/s are located so that they can be rapidly accessed if required in
the course of your day-to-day work or in an emergency. Ensure you familiarize
yourself with the location of the safety data sheets for the materials used in your
organization.

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Reviewing safety data sheets, you will note that they contain sections on:

● How to identify the chemical

● Composition and ingredients
● First aid, ire ighting, accidental release measures
● Handling and storage
● Exposure control and personal protection
● Physical and chemical properties
● Stability and reactivity
● Toxicological and ecological information
● Disposal considerations
● Transport and handling information
● Other regulatory information

This is essential information to ensure you handle and use hazardous chemicals
correctly and safely in your work. You must ensure you understand how to comply
with this information in your work. If you are unsure, you should seek support from
your supervisor, an organizational manager or a senior colleague, as appropriate.

ACHIEVING PROJECT QUALITY OUTCOMES

An important part of ensuring the compliance of a work activity is implementing

strategies that ensure that the project achieves the required level of quality and
accuracy.

The use of all of the previously mentioned documentation is essential for achieving
project quality and accuracy. By adhering to the guidelines and procedures that are
involved with the documentation, you will be able to perform your work tasks in a way
that will ensure the end result is of high quality and complies with all legal
requirements.

In order to successfully achieve project quality outcomes, the following aspects are
essential:

● Determine quality guidelines from work speci ications

● Plan work tasks in a way that will ensure quality outcomes
● Apply benchmarks and measurements to all tasks
● Ensure that quality is checked and enforced throughout all tasks
Ensuring project accuracy will mean that the way in which work is performed
accurately follows the guidelines and requirements that the documentation outlines.

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 CIVIL CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY

There is a range of industry and site-speci ic terminology and these must be applied
throughout work conducted: Common terminology may be related to:

● Safety assessments
● Legislation
● Conducting work activities
● Compaction activities

It will be necessary to ensure that when reading and applying all work documentation
that all industry speci ic terminology is used that it is understood and clari ied as
required.
Every worksite will have its own set of language standards, phrases, and terms that are
speci ic to civil construction and the work tasks that you perform. The terminology
used could vary between states or worksites.

If you are unsure of the meaning of a particular term, phrase or word, seek
clari ication from your supervisor or other experienced personnel/workers.

OBTAIN, CONFIRM, CLARIFY AND APPLY WORK INSTRUCTIONS AND AGREED PROCEDURE
Once you have checked that the required information and documentation is available,
and you have determined, in line with the requirements, that the job is compliant you
will need to obtain and clarify work instructions.

Work instructions, in this case, are the speci ic requirements of the job and the
objective you are trying to reach. You will determine some of this information through
the documentation you have collected - such as the plans for location, size, depth,
height or volume. You may also be able to obtain this information from a job brief
accompanying a contract or by performing analysis on information, available resources
and the business in general.

3 of the types of work instruction information you will need to obtain, con irm and
apply to con ined space work viz.

● Duties of each person

● Site Location
● Task description

Work instructions, for clari ication include:

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 ● The arrangement for employees, employment, working schedules and
working conditions including any union and enterprise bargaining
agreements
● Hours of work, breaks, overtime, shift work and weekend work any expected
scheduling to comply with concurrent work being carried out
● The construction schedule including when and how you should carry out
your own assessments, preparations, markings, grading, materials
preparation, transport to the worksite and preparation activities including
cleaning, blasting, trimming and other work processes
● Tools, equipment and services required for the construction including any
labor hire, specialists, surveyors and appropriate, hire equipment and
materials
● Occupational health and safety instructions, current risk assessments and
management tools
● The communication, consultation and dispute resolution procedures
If this information has not been provided for it is important that you get the
information before commencing work. If you do not have a supervisor on the site, you
may need to get this information from clients and other sources directly. You must
always comply with site speci ic policies and procedures for clarifying work
instructions.

You can do this by:

● Speaking directly to the client to ask questions and discuss concerns

● Looking at the glossary to understand all the terminology and technical
words used that may assist you to understand the information
● Consulting other contractors to clarify speci ic types of information they
require or to determine approaches to the task that need to be integrated
with your own plans
● Consulting lawyers, accountants or any other experts who can assist you
with specialized knowledge about the contract and any legal and actuarial
risks which need to be built into risk management plans
● Working with the council to determine any speci ic sequences they require
for work, their inspection and auditing requirements and any geological,
geographical and meteorological information which they have already
compiled

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If your work has checklists and documentation available to help you compile and organize
information it can be helpful to make several copies – you should use the first copy to collate
information, regardless of whether it crosses over or doubles up, the second copy should
bring together all information into the exact considerations, instructions, and processes. At
times you may also need to organize your work by prioritizing what has to be AA based on its
urgency, impact or importance. For Example, if you want to shift and handle tools and
materials while working you can prioritize among keeping tools and equipment secured to
your tool belt / trolley or using hoist/Crane heavy materials and equipment up.

Prioritization occurs when you have two or more activities to be completed. For
example, if you have two or more call-outs for a single period or if a job has multiple
types of defects or failures that need different treatments. It can help to think of high
priority activities as being those that are both very important and have the closest
deadline, medium priorities are those that may have a close deadline but are less
important or are very important but have a longer deadline and low priorities have
neither a close deadline nor signi icant importance.

i-

• Access, interpret and apply procedures for con ined space entry and the
environmental management plan and ensure the work activity is compliant

• Legislative, organizational and site requirements and

procedures

• Australian standards and speci ications

• Code of practice

• Employment and workplace relations legislation

Legislation & Regulations-

• National harmonized work health and safety laws were

introduced on the 1st January 2011. All states and territories

• except Victoria and Western Australia have adopted the

model work health and safety laws.

• Victoria has continued to enforce their existing Occupation

Health and Safety (OHS) laws.

• Western Australia is in the process of reviewing and

considering the best legislation for Western Australian
workplaces.

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Legislative & Guidance Documentation

ACT

• An Act is legislation passed by the Parliament. Acts set out the

broad legal/policy principles.

• The Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act/ Occupational Health

and Safety (OHS) Act provides a framework to protect the

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 health, safety and welfare of all workers at work and of other
people who might be affected by the work.

Regulation & code of practice

REGULATION

• These are the guidelines that dictate how the provisions of the Act
are applied.

• The WHS/OHS Regulations specify the way in which some duties

under the WHS/OHS Act must be met and prescribes procedural
or administrative requirements to support the WHS/OHS Act (for
example requiring licenses for speci ic activities and the keeping
of records).

CODE OF PRACTICE/COMPLIANCE CODES

• Codes of Practice/Compliance Codes provide practical guidance

on how to meet the standards set out in the WHS/OHS Act and the
WHS/OHS Regulations.

How does this legislation affect you?

• Key elements of the Work Health and Safety/OHS legislation will

impact the way you do your job, and the responsibilities of your
workplace.

• Employer- make sure its workers are provided with the highest
level of protection against harm to their health, welfare and safety
at work, so far as reasonably practicable.

• Workers- must take reasonable care of their own health and

safety and that of others who may be affected by their actions or
omissions.

Documents/Paperwork Required

• All policies and procedures and site requirements set by the

government,

• Con ined Space Permit

• The personal should have license/ Ticket to perform the Task

• Using operational tools and equipment safely and effectively

• Achieving project quality and accuracy

• Using JSA’S/JSEA/safe work methods (SWMS)

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 • Using take 5/ Start CardAll personnel must be competent to
perform the task brain, con irm, clarify and apply safety
requirements

It is the responsibility of managers and any person conducting a business or

undertaking contract services to provide and maintain safety measures to ensure that
plants are safely used, handled and stored. The person undertaking the job is the most
responsible person for accessing and applying health and safety procedures to ensure
that your work activity is safe before commencing work. If you are overseeing your
plant operation, you have to ensure that the risks to health and safety of operators and
workers involved with your plant are identi ied and addressed.

One way to do this is to obtain a copy of an existing job safety analysis (JSA) or job
safety and environment analysis (JSEA) from your client, and/or other contractors are
providing similar Services onsite. If your job has a project manager that is overseeing
the whole of works on a site, then they are likely to have already performed both
hazard identi ication and risk analysis, obtained a range of permits or initiated the
process and determined the additional contractors and services required to assist
onsite. They may also have a range of risk controls in place and a risk management
plan.

Likewise, you may have an organizational or project environmental plan to support

your provision of maintenance services. An environmental plan makes provisions for:

● Waste management such as use of the three R’s – reduce, reuse and recycle
● Materials exposure to the elements – such as how to contain materials,
which need base protection and coverage, those that are safe for outdoors
and those that need security
● Water quality protection – including buffering of sensitive areas from
stockpiles and installation of stormwater systems that avoid contamination
of local waterways
● Noise protection including buffer zones and choice of equipment and timing
● Vibration management especially reinforcement and buffering of unstable
zones or high traf ic areas
● Cleaning procedures including dust and plant cleaning procedures and
chemicals

If these documents are available, you can use the analysis to identify the exact hazards
and situations that apply to you and your work and then follow the speci ic controls

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and steps for management. It is important that you comply with anything prepared in
these documents as they form a part of obtaining some permits, and generally,
compliance will form part of your contract with the client. If you notice that there are
any problems or opportunities not yet identi ied within the plan or if these documents
are not available, you may need to develop a range of tools to identify and address
hazards for yourself.

There are a number of requirements, under both the Work Health and Safety
Regulations and which form the guidelines for traf ic controllers in each state and
territory, which must be adhered to, including:

● Use of high visibility (AS/NZS 4502 compliant) personal protective

equipment at all times throughout works. Care should be taken to ensure
you are wearing the right visibility material based on daytime, night time or
low visibility works
● Wearing steel capped, closed toed safety shoes suitable for long periods of
stationary standing work
● Compliance with the rail line and corridor requirements in your state in the
territory including the color of high-visibility wear
● Compliance with all road rules, laws, standards, regulations and related
governance at all times. If there is a con lict between speci ic road
governance and general governance requirements, such as occupational
health and safety, then advice should be sought about the application of law
to the speci ic situation and the con lict must be listed in the risk
management documentation

You can access additional laws, regulations, rules, and standards online via your
state or territory roads authority, roads department, environmental protection
authority and similar government departments. Most states and territories provide
a summary of the necessary governance in their guidelines for traf ic controllers
handbook or similar publications available for free from the regulator.

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 INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING SAFE WORK METHOD STATEMENT

The Work Safe Act (Cwlth) 2011, Appendix A lists 18 high-risk construction activities
that are not of a minor nature, and that require a Safe Work Method Statement to be
completed in addition to any other paperwork listed so far. A Safe Work Method
Statement (SWMS) is required for any activity that (Commonwealth of Australia, 2012):

● Involves a risk of a person falling more than 2 meters

● Is carried out on a telecommunication tower
● Involves demolition of an element of a structure that is load-bearing or
otherwise related to the physical integrity of the structure
● Involves, or is likely to involve, the disturbance of asbestos
● Involves structural alterations or repairs that require temporary support to
prevent collapse
● Is carried out in or near a con ined space
● Is carried out in or near:
o A shaft or trench with an excavated depth greater than 1.5 meters
o A tunnel
● Involves the use of explosives
● Is carried out on or near pressurized gas distribution mains or piping
● Is carried out on or near chemical, fuel or refrigerant lines
● Is carried out on or near energized electrical installations or services
● Is carried out in an area that may have a contaminated or lammable
atmosphere
● Involves tilt-up or precast concrete
● Is carried out on, in or adjacent to a road, railway, shipping lane or another
traf ic corridor that is in use by traf ic other than pedestrians
● Is carried out in an area at a workplace in which there is any movement of
powered mobile plant
● Is carried out in an area in which there are arti icial extremes of temperature
● Is carried out in or near water or other liquid that involves a risk of
drowning
● Involves driving work

The person who is responsible for carrying out the work is the most quali ied person
to complete the SWMS and may do so on behalf of less quali ied or directly reporting
employees and contractors for a worksite. If there is more than one person involved,
then consultation needs to occur with all people involved. If you are engaged in work
that is $250,000 or more a principal contractor is needed and, in this case, they will
bear the responsibility of the SWMS both in its development, monitoring and review.

The safe work statement is normally completed on a template that looks like this:

26
Most importantly, it de ines the tasks, hazards, risks, controls and workers involved in
the high-risk activity and is signed by each of these people. You may hear people
describe the importance of the co-signatories as ‘by the people, for the people.'

To contribute to the design and adhere to an appropriate safety program or the SWMS
in your organization, you will need to have excellent communication skills and
strategies in place. Through this communication, you must:

● De ine roles and responsibilities: let workers know their rights and
responsibilities, their speci ic obligations and the instructions for completing
these tasks
● Share operational plans: your safety system should be aligned with your
business plans. You should talk with coworkers and other people, for which
you have responsibilities to protect from harm, strategic plans, procedures
and the importance of health and safety
● Have a governance system: ensure policies and procedures are clear, stored
centrally and are based on good and reliable information from trusted

27
 sources. This can come from professional advice, studies or research on
professional bodies
● Document and make available clear and concise plans: make it easier for
employees to understand policies by communicating in easy Plain-English
language. Avoiding complex terminologies, terms and words to eliminate any
confusion and misunderstanding
● Undertake regular evaluation and assessment: continuously monitor the
progress of your policies and evaluate your results. Studying this allows you
to have a better understanding of your system. You can identify any potential
problems with your plans and make according to adjustments
● Engage others: you should ask questions, listen, use suggestion boxes, have
different people prepare plans and write reports, host meetings, and any
other activity to enable and empower others in your workplace to have a say
on safety
● Comply: Comply yourself and help others to comply by making available
plans, policies, procedures, signage, reminders, and memos. You should try
to produce information in different languages and formats for people who
need help to understand. Use nationally recognised graphics and icons
where possible. You must help point out when someone is doing something
unsafe, and you must show them how to do it safely. You must stop work if
safety has been compromised until such time as it can be restored
● Report: Document what you see or do that is unsafe, listen to others and
encourage them to make reports too. Use a rotating system for who has to
write an end of job report to keep everyone’s skills fresh. Make reports easy
by using templates, checklists, spaces for drawings and clear questions
rather than prompts. Remember to complete reports straight away – don’t
think ‘I’ll do that later’ and to either write in big block (capital) letters or
type the document

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 RISK MANAGEMENT

The process of risk management includes four major steps:

● Identifying hazards and issues involved with your operation

● Assess the risks associated with the hazards
● Implement control measures
● Reviewing the control measures

To identify the risks involved with your plan, you can consult the following checklist:

Risk Concern
Entanglement Can your worker’s hair, clothing, and rags or any materials become
entangled with moving parts of the plant or materials?
Crushing Can your workers get crushed due to material falling, unexpected
movement of your plant or the collapsing of your plant?
Can your workers/operators get thrown off or under the plant?
Can your workers/operators get trapped between the plant and
materials?
Can the plant tip or roll over?
Is there enough capacity for the plant to be slowed, stopped or
immobilized?
Cutting, stabbing and Can your workers get punctured by sharp and lying projectiles?
puncturing Is there possible contact with moving parts of the plant?
Is there a possibility of the plant or parts of the plant disintegrating?
Shearing Can your workers/operators get shared between parts of the plant or
the structure?
Friction Can your workers get burnt due to contact with the plant or
materials handled by the plant?
Striking Can your workers get struck by the unexpected movement of your
plant?
Can your workers get struck by the materials being ejected?
Can your workers get struck with the movement of the plant?
High-pressure luid Can your workers or bystanders make contact with luids under high
pressure due to plant failure or misuse?
Electrical Can your workers be shocked or burnt due to coming into contact
with electrical conductors?
Is there an overload of electrical circuits?
Are there any damaged or poorly maintained electrical leads?
Is there any isolation procedure in place?
Slipping and falling Are there uneven or slippery work surfaces at your workplace?
Is proper housekeeping maintained in your workplace?
Are obstacles in the vicinity of the plant cleared?
Can your workers fall from height due to lack of proper stairs and
support?
Is there any guarding rail to protect workers from falling?
Is there any unprotected hole or gap?
Is there any steep walking surface?
Is it possible for the supporting structure to collapse?

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Environmental -Waste Are there chemical and biological waste types, contaminated waste
or waste that can be spread or could permeate waterways and
surrounding clean areas?
How long will you be storing waste and how will it be protected
during that time?
How will you be treating the waste? What chemicals and processes?
Environmental – Other What is the risk to the environment if a chemical spill, dust spreads
or the material leaches into the soil?
What will be the damage to lora and fauna because of work?
High voltage power What are the heights over the power lines?
lines What are the recommended buffer distances between a line and
machinery?
Does the machinery have any anti-shock features?
What is the height of machinery chosen? What are the other options?
Recently illed trenches, Have materials been compacted to prevent shifting?
excavations, Are there any uneven edges or areas that can create a trip or fall
embankments or uneven hazard?
terrain Have sharp declines been indicated and/or protected
What fencing or barriers are available?
Have safe distances been allowed?
Traf ic control Has a traf ic safety audit been completed?
How will you erect the barriers to prevent injury during this setting
up process?
What signage can you use earlier or before the area being worked
upon to create adequate warning?
Working at heights What are the height requirements?
Are harnesses and specialised PPE available?
Have adequate staff numbers and suf iciently trained been rostered
for spotting activities?
Access ways, Refuelling What are the safe parking practices or guidelines that need to be in
sites and Overhangs, place?
Trees Has a map been prepared to show staff and contractors where to
park? Has offsite parking and carpooling been explored to support
safe parking practices?
Are fences and/or barriers in place to protect sensitive areas?
Have height indicators and/or signage been used to prevent
overhead damage?
Unauthorized access, What precautions are in place to prevent public and unauthorised
movement and public access?
traf ic Are there any goods or materials that pose signi icant health and
safety risks if handled incorrectly?
Has physical security, locked areas and barriers been investigated
appropriately?
Has enough and appropriate signage been used to prevent vehicles
straying into the work site?
Buildings, Structures, Have other buildings, bridges, and structures been clearly marked on
Other bridges site plans? Have heights and turning circles been measured and
marked?
Have heights and turning circles been checked against proposed
equipment?
Are structures in good condition, free from defects and/or likely risks
to people or objects?

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Underground services Have you compared site plans with other key features of the
environment to deduce the accuracy of described underground
Services?
Are there other sources of information that can be used to check the
accuracy of site plans prior to digging and/or work?
Are there batters and lags in place that indicate underground
Services that are not marked on a site plan?
Fires Are there any chemical combinations, being used, that could cause
chemical ires or explosions?
Are there any heat risks for equipment or materials?
Is there a ire plan or ire management plan or does there need to be
one?
First aid requirements Has everyone got a irst aid certi icate or is there adequate irst
aiders rostered on for each shift?
Does everyone know the location of the emergency kits? Are there
enough emergency kits for the size of the area or the number of
people working?
Emergency shutdown Do staff know the emergency shutdown procedures?
procedures Is equipment labeled with steps?
Are there safety features available such as dead-man switches or
safety clips that stop machinery the moment tension is released or
increased?
Other hazards Can workers/operators be injured by coming into contact with
chemicals, gasses, fumes or dust?
Is there any risk of health in relation to vibration, noise, and
radiation?

You may be able to think of other site and equipment safety requirements, hazards,
risks or problems which should be on this list. This is because every worksite is
different.

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Hazards can be broken into seven categories:

Type Hazards Risks

Biological Bacteria, viruses, mold, May result in contamination
mildew, spillages of blood or or disease
body luids and waste, needle
stick injury, contaminated
sharps, dressings and waste,
fumes, and insects
Chemical Chemical substances such as Could lead to ire or
acids or poisons, cleaning explosion, poisoning or
agents, materials, and fumes, chemical burns
scheduled drugs and poisons
Physical Floors, stairs, work Cause trips, slips, falls, cuts,
platforms, steps, ladders, ire, bruising, strains, breaks, cuts,
falling objects, slippery psychological effects,
surfaces, manual handling, building and environment
excessively loud and damage and death
prolonged noise, vibration,
radiation, poor lighting,
ventilation, hold-ups,
threatening customers or
patients
Ergonomic Lack of lifting aids, seats and Could cause strain injuries,
desks are unsuitable, in lammation, muscle and
con ined spaces, above tendon damage.
shoulder height work
Psychological Workplace stressors arising May affect mental health and
from a variety of sources induce stress damage to
such as workplace bullying, organs.
con lict, and poor time
management.
Mechanical and/or electrical Electricity and equipment, Could result in electrocution,
plant and machinery burns or electrical damage
Radiation Light, heat or energy sources Can cause eye damage, burns,
toxicity and death

Your business and its surroundings change every day. You must be able to adapt to any
change in your organizational structure, the industry, and the government’s legislation.
As a matter of fact, periodic review of your health and safety system is mandatory to
keep the system in line with your other business aspects. Certain information about
your health and safety system needs to be recorded for the review. This includes:

● Incident reports: Keeping record of any workplace accident allows you to

determine the reoccurring issues in your workplace and come up with a
suitable plan to deal with them. All incidents should be recorded and
documented

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 ● First aid register: the record of all irst aid treatments in your workplace, the
associated personnel, and results
● Injuries register: this is the most important document for your workplace
health and safety reporting. It records information about injury incident and
should be checked for validity by associated supervisors before being sent to
upper management
● Training records: information about the people who attended health and
safety training and the training they took should be kept in your information
system. This allows you to grade their health and safety competency and
progress
● Any change made to the health and safety system: since you are always
improving your system, you should document any change you make to your
policies and standard. Recording those changes allows you to monitor your
progress and evaluate your performance. It makes sure that the changes you
made to the health and safety procedures are bene icial to the employees

Keep in mind that the recording of your health and safety information should be in
line with the organizational objectives, the industry standards, and the legislations.
This recording process should be:

● Outlined and explained in your policies and standards

● Planned and assigned to responsible key personnel
● Managed by the capable individuals
● Accurate, reliable, readily available and secure
● Carefully monitored and tested for ef iciency
● Supported by adequate resources and effort

After you have completed the identi ication of hazard and safety risks, you have to
assess the degree of risk and the impacts they can have on your workers. The risk
assessment should take into account:

● The operating conditions and processes currently applied at your workplace

● The range of uses of plant and vehicle for which you are responsible – the
handling and storage of plant
● The variety of plant and equipment that are currently used – particularly
those that require speci ic engineering controls

33
 ● The nature of the plant and whether hazards and risks can be increased by
the way the plants area used
● The consequences and likelihood of possible failure of the control measure
for plant and equipment

Risks should be categorized by the likelihood of injury and the severity of the likely
injury. So, a piece of paper (hazard) is likely to cause a papercut (risk). The risk is likely
to realize, so it is a probability. But the actual severity of the injury is quite low making
the consequence ‘Minor’. Using the chart below you can determine how severe a risk is:

Consequences
Long-term
Death, Minor irst aid
illness or First aid injury
permanent injury or
Probability serious injury, treatment,
disability, illness, minor
signi icant some damage
destruction of damage to
destruction to to property or
equipment or equipment or
property or equipment
property property
equipment
Very likely
Could happen at any HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM
time
Likely
Could happen at times, HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW
or a common occurrence
Unlikely
Could happen
MEDIUM LOW LOW INSIGNIFICANT
occasionally, but rarely
does
Very unlikely
Could happen, but LOW LOW INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT
probably will not

In the above example, the hazards have been paired with some risks. You should take
note that risks can multiply when there are multiple hazards. For example, if that paper,
in the previous example, had been exposed to a chemical there is the risk of infection
or poisoning too.

A hazard with an insigni icant or low-risk rating might be controlled easily through
training, awareness, signage or personal protective equipment. A hazard with a
medium or high-risk rating may require intervention through isolation and storage, use
of guards or barriers, substitution with other equipment as frequently as possible and
ultimately elimination. The more severe the consequence, the more effort should be put
into inding the right control. Consider the following hierarchy of risk controls:

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 Figure- Hierarchy of control

The methods at the bottom, with the smallest part of the triangle, should be relied upon
the least. While the ultimate goal, for every known risk, is elimination.

If site conditions changed, you should reassess the control measures using the
Hierarchy of Control.

Procedures that support the use of the hierarchy of control have the following key
features:

● A list of personal protective equipment and practices to be used

● Instructions, documentation, signage and training requirements and
any checklists that must be completed before starting work
● Required authorizations, barriers, traf ic or access management
conditions
● Alternative or co-existing policies and procedures that provide
contingencies or pick up where a checklist cannot be positively
completed
● A list of actions, equipment, tools, processes, materials, behaviors and
other things to avoid or not use to perform the tasks

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 OBTAIN AND CONFIRM AUTHORISATION (ENTRY PERMIT) MEETS REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
All con ined spaces work must be done in line with a con ined space work permit.
This permit will outline every part of the job (who, what, where, when, why and how
the job will be done) and all of the safety measures that must be taken. The permit
must be kept until the work has been completed or for at least 2years if a serious
(noti iable) incident occurs.

From the Site Safety/ permit of ice you will obtain an "Enter & work in con ined
spaces permit.

WORK PERMIT DETAILS

The details in the permit should cover the hazards and hazard controls that have been
identi ied.

A con ined space permit should include the following:

● Location, description and duration of work to be done.

● Hazards that may be encountered.
● Atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results.
● Hot work.
● Authorisation for work to be done.
● Isolation, lock-out and tagging processes.
● Hazard control measures (for example signs, barriers, ventilation and
purging).
● Personal protective equipment and clothing needed for the job.
● Size of work crew.
● Stand-by personnel and emergency response and rescue arrangements.
● Other requirements determined by a risk assessment and in accordance
with the code of practice and AS2865.

Once issued, you will need to check that the details in the work permit match the job
including hazards, control measures and equipment.

Changes to work conditions or identifying new hazards can mean the permit has to be
canceled before the work has been inished. The permit may have to be re-issued to
address the latest information.

The Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act/ Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act
provides a framework to protect the health, safety and welfare of all workers at work
and of other people who might be affected during work.

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An example Con ined Spaces Work Permit can be found below.

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

Location of
Con ined
Space (CS):
Type of ● Hot Work
Work:
● Installation
● Maintenance
● Reading/Testing of Systems
● Inspection
● Cleaning/Waste Removal
● Construction
● Rescue
● Other:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date of Issue:

Supervisor:

1. DETAILS OF CONFINED SPACE WORK

Will hot work be ● YES If yes, Hot Work Permit must be
carried out during completed and isolation measures
entry? recorded in Section 2.

● NO Hot Work Permit No:

Authorized by:

Will the CS or tank be ● YES If YES, the cleaning certi icate must be
cleaned? completed and attached to this permit.

● NO If NO, what hazards are present in the

CS or tank?

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 What control measures will be used?

Comments or other
information:

2
ISOLATION
.
What does ● Water/Vapor
the Con ined ● Gas
Space need
to be isolated ● Steam
from? ● Chemicals
● Mechanical equipment
● Electrical drives and equipment
● Fire or ire services
● Hydraulic equipment and services
● Electricity
● Gas
● Sludge
● Deposits
● Wastes
● Traf ic and unauthorized personnel
● Other:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
.

Isolation of Hazard Location Isolation Method

hazards:

Note: If more isolation methods are required, please record the details on the back of this form.

Signage and Have signage and barricades been ● YES

barricades: erected? ● NO

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 Are access/egress points signposted ● YES
and secure? ● NO

If NO, signs and barricades must be erected immediately.

Have locks
and/or tags
been af ixed ● YES ● NO
to isolation
points?

Comments or
other
information:

3. ATMOSPHERE TESTING AND MONITORING

Has the CS
atmosphere been ● YES ● NO
tested?

Results of tests: Con ined Space tested by:

Oxygen: %

Flammable gases: % LEL

% LEL

Other gasses: ppm (less than

ppm)
ppm (less than
ppm)

Other airborne contaminants:

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Continuous
monitoring of the CS
● YES ● NO
atmosphere is
required?
3.1 Atmosphere Controls

Have control ● YES ● NO

measures of the
atmosphere been Measures implemented:
implemented?
● Purging of space ● Ventilation of space

● Continuous
● Other:
ventilation required.

The atmosphere is With supplied air breathing

● YES ● NO
safe for entry under apparatus.
the following
conditions: Without respiratory protection. ● YES ● NO

With an escape unit. ● YES ● NO

Comments or other
information:

4
EQUIPMENT
.
Personal ● Eye protection – safety glasses/goggles.
protective
● Hearing protection – ear plugs/ear muffs.
equipment
to be worn: ● Hand protection - gloves.
● Footwear - boots.
● Head protection – helmet.
● Protective clothing – hi-visibility, full jumpsuit.
● Other
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Safety ● Electronic gas detection equipment.
equipment
● Self-rescue breathing sets.
to be used:
● Full breathing apparatus – open circuit or airline.
● Safety harness (full body) and safety lines.
● Communication equipment.
● Personal lighting.
● Other
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Rescue ● Gas detection equipment.

equipment
● Breathing apparatus.
to be
prepared: ● Respirator.
● Extraction system.
● Harnesses and safety lines.
● Helmets.
● Gloves – inner, outer, chemical protection.
● Stretcher.
● Lighting.
● Spreader bar.
● PPE.
● Fire ighting equipment.
● Other
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calibration and
inspection certi icates NO
● YES ●
of all equipment are
attached and current?

Comments or other
information:

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5. PERSONNEL
Rescue procedure and Rescue team members have been
contacts: noti ied of the work being carried ● YES ● NO
out and the location of the CS?

Rescue personnel contact name:

Agency/company name:

Contact number(s):

General emergency response procedure:

Stand-by personnel: Name:

Communication ● Visual
arrangements:
● Signal

● Phone

● Radio

● Other:

Stand-by personnel are

trained in irst aid and ● YES ● NO
con ined space procedures?

CS stand-by personnel are

● YES ● NO
engaged and available?

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5.1 Personnel Authorized to Enter Con ined Space
I have been advised of and understand the control measures and precautions to be
observed with the entry and work in con ined space.
Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:

Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:
Note: If more personnel are required, please record their details on the back of this
form.

5.2 Personnel Entry and Exit Log

Use this section each time a person enters or leaves the con ined space.
Log of Entry and Exit
ENTRY EXIT
Name Date Time Name Date Time

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6. AUTHORITY TO ENTER
The control measures and precautions appropriate for the safe entry and execution
of the work in the con ined space have been implemented and persons required to
work in the con ined space have been advised of and understand the requirements
of this written authority.
Signed (Person in direct control): Date:
Print Name: Time:
This written authority is valid until:
Date: Time:

7. WITHDRAWAL OF WRITTEN AUTHORITY

All persons have left the con ined space and further entry cannot be
●
permitted unless a new entry permit is completed.
● Equipment has been checked and stored correctly.

Signed (Stand-by person): Date:

Print Name: Time:

7.1 Signed (Supervisor):
All personnel and equipment have been withdrawn from the con ined space and
work has been suspended due to:
● Unsuitable/unsafe atmosphere.
● Incident.
● Plant/machinery/equipment unsuitable or damaged.
● Other:
Under these circumstances, all work cannot restart until a new permit has been issued.
Signed (Supervisor): Date:
Print Name: Time:
7.2 Acceptance of Completed Work
I accept that all of the work permitted in this entry permit has been completed
satisfactorily and no further entry to the con ined space is permitted.
Signed (Supervisor): Date:
Print Name: Time:
Documents attached:
● Training ● Calibration
● CS Permit
Certi icates/Licenses Certi icates
● Other:

44
 CONFIRM THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURE IS WITH THE STAND-BY PERSON AND
UNDERSTOOD

An emergency response plan needs to be inalized before any con ined space
operations are done. The emergency response plan includes the roles and
responsibilities of all workers involved in the con ined spaces work.

Before starting any con ined spaces work you need to make sure the emergency
response plan is right for the work situation and that the stand-by person
understands the emergency response procedures.

It is also important to make sure that the entry/exit openings are large enough to
allow for emergency access and that they are not obstructed.

It is important to con irm your own role in an emergency so that you know what to do
and how to react quickly before the situation gets worse. Talk to your supervisor about
what you will need to do in an emergency and make sure that you have been trained to
carry out the task. Users should report potential risks and hazards to the supervisor.

It is your responsibility to inspect the work area to ensure that there are no potential
hazards in a con ined space entrance/exit.

STAND-BY PERSON

A stand-by person (or sentry) should stay as close as possible to the con ined space. A
stand-by person must:

● Be fully trained and competent.

● Be in continuous communication and if possible visual contact with workers
inside the con ined space.
● Be ready to immediately start emergency response procedures.
● Continuously monitor hazards both inside and outside the con ined space.
● Maintain clear access and egress (entry and exit) to and from the con ined
space.
● Not be involved in any other work while personnel are within the con ined
space.

45
 IDENTIFY, OBTAIN AND IMPLEMENT SIGNAGE AND BARRIER REQUIREMENTS
Traf ic signs are important indicators for proper use of route and spacing in the
workplace. It is important for you to obtain and implement the relevant signs, warning
and ensure that those signs are easily visible to all workers and operators at your
workplace.

Remember:

● The STOP/SLOW bat is the only item with the power to stop or slow traf ic
● Traf ic management will also need to take into account access to the road
and carriageways by equipment, machinery, work vehicles and another plant

Roads may be accessed by heavy vehicles or vehicles with poor visibility, mobile
plant and mechanical equipment, forklifts and non-road vehicles. This is one of
the reasons why traf ic control is necessary – to prevent these low visibility,
high-risk items from interfering with traf ic, causing destruction, injury or other
problems and to maintain smooth traf ic low to avoid traf ic delays.

You will need to take responsibility for ensuring that the right signs are used in the
right locations at all times. In addition to the STOP/SLOW bat, you may need the
following signs and warning devices:

● Temporary speed limit signs

● Road Works Ahead
● Road works End
● ‘Pedestrians Prohibited – Forklift Operating Area’
● ‘Forklift and Powered Load shifting Equipment Prohibited.'
● ‘Pedestrian Safety Zone’
● ‘Beware load shifting equipment operating within the area.'
● ‘Pedestrians must give way to vehicles or ‘priority’ or ‘right of way’
procedure that applies to pedestrian crossings

You will learn more about the set out of these signs in the following chapters.

To select the tools, equipment, and PPE ,it is required to check them for
serviceability and whether the tag is in date.

46
While you may not have responsibility for safety, in general, on a worksite you should
be prepared to help ensure the health and safety laws are applied to all vehicle
movement on the site too. Some of the safety requirements for worksite machinery and
vehicles include:

● Mirrors, reversing cameras, sensors and alarms to help drivers notice the
movement of vehicles in the traf ic
● Visual warning signs and devices or high-visibility markings to warn people
of the mobile plant movement
● Working procedures that prevent or eliminate the carrying of loads where a
clear vision is not possible
● Assigning workers and operators to control and operate signs and devices
● High-visibility or re lective clothing for workers, plant operators and
pedestrians
● Additionally, you can eliminate the risk of physical injuries for pedestrians by
separating them from each other using certain mechanisms. Where
applicable, you can install:
o Separation structures such as barricade to keep pedestrians out of
areas or route of mobile plant and other vehicles
o Installing gates, zoning systems and alarms to ensure that any
pedestrian is kept outside of the traf ic and can be noti ied if they are
entering a risky route
o Safety railing to lower the risk of collision
● Using shelves or high-visibility physical barriers to separate the areas for
pedestrians and vehicles
● Using ‘no pedestrian access’ signs during vehicle operation
● Enforcing signs and instructions for the right of way to indicate who must
give way
● Install maps to display the current traf ic low at your workplace
● Implement and enforce speed limits

For pedestrians who have to work with your vehicles, especially powered mobile
plants, who are not directly managed by your company, you should implement safety
measures to ensure that they are aware of the risks of collision and movement of
vehicles.

47
Isolation

All potentially hazardous services should be isolated prior to any person entering the
con ined space. Isolate to prevent:

● The introduction of contaminants or conditions through piping, ducts, vents,

drains, conveyors, service pipes and ire protection equipment
● The activation or energizing of machinery in the con ined space
● The activation of plant or services outside the con ined space that could
adversely affect the space (for example heating or refrigerating methods)
● The release of any stored or potential energy in plant
● The inadvertent use of electrical equipment.

If liquids, gasses or vapours could enter the con ined space the pipe work should be
physically isolated.

Isolation measures, for example physically locking, tagging, closing and blanking (see
Figure 3) should be supervised or checked at each isolation point. Isolation measures
should be supported by systems to ensure that the isolation measures are not removed
until all work is complete and all workers have left the space

Methods of isolation from materials, contaminants or conditions include isolating in

accordance with one of the methods described below or by an alternative method
ensuring at least an equivalent level of safety:

Removing a valve, spool piece or expansion joint in piping leading to the con ined space
(as close as practicable to the space) and blanking or capping the open end of the
piping (see Figure 4). The blank or cap should be tagged to indicate its purpose. Blanks
or caps should be made of a material that is compatible with the liquid, vapour or gas
with which they are in contact. The material should also have suf icient strength to
withstand the maximum operating pressure, for example surges, which can build up in
the piping.

You can:

48
 ● Workers who are not involved with the plant operation should not be
permitted into the areas where vehicles are moving, or loads are being
loaded/unloaded
● Install warning signs to show that vehicles are operating in the area
● Install instructions to all workers and visiting drivers to stand clear when
vehicles are entering or moving in an area
● Instruct vehicle operators to not move and load/unload until workers and
pedestrians are clear of the loading area
● Workers and visiting drivers have to wear high-visibility clothing
In general, your signs and warnings should provide clear indication of the:

● Traf ic low
● The relevant area for operation and movement of workers, vehicles and
pedestrians
● Designated safe area and unsafe areas
● Exclusion areas for parking and operation of vehicles
● Instructions on movement, right of way and speed limits for vehicle
movement
As a means of protection for the exposed service, you can erect barriers, including
fences, signs and other visual devices on your site. The barriers can help you:

● Limit the movement of personnel, vehicles, and equipment to predetermined

areas
● Minimize the disruption of the site operation
● Maximize the preservation of historical site or existing vegetation
● Reduce the potential soil erosion or compaction
● Protect the utilities from shock and damage
● Prevent unnecessary and unauthorized access by people and vehicle to the
area to the public facilities

49
 SELECT TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE TASKS, CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY AND RECTIFY OR
REPORT ANY FAULTS

Once you know the task to be completed and the likely hazards of the job you will need
to think about the tools and equipment that you will use in order to carry out the job.
This will differ from job to job, even if the repair type is the same, because of the
differences in location, permits, hazards and work instructions.

Your organization may provide you with a list of suggested plants, tools, and equipment
for each type of job within the procedures for speci ic tasks; the client may provide you
with a list of plants, tools, and equipment that form a part of the contract or you may
have to create this list for yourself. It is important that you consider each item in
relation to the actual task being carried out to ensure that you choose to plant,
equipment, and tools with:

● The right dimensions and weight limits

● Enough power and/or capacity
● Its own power supply or a power supply that is universal
● Adequate accessories or tools that can be used on a single piece of
machinery
The user of the equipment is responsible for identifying, selecting and checking
safety equipment for safe work. If you notice any problems with equipment before or
during operation, you must inform others, on the job, of the problems and either stop
work whilst repairs are conducted or exchange it for other equipment on site.
Alternatively, you may need to communicate with those on the site about the potential
problems and organize for maintenance to be conducted, additional tools, equipment,
consumables or materials to be delivered to the site or contractors to be rescheduled,
if possible, to ensure the continuity of work and minimize impact to timelines.

When communicating with others about problems you must:

● Be clear about the speci ic piece of machinery and the fault it is experiencing
● Using signage and/or labeling on items that are unsafe to use
● Speak to people directly and using professional language and tone – you
need to emphasize the safety implications and seriousness of misuse of
equipment and be sure the other person has understood
● Clarify instructions and/or work processes that may be affected by an
outage and work with the team to identify possible solutions and alternatives
There are some of the hazards that can encounter when moving tools manually
from one place to another place such as
● Manual handling issues
● Pinch your inger

50
 ● Back pain / Strain

DETERMINE EQUIPMENT TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS, TECHNICAL CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS

Consider the following list of tools and equipment when preparing for jobs:

● Radio – Must be used when there is low or no visibility or line of sight,

needs to be fully charged, chargeable or battery based, compliant with
current standards for wireless radio devices and be rated for the distance
between the traf ic control operator and the other parties
● Stop-slow bat – must meet the state or territory requirements and AS/NSZ
1742:3 for shape, color, use of re lective material, cleanliness and repair
● High visibility vest – must meet the state or territory standards for colour,
re lection, features and usage as discussed earlier in this unit
● , features and usage as discussed earlier in this unit
● Traf ic cones – there are different requirements for the speed at which
traf ic is approaching a work site. For works under 70km/h, a small 450mm
non-re lective cone can be used. Works, where the approach speed is
70km/h or faster, must by 700mm in height and may require re lective
material based on visibility, your state or territory and day or night works
● Bollards – Bollards must meet minimum colour requirements, be 900mm
from the ground and meet Australian materials standards
● Torches and wands – these are used for night works in place of hand
signals and must be accompanied by two-way radio use also, cones and
bollards must have the re lective tape to meet AS/NZS 1906.1
● Safety equipment.
● Rescue equipment.
● Atmospheric testing equipment such as portable gas detectors and
monitors.
● Communication devices.
● Tools and equipment relevant to the work to be performed.
You will learn more about other equipment used in speci ic jobs as you progress
throughout this unit.

51
 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES FOR EQUIPMENT

Proper maintenance of your equipment makes sure that the equipment can continue to
provide you with the assistance and protection for which it is designed. Hence, it is
important for you to follow the manufacturer’s usage guide and maintenance schedule,
including the repair and replacement recommendations periods and shelf lives.

CORRECTLY APPLY TAGGING AND LOCK-OUT PROCEDURES

TALLY

A tally is a yellow plastic strip normally attached to the distress signal unit. The tally is
given to the Entry Control Of icer who will make sure the right details are on the strip.
The control of icer then places the tally on the control board.

The details on the tally could vary between organizations but will generally include the
name of the operator, time in the work environment and the contents of the cylinder.

Other details could include deployment area and estimated exit time.

GUIDELINES

A guideline is a small diameter line that can be used by the con ined spaces team to
stay together in areas of reduced visibility.

The main guideline is up to 60m long with markings at set distances. These markings
allow workers to tell by touch if they are heading in or towards the exit.

The main guideline will also be marked with a tally at the start of the line, lettered
either A or B.

A personal line is attached to the main guideline.

GUIDELINE TALLIES

Guideline tallies are used to identify main or branch lines that are being used and are
usually yellow.

● Main lines use round tallies with either A or B on both sides and are
attached to the start of the line.
● Branch line tallies have holes punched through them to make them easier to
identify.
As each worker attaches a personal line they will need to attach a guideline tally as
well.

52
 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

Communications equipment could include:

Communication
Description:
Equipment:
Integrated Radios Integrated radios are built into the breathing apparatus.
Portable radios will have limited usefulness when using
Portable Radios breathing apparatus and may have limited range due to
atmospheric conditions.
This is the name given to the complete communication
equipment. Communication sets are made up of a
microphone, battery, cables, ampli ier and built-in
speakers.
Communication Sets The way communication sets are used depends on the
type of equipment and the manufacturer’s operating
guidelines. These instructions can vary so it is
important that you check the manufacturer’s operation
manual for the equipment you are using.
Depending on your organization, signal lines may be a
line similar to the main guideline, which will transmit
Signal Lines predetermined signals. It may also be a
communications cable, which can be connected to
communications equipment.
Hand signals must be understood for clear
communications to occur. Most organizations will have
signals that apply only to their worksites, or that have
Hand Signals been designed for a particular task.
If hand signals are going to be used during the work
make sure you are familiar with them and that you
practice them before entering any con ined space.
Most Distress Signal Units (DSU) will have a dual
activation system, which will trigger an alarm
automatically if movement is not detected within a
Distress Signal Unit certain timeframe (up to 1 minute of no movement), or
the alarm can be set off manually.
The process for setting off your Distress Signal Unit will
depend upon the make and model of equipment.

53
 LIFTING AND LOWERING DEVICES

Lifting and lowering devices include safety belts, harnesses, tripods, ropes and lifelines.

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Fire ighting equipment could include ire blankets and ire extinguishers.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment (PPE) may include:

● Eye protection (e.g., goggles).

● Ear protection.
● Gloves.
● Protective clothing.
● Helmets.
● Safety footwear.
● Respirators and masks.

RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT

Where a con ined space has an unsafe concentration of oxygen, or any airborne
contaminant cannot be safely reduced or removed, workers must be equipped with
supplied-air respiratory protection and PPE.

Respiratory protection devices include:

● Air purifying respirators.

● Self-contained compressed air breathing apparatus (SCBA).
● Supplied airline breathing apparatus.
● Escape breathing apparatus.

If a respirator does not it properly, the wearer will not get the expected level of
protection

54
 ATMOSPHERIC TESTING AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT

Each gas-testing instrument needs to be calibrated according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Instruments that are not properly calibrated or that fail ield checks
cannot be used for atmospheric testing until they are properly calibrated.

All atmospheric testing equipment needs to be calibrated by the manufacturer annually.

It also needs to be ield checked just before use. The ield check needs to include
checking with a test gas as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Atmospheric testing and monitoring equipment includes:

● Instruments used for pre-entry testing appropriate to the hazards.

● Continuous monitors appropriate for the hazards.
● Other devices used to test the con ined space atmosphere as required by the
permit conditions.

55
 IDENTIFY, CONFIRM AND APPLY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Prior to commencing any work into the con ined space, it is necessary to check the
physical condition of the workplace, the condition of structures, prevailing weather
conditions, equipment requirements for speci ic tasks. Besides, you will be required to
identify and plan for a number of sustainability requirements related to environmental
management, waste, and recycling. You will need to follow a number of principles to
ensure the sustainability of your work and the environment. In general, you must take
into account:
Area of Concern What you need to do

Ef icient energy use Consider the ef icient use of energy when you are
working on the installation, including energy for:

● Manufacturing raw materials

● Work processes including equipment use
● Maintenance activities
● Lighting
Try these tips:
● Turn off tools and machinery when not in
use and disconnect from the power
where safe to do so
● Plan work to avoid using tools and
machinery for long periods of time
● Use manufacturer's suggested settings
for ef icient operation
Water You will need to use a lot of water to prepare work
areas, mix concrete and then clean up. Water supply
around the world is currently being affected by changed
climates. You should monitor your use of water and:
● Turn off water sources quickly after
inishing work
● Investigate alternative tools, equipment
or methods that reduce the amount of
water used
● Collect, store and reuse rainwater
wherever possible
● Ensure that your run-off does not enter
any storm water systems or penetrate
subsoil water systems

56
Dust The environmental protection legislation (mentioned in
the topic on safety) requires that dust from worksites
be managed and contained. This can be done by:
● Keeping dusty areas, and potential
sources of dust, damp
● Removing dust and dusty items as
quickly as possible
● Using contained storage methods
included walled skips with a lid, storage
warehouses, carts with lids and similar
Noise The most common complaint on a worksite is noise.
Each council will have its own restrictions on noise for
their municipality. For example, in some council areas
noise sources that can be heard from the central,
enclosed, room of an adjoining property cannot be
turned on or used before between 11pm and 7am on a
weekday, and 1am and 9am on a weekend. The noise
obligations are established by the environmental
protection authority in your state or territory and are
then administered and overseen by local councils who
set their own limits for different areas. A ine can apply
for non-compliance with authorized hours.
Additionally, there may be restrictions on:
● Decibels emitted from a single source of
noise
● High pitch or high-frequency noises
● Sources of noise
Waste In general, you will be dealing with the following types
of waste during your work:

● Excavated loose soil

● Off-cut timber
● Paper
● Rags
● Sticks
● Nails
Whilst some of these items can be recycled, like paper,
some of the others may not be suitable for ordinary
disposal methods, like dust, and will need special
disposal methods. Using recyclable materials can have a
positive impact on the environment of Australia. Choose
and recommend these wherever possible and whenever
you have in luence over purchases.

57
 POSITION RESCUE EQUIPMENT BY THE ENTRY PERMIT
There is always the chance of an emergency situation occurring when working in a
con ined space, such as a worker falling unconscious, a ire breaking out or a chemical
spill. It is very important that you have a plan in place and incident response equipment
on hand. All rescue personnel should be trained in their use.

The rescue equipment should be set up near the con ined space and be ready to use at
a moment’s notice.

You should position rescue equipment at an entry of the con ined space such as

● Rescue lines.
● First aid kits.
● Fire ighting equipment.
● Spill kits.
● Access equipment.

For each piece of equipment and machinery ensure:

● Systems are checked for functionality and leaks. Check nozzles are clear of
dirt and debris
● Machines have oil, water, and hydraulic luid to the manufacturers’
speci ications. Check underneath bonnet or engine cover and the equipment
for signs of leakage
● Pivot points are greased and not loose. If the machine has a quick-hitch
check that there is a safety pin, and it is free from defect
● Batteries are fully charged
● Signage is clean and not damaged, defaced, faded or otherwise obstructed
● It is the responsibility of the user along with team members to check all
controls are in place & working properly.

58
 TOPIC 2 – WORK IN CONFINED SPACE

GAIN ACCESS TO CONFINED SPACE

You will need to gain access to the con ined space in accordance with the issued permit.
This means getting safely to the con ined space entry point. In some cases this may
mean you need to get up high to the entry point using access equipment.

Every situation is different so make sure you have had a good look at the area and
worked out the safest way to access the con ined space. Talk to your supervisor and
other workers and check the details in the work permit to make sure you are using the
right method to access the con ined space. It is always better to ind out for sure before
entering any con ined space.

Workers must take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of
others who may be affected by their actions or omissions.

Also, the atmosphere must be tested for harmful elements before commencing
work at three levels: top, middle & bottom.

59
 ENSURE THAT THE ATMOSPHERE IS TESTED AND MONITORED FOR HARMFUL ELEMENTS
In a typical scenario, an individual might be required to carry out gas testing of a
particular atmosphere prior to entering the speci ic area or workspace. Testing will
involve the use of electronic test apparatus.

HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE

A hazardous atmosphere occurs when:

● The atmosphere does not have a safe oxygen level

● The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere increases the ire risk
● The concentration of lammable gas, vapor, mist or fumes exceeds 5% of the
lower explosive limit (LEL) for the gas, vapor, mist or fumes
● Combustible dust is present in a quantity and form that would result in a
hazardous area

Examples of workplaces that may produce hazardous atmospheres are areas such as:

● Land ills
● Re ineries
● Chemical plants
● Hazardous waste sites
● Areas where underground storage tanks are present

It may not be possible to see or smell a hazardous atmosphere because many

substances that can create a hazardous atmosphere can be colorless and odorless.

Initial testing should be done from outside the con ined space by inserting a sample
probe and/or portable gas detection device at appropriately selected access holes,
nozzles and openings. Because contaminants can settle at different levels, each part of
the con ined space should be tested – side to side and top to bottom (see below igure)
within the con ined space. Lighter glasses may be vented into the breathing zone of the
person conducting the tests. Some gasses may be dissolved in liquids and released
when the liquid is disturbed or a crust over the liquid is broken and it may therefore be
necessary to agitate liquids before monitoring. If it is necessary to enter the space to
test remote regions away from entrances or access holes, then air-supplied respiratory
equipment should be worn and the entry must be undertaken in accordance with the
WHS Regulations using a con ined space entry permit. Re-testing and continuous
monitoring of the air may be necessary if the risk assessment indicates that conditions
may change due to the work being done or the disturbance of hazardous material in
the con ined space

60
61
 COMMON TOXIC GASSES

Common chemical asphyxiates may include: Hydrocarbons

● Carbon dioxide
● Carbon monoxide
● Hydrogen cyanide
● Hydrogen sulphone

HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed through a mixture of two elements

(carbon and hydrogen). They are found in coal, crude oil, natural gas, and plant life and
are used as fuels, solvents, and as raw materials for a number of products including
dyes, pesticides, and plastics. Petroleum is a mixture of several hydrocarbons. A major
contributor to air pollution and global warming is the emission of gases resulting from
combustion of hydrocarbons (for example, in auto engines and industrial plants).

CARBON DIOXIDE

“Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, non- lammable and slightly acidic
lique ied gas. CO2 is heavier than air and soluble in water.

CO2 is produced industrially by using sources of CO2 obtained through processes in the
petrochemical industry, or by burning natural gas in cogeneration processes. Air
Products supplies CO2 to customers worldwide as a lique ied gas. It is delivered under
pressure in steel cylinders and refrigerated in thermally insulated containers.”

A variety of industries utilize carbon dioxide for a variety of purposes, including:

● Food (e.g. carbonated beverages, gasi ication beverages, packaging,

freezing and cooling)
● Deburring and grinding
● Neutralization
● Metal fabrication applications
● Catering
● Medicine (mixes metabolic)
● Foamed Plastics: supercritical extraction

62
 CARBON MONOXIDE

Carbon monoxide is a gas found in air. High levels of carbon monoxide pose a
poisonous threat to humans, however, is undetectable to humans as it possesses no
taste or smell and cannot be seen.

The natural concentration of carbon monoxide in air is approximately 0.2 parts per
million (ppm), which poses no threat to humans. Examples of natural sources of
carbon monoxide include volcanoes and bush ires.

The main sources of additional outdoor carbon monoxide are motor vehicle exhaust
fumes and certain industrial activities, such as steel production. Tobacco smoke is one
of the main indoor sources of carbon monoxide.

HYDROGEN CYANIDE

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is a chemical that systematically obstructs the body’s ability to
use oxygen by interfering with nearly every organ of the body, particularly the organ
systems affecting the brain, heart and blood vessels, and the lungs which are most
sensitive to low oxygen levels. Exposure to hydrogen cyanide (AC) poses a great risk to
the human body with the potential of rapid fatality.

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, mining,

chemical synthesis, and the production of synthetic ibers, plastics, dyes, and pesticides.
It has a distinctive bitter almond odor (also described as a musty "old sneakers smell"
and as having a bitter burning taste). However, a large proportion of people cannot
detect it as the odor does not provide suf icient warning of hazardous concentration
levels.

63
Methods of dissemination:
● Indoor Air: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be released into indoor air as a liquid
spray (aerosol) or as a gas
● Water: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be used to contaminate water
● Food: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be used to contaminate food
● Outdoor Air: Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be released into outdoor air as a
liquid spray (aerosol) or as a gas
● Agricultural: If hydrogen cyanide (AC) is released into the air as a liquid spray
(aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. If
hydrogen cyanide (AC) is released as a gas, it is highly unlikely to
contaminate agricultural products

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) can affect the body via a number of entry methods, for
example, either ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact.

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

Hydrogen sul ide is a toxic and lammable gas with an obnoxious odor, formed during
decomposition of organic matter (both animal and plant), however, generated largely
by oil burning and re ining processes. It smells like rotten eggs, irritates eyes, and when
inhaled in low concentrations, irritates the respiratory tract. In higher concentrations,
hydrogen sul ide can cause dif iculty in breathing, nausea, vomiting, and even death.

COMMON IRRITANTS AND CORROSIVES

There are several common irritants and corrosives, including:

● Chlorine
● Ammonia
● Acid bases

64
 CHLORINE

Chlorine is a chemical element that can be found in either a liquid, gaseous, or solid
state. It is a reactive element and typically found mixed with other compounds. Chlorine
is among the most common of elements, for example, the salt and other compounds
found in sea water from a large source of chlorine. Chlorine is widely used as a reliable
water disinfectant as when it is mixed with water in accurately controlled amounts. It
will kill bacteria and microbiological organisms in the water. Chlorine also provides the
bene it of ensuring clean water right up to the end-users tap whereas the actions of
other types of water disinfectants (for example, ozone and ultraviolet light) are merely
temporary.

Chlorine also helps remove unwanted tastes and odors from water supplies and
controls the growth of slime and algae in mains, pipes, and storage tanks.

AMMONIA

Ammonia (NH3) is used in industry and commerce and is one of the most widely
produced industrial chemicals. Ammonia also naturally exists within humans and the
environment. Ammonia is essential for numerous biological processes and serves as a
precursor for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis.

It is produced naturally in soil by bacterial processes known as the nitrogen cycle. It is

also produced naturally through decomposition of organic matter, including plants,
animals and animal wastes.

Some chemical/physical properties of ammonia are:

● At room temperature, ammonia is a colorless, highly irritating gas with a pungent,
suffocating odor
● In pure form, it is known as anhydrous ammonia and is hygroscopic (readily absorbs
moisture)
● Ammonia has alkaline properties and is corrosive
● Ammonia gas dissolves easily in water to form ammonium hydroxide, a caustic
solution and weak base
● Ammonia gas is easily compressed and forms a clear liquid under pressure
● Ammonia is usually shipped as a compressed liquid in steel containers
● Ammonia is not highly lammable, but containers of ammonia may explode when
exposed to high heat.

Approximately 80% of industry produced ammonia is used as fertilizer in agriculture

industries. Ammonia is also used as a refrigerant gas, used to purify water supplies,

65
and in the manufacturing of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and other
chemicals. Many household and industrial-strength cleaning products contain
ammonia. Household ammonia cleaning products are produced by adding ammonia
gas to water (these products can consist of between 5 and 10% ammonia). Ammonia
products for industrial purposes may consist of 25% ammonia or higher and are
corrosive.

COMMON FLAMMABLE GASSES

There are many lammable gasses that may need to be tested for when working on the
site. They include:

● Acetylene
● Petroleum
● Methane
● Ethane
● Propane
● Butane

ACETYLENE

Acetylene is a colorless, combustible gas with a distinctive odor. Acetylene becomes

highly explosive when lique ied, compressed, heated, or mixed with air. Therefore,
special precautions are required during both the production phase and any
subsequent handling.

There most common uses for acetylene are:

● The production of various organic chemicals widely used in the preparation

of polyurethane and polyester plastics
● As the fuel component in oxy-acetylene welding and metal cutting
● Some commercially useful acetylene compounds include acetylene black,
which is used in certain dry-cell batteries, and acetylenic alcohols, which are
used in the synthesis of vitamins

66
 PETROLEUM

Petroleum is a general term for oil and natural gas which are important fossil fuels
formed during the decomposition and the pressurization of algae, plankton and other
organisms.

This process forms hydrocarbons; compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and

carbon which are powerful and combustible fuel sources. Individual deposits of oil and
gas can also contain other compounds. However, it is the hydrocarbons that make them
valuable.

METHANE – ETHANE - PROPANE - BUTANE

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Bentek Energy LLC.

Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are hydrocarbons. Ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and
pentane are all NGLs (see the previous table). There are many uses for Natural gas
liquids, spanning across almost every sector within the economy. For example, natural
gas liquids are used:

● As inputs for petrochemical plants

● Burned for space heat and cooking
● Blended into vehicle fuel.

67
Higher crude oil prices have contributed to increased natural gas liquid prices and
subsequently provided an incentive to drill into resources rich in liquids and with
signi icant NGL content.

EXPLOSIVE RANGE, UPPER AND LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMITS

Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (e.g. gaseous or vaporised fuels, and some
dust) and air will only burn if the fuel concentration level lies well within the de ined
lower and upper bounds (referred to as lammability or explosive limits). Combustion
ranges in violence from de lagration, detonation, to the explosion.

Limits vary with temperature and pressure but are typically expressed in terms of
volume percentage at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. These limits are relevant to
both producing and optimizing explosion or combustion (i.e. engine), or to preventing
it (i.e. uncontrolled explosions due to build-ups of combustible gas or dust).

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)

The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration (or percentage) of a gas
or vapor in the air, capable of producing either lash or ire in the presence of an
ignition source, i.e. arc, lame, heat. Many safety professionals consider the term Lower
Explosive Limit (LEL) to be the same as the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL). Air
concentration levels lower than the LEL means that the mixture of gasses is "too lean"
to burn. Methane gas, for example, has an LEL of 4.4% therefore if the atmosphere
contains less than 4.4% methane, an explosion cannot occur even if a source of ignition
is present.

The percentage reading on combustible air monitors must not be confused with the
LEL concentration level. Explosimeters designed and calibrated to a speci ic gas may
indicate the relative concentration level of the atmosphere to the LEL (the LEL being
100%). For example, an LEL reading of 5% for methane would be equivalent to 5%
multiplied by 4.4%, or approximately 0.22% methane by volume at 20 degrees celsius.
Control of the explosion hazard is usually achieved via suf icient ventilation (either
natural or mechanical) in order to reduce the concentration of lammable gasses or
vapors to a maximum of 25% of their lower explosive or lammable limit.

68
 UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT

Upper explosive limit (UEL) is the highest concentration (or percentage) of a gas or
vapor in the air, capable of producing either lash of ire in the presence of an ignition
source, i.e. arc, lame, heat. Air concentration levels higher than the UFL or UEL are
"too rich" to burn.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND COMPOSITION

The lammability limits of mixtures consisting of several combustible gases can be

calculated via Le Chatelier's mixing rule for combustible volume fractions xi:

and similar for UEL.

Flammability limits are also in luenced by factors including temperature, pressure, and
the concentration of the oxidizer. Higher temperature or pressure and a higher
concentration of the oxidizer (primarily oxygen in air) will result in lower LFL and
higher UFL, making the gas mixture easier (and more likely) to explode.

Pressures below 10 millibar cause less signi icant effects and are dif icult to predict as
they have only been studied within internal combustion engines with a turbocharger.

Typically, atmospheric air provides the oxygen for combustion, and limits assume
normal concentration of oxygen in the air. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres will enhance
combustion, lowering the LFL and increasing the UFL, and vice-versa; an atmosphere
lacking an oxidizer is neither lammable nor explosive for any fuel concentration.
Signi icant increases in the fraction of inert gasses in an air mixture, at the expense of
oxygen, raises the LFL and decreases the UFL.

69
Substance LFL/LEL in 5 by UFL/UEL in % by Flash point °C
volume of air volume of air

Acetylene 2.5 81 Flammable gas

Ammonia 15 28 11

Butane 1.6 8.4 -60

Carbon dioxide NA NA

Carbon monoxide 12 75 -191

Chlorine NA NA

Ethane 3 12-12.4 Flammable gas

-135

Hydrocarbons See methane, ethane, See methane, ethane,

propane, butane propane, butane

Hydrogen cyanide 5.6 40

Hydrogen sulphide 4.3 46 Flammable gas

Methane 4.4 15-17 Flammable gas

Petroleum 1.4 approx 7.6 approx

Propane 2.1 9.5-10.1 Flammable gas

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

There are a variety of tools and equipment that you can use to measure and test the
quality of air and gasses. This section will discuss the use of equipment and tools such
as:

● Portable instruments
● Radiation detectors
● Sampling tubes and pumps
● Oxygen level meter
● Carbon monoxide detector
● Combustible gas detectors

70
 TYPES OF GAS DETECTORS

Gas detectors are typically classi ied according to the operation mechanism
(semiconductors, oxidation, catalytic, infrared, etc.). Gas detectors come packaged into
two main form factors: portable devices and ixed gas detectors.

Atmospheres surrounding personnel are monitored via portable detectors that are
worn on clothing or on a belt/harness. These gas detectors are usually battery
operated.

They transmit warnings via a series of audible and visible signals such as alarms and
lashing lights, to advise when dangerous levels of gas vapours have been detected.

Fixed type gas detectors may be used for detection of one or more gas types. Fixed
type detectors are typically mounted near the process area of a plant or control room,
or an area that should be protected, such as a residential bedroom.

Generally, industrial sensors are installed on ixed type mild steel structures, and a
cable connects the detectors to a SCADA system for continuous monitoring. A tripping
interlock can be activated for an emergency situation.

MEASUREMENT OF TOXIC GASSES

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS

Gas detectors measure and indicate concentration levels of certain gasses in the air via
different technologies. They function using electrode signals when gas is detected. The
amount of current produced is determined by how much of the gas is oxidized at the
electrode, indicating the concentration level of the gas. Electrochemical gas detectors
can be customized by manufacturers by changing the porous barrier to allow for the
detection of a certain gas concentration range. Furthermore, since the diffusion barrier
is a physical/mechanical barrier, the detector tended to be more stable and reliable
over the sensor's duration and subsequently required less maintenance than other
early detector technologies.

Electrochemical gas detectors are used in a variety of environments such as re ineries,

gas turbines, chemical plants, underground gas storage facilities, etc.

71
 METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS

Metal Oxide Semiconductors, or MOS, are also used for detecting toxic gasses
(commonly carbon monoxide) and work via a gas sensitive ilm that is composed of tin
or tungsten oxides. The sensitive ilm reacts with glasses, triggering the device when
toxic levels are present. Generally, metal oxide sensors are considered to be an ef icient
method of testing due to their ability to operate in low-humidity ranges, and they are
able to detect a range of gasses, including combustibles.

MEASUREMENT OF COMBUSTIBLE GASSES

Catalytic sensors account for a large number of gas detector devices that are
manufactured today. This technology is used to detect combustible gasses such as
hydrocarbons and works via catalytic oxidation. The sensors found in this type of
detector are generally constructed from a platinum treated wire coil. When a
combustible gas comes into contact with the catalytic surface, it is oxidized, and the
wiring resistance is changed by the released heat. A bridge circuit is typically used to
indicate the resistance change.

Infrared sensors or IR detectors work via a system of transmitters and receivers to

detect combustible gasses, speci ically hydrocarbon vapors. Typically, the transmitters
are light sources and receivers are light detectors. If a gas is present in the optical path,
it will interfere with the power of the light transmission between the transmitter and
receiver. The altered state of light determines if and what type of gas is present.

RADIATION DETECTOR

Radiation detectors (also known as particle detectors) are devices that are designed to
identify the presence of some form of radiation within a given area. Along with locating
pockets of radiation, most radiation detector devices of this type also measure the
amount of radiation within the immediate area. This can help to reduce the chances for
excess exposure to occur and therefore minimize possible long-term health
consequences for persons living and working in the location where the radiation is
detected.

There are many different types of radiation detectors that are commonly used today.
The Geiger counter is one example, which is often used to track and locate objects that
are charged with high energy particles. The Geiger counter can be used in exploration
efforts, as well as by amateur enthusiasts who enjoy looking for old coins and other
artifacts.

Another example of the radiation detector is the survey meter, which is more
sophisticated than some of the other types of detectors. This type of equipment has the

72
ability to identify the presence of radiation in conjunction with tracking and
documenting the movement of the radioactive particles. The ability to monitor factors
such as momentum, changes in the rate of charge, and the spin of the particles can be
essential when conducting research into possible uses for the area under
consideration.

SAMPLING PROCEDURES

There are two basic methods of collecting gaseous samples. The irst is called grab
sampling, which is where an actual sample of air is taken in a suitable container (e.g.
lask, bottle, bag, etc.). The second is called continuous or integrated sampling, where
gasses or vapors are removed from the air over a measured time period and
concentrated by passage through a solid or liquid sorbent.

The irst method involves the collection of samples over a period of a few seconds up
to a minute or two. This type of sampling is implemented when concentrations are
relatively consistent or when peak concentrations are required. The availability of
modern laboratory equipment means that this technique can achieve high sensitivity,
limited only by the detection limit of the analytical methods used. Vinyl chloride, for
example, is measurable in grab samples by gas chromatography at levels well below 1.0
ppm. The collection ef iciency of grab sampling is generally 100%. On the other hand,
sample decay can occur from sorption or other losses, and you must keep this in mind
when using the grab sampling method.

Grab sampling is of questionable value if:

● The contaminant or contaminant concentration varies with time

● When there is a low concentration of atmospheric contaminants
● A time-weighted average exposure is desired

In such circumstances, you are best to implement integrated sampling instead. During
integrated sampling, the gas or vapor is collected from air by either:

● Solution in a liquid
● Reaction with a solution (or reagent therein)
● Collection onto a solid sorbent

Integrated sampling may be achieved actively, i.e. with a sampling pump, or diffusively.
The collection and recovery ef iciency of both active and diffusive sampling devices
may be less than 100%, however after collection most samples are stable, at least for a
few days or weeks.

73
 OXYGEN LEVEL METER

Levels of oxygen within a con ined space that are too low (below 19.5%) or too high
(above 23.5%) are a major hazard.

The oxygen levels inside a con ined space may fall below a safe level for the following
reasons:

● The combustion of lammable materials (e.g. welding or cutting)

● Slow bacterial reactions of organic substances (e.g., sewerage)
● Reaction of inorganic substances (e.g., rust)
● Oxygen absorbed by materials (e.g. grain in silos)
● Oxygen displaced by another gas (e.g., nitrogen used to remove toxic fumes)
● High oxygen consumption rate (e.g. many people working in a small con ined
space)
Leakage from oxygen lines, pipes and ittings can raise the level of the atmosphere
causing a ire, explosion or breathing hazard.

Oxygen de iciency gas monitors are implemented to ensure employee and overall
workforce safety. Cryogenic substances such as liquid nitrogen (LN2), liquid helium
(He), and liquid argon (Ar) are inert and can displace oxygen (O2) if a leak is present
within a con ined space. A rapid decrease of oxygen can provide a very dangerous
environment for employees, who may not notice the problem before they suddenly
lose consciousness. An oxygen gas monitor is, therefore, an important resource to have
when cryogenics are present. Laboratories, MRI rooms, pharmaceutical,
semiconductor, and cryogenic suppliers are typical users of oxygen monitors.

Oxygen fraction in a breathing gas is measured by electro-galvanic fuel cell sensors. For
example, they may be used stand-alone, to determine the proportion of oxygen in a
nitrox mixture used in scuba diving, or as part of a feedback loop which maintains a
constant partial pressure of oxygen in a rebreather.

CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, poisonous gas. It is a

common industrial hazard resulting from the incomplete burning of natural gas and
any other material containing carbon such as gasoline, kerosene, oil, propane, coal, or
wood.

Typical applications where dangerous levels of Carbon Monoxide (CO) might occur and
bene it from a Carbon Monoxide gas detector are:

74
 ● Boiler rooms
● Breweries
● Warehouses
● Petroleum re ineries
● Pulp and Paper production
● Steel production
● Blast furnaces
● Coke ovens
● Wastewater Treatment plants
● Land ills
Carbon Monoxide is harmful when inhaled as it displaces oxygen in the blood and
deprives the heart, the brain and other vital organs of oxygen.

COMBUSTIBLE GAS DETECTORS

Combustible gas detectors are required whenever there is a possibility of a hazard to

life or property caused by the accumulation of a combustible gaseous atmosphere. The
Combustible gas detector provides the user with a means for detecting the presence of
the combustible gas. The combustible gas detector then issues suitable audible or
visual warnings and/or takes the speci ic actions necessary such as increased
ventilation, plant shutdown, evacuation or other safety procedures as warranted.

Each type of combustible gas has three important ranges to consider and each of these
ranges differs for speci ic gasses, but utilizes the same de initions. Below the Lower
Explosive Limit (LEL), also known as Lower Flammability Limit (LFL), the combustible
gas concentration is too lean for combustion. This is the range in which most
combustible gas detectors operate.

Above the LEL the concentration (measured as a percent of volume in air) of

combustible gas will support combustion if exposed to a source of ignition. The Upper
Explosive Limit (UEL) or Upper Flammability Limit (UFL) is the point where the gas
concentration is too rich for combustion, or the oxygen level is too low to support
combustion.

Note that LEL and UEL differ for different gasses. For instance, for Methane, the 100%
LEL level is equivalent to 5% by volume in air. For Pentane, the 100% LEL level is only
1.5% by volume in air.

CALIBRATION

All gas detectors must be calibrated on a schedule. Of the two forms of gas detectors,
portable detectors must be calibrated more frequently due to the regular changes in

75
the environment they experience. A typical calibration schedule for a ixed system may
be quarterly, bi-annually, or even annually for more robust units.

A typical calibration schedule for a portable gas detector is a daily "bump test"
accompanied by a monthly calibration. Almost every portable gas detector
requires a speci ic calibration process which is available from the manufacturer
user manual & company policy.

CHALLENGE (BUMP) TEST

Gas detectors are used to ensure employee safety. Therefore it is important to ensure it
is operating perfectly. Australian standards specify that any personnel operating any
gas detector are strongly advised to check the gas detector's performance each day
and ensure that it is maintained and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions and warnings. Is it a mandatory requirement by law to perform the bump
/ challenge test everyday?

A challenge test should consist of exposing the gas detector to a known concentration
of the gas to ensure that it responds properly and that both the audible and visual
alarms activate. It is also essential to inspect the gas detector for any accidental or
deliberate damage by checking that the housing and screws are all intact to prevent any
liquid ingress and that the ilter is clean, all of which can affect the functionality of the
gas detector. The basic calibration or challenge test kit will consist of: Calibration Gas /
Regulator / Calibration Cap and hose (generally supplied with the gas detector at the
time of purchase) and a case for storage and transport. Because 1 in every 2,500
untested instruments will fail to respond to a dangerous concentration of gas, many
large businesses will utilize an automated test/calibration station for use to bump test
and calibrate their gas detectors daily.

Reasons to do the bump/ challenge test daily-

● To check the gas detector on the calibration date.

● To check the sensors are reacting to the gasses.
● To check that it gives visual, vibration & audio warnings in an
emergency.

FIND OUT GAS TESTING REGIME/SAMPLING PATTERN REQUIRED

In all cases, there should be a regime or checklist set up to determine the frequency of
testing. Your organization will have a standard regime for testing, and you should
ensure you know and follow each procedure for testing.

If you are wearing a personal gas testing device, you will be monitoring the atmosphere
constantly. You should ensure your device is tested; calibrated and new batteries are
installed or charged on a daily basis to ensure the device is working effectively.

76
 MONITORING GASSES

Monitoring gas in a workplace should be an ongoing action.

Your workplace will have procedures relating to continuous or regular monitoring you
will need to adhere to ensure the health and safety of all people working or in the
vicinity of the site or building.

Please ensure you know and understand these procedures and follow them at all times
to maintain compliance and ensure safety for all concerned.

If you have performed a gas test on an area and you ind readings are unacceptable,
you will need to take action immediately, which may include:

● Evacuation of the site or building

● Ventilation
● Removal of the gas
● Personal protective equipment

WHAT TO DO IF CARBON MONOXIDE IS DETECTED?

If you ind out that a signi icant amount of carbon monoxide (CO) is present, there are
things you need to do for you and your colleague’s safety:

● Turn off the source of CO, if possible, to do without endangering yourself or

others. Then move to fresh air
● If indoors, move outside to fresh air immediately
● If you are outdoors, move far away from the source of CO
● Call 000 if anyone is exhibiting symptoms of CO poisoning
● Report your detection to your supervisor

77
 WHAT TO DO IF OXYGEN LEVELS ARE DETECTED AS LOW?

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ENRICHED AND DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES

Oxygen Content (% by Vol.) Effects and Symptoms (At Atmospheric

pressure)
> 23.5% Oxygen-enriched, extreme ire hazard

20.9% Oxygen concentration in normal air

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level

15% to 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously; may

impair coordination and may cause early
symptoms for persons with coronary,
pulmonary or circulatory problems
10% to 12% Respiration further increases in rate and
depth; poor judgment, blue lips
8% to 10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness,
ashen face, nausea, and vomiting
6% to 8% Recovery is still possible after four to ive
minutes. 50% fatal after six minutes. Fatal
after eight minutes.
4% to 6% Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions, respiration
ceases, death

These values are approximate and vary, due to an individual’s state of health and
physical activity.

Breathing equipment must be used in situations where oxygen de iciency is expected

and which cannot be remedied by adequate ventilation. Gas masks are with-out
exception useless for this purpose, as they only ilter out gases. Recommended types of
breathing equipment are:

● Self-contained breathing apparatus using air cylinders. It should be borne in

mind that when wearing this apparatus, it may be dif icult to enter manholes,
etc.
● Fresh air masks where the mask is connected via a hose of adequate length
and diameter to a fresh air supply
● Periodic inspection of the equipment shall be carried out, and the user of
this type of equipment should be adequately trained

78
In the event of a person having fainted due to oxygen de iciency, rescue can only be
affected if the rescue personnel are equipped with breathing apparatus, or the same
fate will befall them.

The patient should be removed to open air, medical help summoned and the necessary
irst aid administered.

Please remember that every reading that is outside the normal range should be
reported to a site supervisor and all procedures relating to the incident must be
followed. The health and safety of all work colleagues and people in the vicinity rely on
you acting according to your organization's policy and procedures.

LIMITATIONS OF BREATHING APPARATUS

Some con ined spaces just aren’t it to breathe in. Respiratory protection, whether for work
in a space with Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH) or in a rescue operation
where air iltering or purifying respirators are not an option, has two critical
requirements: First, it must provide a clean air supply. Secondly, it cannot interfere with
safe entry and exit from space.

The two types of breathing devices that it these requirements are a self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA) or a supplied air respirator (SAR). Both SCBA and SAR have
inherent limitations to their designs that are important to remember when using:

● SAR systems require the entrant to carry an escape bottle of air in the
event of a failure of the airline or the external air supply. These bottles
typically last for 5 or 10 minutes, and sometimes much less if the person is
breathing hard. Additionally, there are limitations on how long an air
hose can be, and the pressure must be regulated to make sure the user is
receiving a proper air low. The good thing about SAR systems is that they
have an almost unlimited supply of air once the worker is safely at the
work site.
● SCBA systems, on the other hand, have very inite supplies of air. Typically,
they come in 30-, 45-, or 60-minute tanks and just like the emergency tank
on the SAR, they can be drained quickly if the user is exerting themselves
physically or under stress. SCBA systems are also fairly bulky and can
inhibit entry into con ined spaces with narrow openings.
Whichever system you use, make sure you know everything that can go wrong and what
their limitations are.

79
 ENTER THE CONFINED SPACE CORRECTLY
You will need to check that the worksite has been prepared in accordance with the
work permit conditions including:

● De-energizing all sources of energy including mechanical, electrical and

pressure isolations.

● There should be cleared access points to provide safe entry and exit from
the confined space

● Lock-out and tagging out procedures.

● Confined space does have safe oxygen levels and free from toxic,
flammable and airborne gasses.

The results of these checks should be reported to the appropriate workers. The
con ined space must be made ready for entry in compliance with workplace
procedures, relevant laws and AS2865.

You need to make sure that any hazard controls outlined in the permit are in place
before you start work.

Common hazard controls for con ined spaces work are:

● Having a stand-by person outside the con ined space.

● Isolating, tagging and lock-out procedures for liquid, gas, electric
current or other stored energy, as well as erecting barriers and signage
(site isolation).
● Purging gasses or ventilation of the con ined space.
● Using protective equipment and breathing apparatus.
● Any other requirements outlined in the con ined space entry permit,
AS2865 or other relevant sources.

Before entering the con ined space make the following checks:

● Isolations are complete and appropriate.

● Isolation provides positive isolation.
● Atmosphere is safe (or if necessary relevant measures are in place to ensure
safe entry into an unsafe atmosphere).
● Safe entry and exit methods are in place.

80
 ● Access points should:
o Be large enough for people (including emergency personnel) and
equipment to pass through.
o Be provided with ladders, platforms or walkways.
o Not be obstructed by equipment.
● There should be enough access points for emergency rescue and ventilation
requirements.
If you ind that the con ined space is not ready for entry you need to report the
de iciencies to an authorized person to be ixed. Do not enter the con ined space until
the situation is corrected.

ROLE OF THE ENTRY CONTROL OFFICER

An Entry Control Of icer is a person who is placed at an entry/exit point of the space
to:

● Determine the donning location.

● Receive tallies from the workers.
● Enter the time-in on the tally board.
● Enter the tally information on the tally board.
● Check the cylinder content for each person wearing a breathing
apparatus.
● Ensure workers’ tallies are kept together on the board.
● Calculate the time-out for each person.
● Place the time-out time on the tally board.
● Enter the time-in on the Red Lock board.
● Enter the Red Lock information on the board. -The details on the Red
Lock could vary between organizations but will generally include the
name of the operator.
● Record which location workers are moving to.
● Return the tallies to the right person when they have left the con ined
space.
● Keep your supervisor (or authorized person) up to date with any
concerns or developments that may affect the work being done.

● Issue an entry & work permit

81
 ● Issue a hot work permit

● Make sure all confined space is safe to enter and work.

● De-energizing all sources of energy including mechanical, electrical and

pressure isolations.

● Cancel or close the permit.

In some organizations the Entry Control Of icer, supervisor or standby person will also
be responsible for attaching main guidelines and tallies to the guidelines, maintaining
communication with workers, and responding to emergency or rescue activities.

No-one should enter a con ined space unless:

● All identi ied hazards have been addressed.

● They have written authority to enter the con ined space (approved
permit).
● The written authority includes relevant hazard control measures or
precautions (including the number of standby people required) for the
safe entry and execution of the work.
● They are made aware of, understand and comply with the written
authority.
● A record of their presence in the con ined space is made (including
point and time of entry).
● Signs and barriers are erected to prevent unauthorized access.
● Arrangements have been made for emergency response and rescue of
persons in the con ined space.

Once all the preparation has been completed you may begin entering the con ined
space. Open or remove the access cover as required. Make sure any access covers such
as doors or hatches cannot fall back down and trap you.

Remember to be careful of hazards such as sharp edges or slippery surfaces when

entering the con ined space. Some con ined spaces are very deep and a fall could cause
serious injury.

You have of icially entered a con ined space once your head or upper part of your
body is within the con ined space. Putting your arm in to test the atmosphere does not
count as entering the con ined space.

82
 MAINTAIN ONGOING COMMUNICATION WITH THE STAND-BY PERSON
Use communication equipment correctly to stay in constant, effective communication with
other workers including the stand-by person at all times. In some situations you may have to
rely on hand signals. Make sure you have worked out these hand signals before entering the
confined space to work. Is it important to maintain ongoing communication with the
stand-by person throughout your work in a confined space.

If the stand-by person loses contact with you they may initiate the emergency
plan so it is important to maintain some form of communication while you are
doing your work.

If you ind that the communication methods you have chosen are not working, or do
not allow you to maintain regular contact with other workers you should re-assess the
communication requirements of the situation and work out a better way to keep in
contact with other workers.

You should Con irm with the stand-by person whether they have the emergency
response procedure and that they clearly understand how to activate it in an
emergency.

It is the duty of a standby person in emergency procedures to start emergency

procedures immediately.

Communication while reviewing control measures-

The questions would you ask yourself and also discuss with standby person when
reviewing control measures such as-

● Are the control measures working effectively in both their design and
operation?
● Are all hazards being identi ied?
● Are workers using the control measures in accordance with the
instruction and training that has been provided?

Stand by person must record the entry and exit time of each person entering the
con ined space

83
 COMPLY WITH ENTRY PERMIT REQUIREMENTS & MONITOR AND ADHERE TO ALLOCATED ENTRY
TIME

You should always follow permit conditions whilst working in a con ined space. This
will ensure the work is completed as safely as possible.

Safe and effective con ined space operations includes:

● Constant monitoring of equipment and changes in the environment should

be completed while work is being carried out.
● Select new controls when new hazards arise in the con ined space. This may
mean having a new permit issued.
● If you are using a gas monitor and the alarm sounds all workers should
leave the con ined space immediately.
● Keep PPE and safety equipment in place during the work.
● Handle all materials safely within the con ined space properly and follow all
instructions and safety data sheets.
● Do not work past the time allowed for the work to be done within the
con ined space.
● Complete con ined space entry logs, making sure that all entry and re-entry
of people working within the con ined space are properly recorded.

84
 CATEGORIES OF OFFENCES

A breach to work health and safety law in Queensland occurs either when:
● a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU), or a senior of icers
conduct, negligently causes the death of a worker
● an action is taken that places a person at risk of injury, illness or death
● steps are not taken to avoid a risky situation from occurring
● there is a failure to comply with regulatory requirements.

If you do not ful ill your duties or obligations, you are in breach of the Work Health

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 and Safety Act 2011 (WHS Act) or the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (ES Act) and could be
prosecuted.

Examples of breaches of the WHS Act include:

● exposing workers to the risk of excessive noise
● working at heights where the risk of falling is not controlled
● allowing unlicensed operators to use speci ied equipment (e.g. forklifts)
● not ensuring that plant is appropriately guarded to eliminate or minimize
exposure of workers to moving parts
● failing to have in place safe work method statements for work carried out in
or near a con ined space
● not notifying Workplace Health and Safety Queensland (WHSQ) when a
noti iable serious injury or illness occurs at your workplace.
EXAMPLES OF BREACHES OF THE ES ACT INCLUDE:

● performing unlicensed electrical work

● carrying out electrical work on energized electrical equipment when not
permitted
● allowing unlicensed operators to use speci ied equipment (e.g. forklifts)
● not testing electrical work to ensure it is electrically safe
● not notifying the Of ice of Industrial Relations of a serious electrical incident
(SEI) or dangerous electrical event (DEE).

CATEGORIES OF OFFENSES

THERE ARE 4 CATEGORIES OF OFFENSES FOR FAILING TO COMPLY WITH A HEALTH AND SAFETY DUTY UNDER
THE WHS ACT OR AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY DUTY UNDER THE ES ACT, DEPENDING ON THE DEGREE OF
SERIOUSNESS OR LIABILITY INVOLVED.

INDUSTRIAL MANSLAUGHTER—THE HIGHEST PENALTY UNDER EITHER THE WHS ACT OR THE ES ACT IS FOR
INDUSTRIAL MANSLAUGHTER WHERE A PCBU, OR A SENIOR OFFICER, NEGLIGENTLY CAUSES THE DEATH OF A
WORKER.

WHERE A PCBU, OR SENIOR OFFICER, COMMITS INDUSTRIAL MANSLAUGHTER, A MAXIMUM PENALTY OF 20

YEARS IMPRISONMENT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL OR $10 MILLION FOR A BODY CORPORATE APPLIES.

FIND MORE INFORMATION AND DEFINITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL MANSLAUGHTER.

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CATEGORY 1—THE NEXT HIGHEST PENALTY UNDER EITHER THE WHS ACT OR THE ES ACT IS FOR A
CATEGORY 1 OFFENSE. THESE ARE SERIOUS BREACHES WHERE A DUTY HOLDER RECKLESSLY ENDANGERS A
PERSON TO RISK OF DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY. OFFENSES INVOLVING RECKLESS CONDUCT WILL BE
PROSECUTED IN THE DISTRICT COURT.

● Corporation: up to $3 million
● Individual as a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) or an
of icer: up to $600,000/5 years jail
● Individual (e.g. a worker): up to $300,000/5 years jail.
●
CATEGORY 2—FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH A HEALTH AND SAFETY DUTY OR ELECTRICAL SAFETY DUTY THAT
EXPOSES A PERSON TO RISK OF DEATH, SERIOUS INJURY OR ILLNESS. OFFENSES WILL BE PROSECUTED IN THE
MAGISTRATES COURT.

● Corporation: up to $1.5 million

● Individual as a PCBU or an of icer: up to $300,000
● Individual (e.g. a worker): up to $150,000.

CATEGORY 3—FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH A HEALTH AND SAFETY DUTY OR ELECTRICAL SAFETY DUTY.
OFFENSES WILL BE PROSECUTED IN THE MAGISTRATES COURT.

● Corporation: up to $500,000
● Individual as a PCBU or an of icer: up to $100,000
● Individual (e.g. a worker): up to $50,000.

ON-THE-SPOT FINES
AN ON-THE-SPOT FINE, ALSO KNOWN AS AN INFRINGEMENT NOTICE, IS AN ALTERNATIVE TO PROSECUTING
ALLEGED OFFENDERS DIRECTLY THROUGH COURT.

ON-THE-SPOT FINES MAY BE ISSUED FOR WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY OFFENSES PRESCRIBED IN THE STATE
PENALTIES ENFORCEMENT REGULATION 2014.

BOTH PCBUS AND WORKERS CAN BE ISSUED WITH AN ON-THE-SPOT FINE. EXAMPLES OF OFFENSES WHICH
CAN BE ISSUED WITH A FINE INCLUDE (BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO):

● failure to comply with an improvement notice

● failure to record a noti iable incident (for example a work-caused serious
injury or illness)
● allowing persons to carry out high risk work without seeing written evidence
that the worker has the relevant high risk work license

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 ● failure to allow health and safety representative to exercise his/her powers
or functions
● failure to use/wear personal protective equipment (PPE) provided by PCBU
in accordance with information, training or reasonable instruction given by
PCBU ( ine issued to worker)
● failure to test electrical work
● failure to ensure electrical equipment was de-energised before carrying out
electrical work.
THE 28 DAYS OR AN APPLICATION CAN BE MADE FOR A PAYMENT PLAN IF THE
FINE MAY BE PAID IN FULL WITHIN
FINE IS OVER $200. LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW TO MAKE A PAYMENT.

THE ALLEGED OFFENDER CAN CHOOSE TO CONTEST THE INFRINGEMENT NOTICE IN A MAGISTRATES COURT.

FAILURE TO PAY
NOT PAYING THE FINE CAN LEAD TO FURTHER ENFORCEMENT ACTION INCLUDING:

● redirection of wages or funds from a bank account

● issuing of a warrant for the seizure and sale of property
● suspension of the debtor's driver's license until the debt is satis ied
● registration of the debt for enforcement interstate
● issuing an arrest and imprisonment warrant.

DEALING WITH NEW HAZARDS

If new hazards are identi ied during the con ined space work you will need to take
appropriate action depending on the situation.

This may include:

● Organizing for the re-validation or re-issue of the work permit to re lect the
change to the situation.
● Evacuating the con ined space.
● Doing further testing of the con ined space atmosphere and environment.
● Raising the alarm with other workers and isolating the con ined space
(depending on the circumstances).
● Initiating the emergency response plan and carrying out your own role and
responsibilities.
● Any other action determined by your supervisor.

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 EMERGENCY RESPONSE

It is important to stay calm and focused in an emergency. The quicker and more
effectively everyone can act in an emergency, the better the outcome. Raise the alarm
straight away if there is an emergency. If all procedures, equipment and workers are
prepared, a rescue can be attempted without delay. It may be necessary for a trained
person to apply irst aid. Emergency services may need to be telephoned – DIAL 000.

ENTRAPMENT PROCEDURES

Becoming trapped within a con ined space can happen quickly and without warning.
Knowing your organization’s requirements and procedures for dealing with
entrapment is important for your safety. Once you recognize that you are trapped:

Follow these Steps:

1. Stop All
Stopping all strenuous activities helps you to calm your
Non-Essential
breathing and air consumption, and conserves the air in
Strenuous
your breathing apparatus.
Activities
2. Activate Your
You will need to activate your Distress Signal Unit
Distress Signal
manually.
Unit
By moving to the safest position possible, you will be less
affected by hazards, and will be able to stay calm. While
3. Relocate
staying calm in an entrapment situation may be hard, it is
important that you try to slow your breathing.
Using your communications equipment to call for help
lets you tell the rescue team where you are, what the
conditions are and if escape units or additional air
4. Call for
cylinders need to be brought into the scene. Entrapment
Assistance
is a situation that can turn deadly without notice. The
success of the entrapment procedures depends on
regular practice and training.

89
Purpose of complying with safe work methods statement (SWMS) & (JSA) Job safety
Analysis

● The primary purpose of a SWMS/ JSA is to enable supervisors, workers and any
other persons
● Persons at the workplace to understand the requirements that have been
established to carry out the high-risk construction work in a safe and healthy
manner.
● It sets out the work activities in a logical sequence and identi ies hazards and
describes control measures.
● It is a mandatory requirement by l

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 TOPIC 3 EXIT CONFINED SPACE
–

EXIT CONFINED SPACE CORRECTLY & RECOVER TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
Exit the confined space safely, being careful of sharp edges or when exiting a confined space
at height. Wherever possible use fixed ladders, platforms and walkways to exit from the
confined space.

Coordinate your exit from the con ined space with the stand-by person so they can
help you.

Once the con ined space work has been completed you will need to:

● Conduct an inspection of the con ined space.

● Recover all tools, equipment and materials from the con ined space.
● Replace or close the access cover to prevent unauthorized entry to the
con ined space.
● Remove hazard controls including isolation, tagging and lock-out
systems or signs and barriers that are no longer needed.
● Complete any details in the con ined space entry log.
● Let the appropriate personnel know that the work in the con ined
space has been completed.

CONDUCT INSPECTION OF THE CONFINED SPACE

The con ined space must be inspected to make sure all tasks have been completed
and that all tools, equipment and materials have been recovered. You should also
check that there has been no damage done to the environment. Also check to
make sure that no workers have been left behind in the con ined space.

All tools and equipment will need to be recovered from the con ined space after
you have completed the work. You need to leave the con ined space as you found it.
Also leaving tools or equipment in the space may interfere with its usual purpose and
normal operation.

The work area will need to be cleared and cleaned after work has been completed.
Make sure you wear the right PPE for the job.

Dispose of, or recycle, leftover materials in accordance with project environmental

management plans.

91
Inspection of the hazards associated with Enter and Work in the con ined space
can be carried out by Safe Working Method Statement (SWMS) & Take 5/ Start
Card.

SECURE ACCESS TO THE CONFINED SPACE & REMOVE TAGGING AND LOCK-OUT
If they are no longer needed, hazard controls need to be removed from the area. Signs
and barriers used during the con ined spaces work need to be cleaned and stored
away.

The con ined space needs to be sealed back up to stop unauthorized access and
return it to service. This could include replacing and securing the cover, lid or
hatch. Your organization will have procedures related to ensuring the space is
closed off after work is complete in a safe and ef icient manner.

Manual handling of the devices should be done carefully. If not handled properly then
it can be proven dangerous. All tagging and lock-out devices used to isolate the
con ined space need to be removed in accordance with procedures to return the
con ined space to service.

Considerations need to be taken into the account when undertaking manual handling
of materials and equipment

● Size and weight of the materials/equipment

● If the material/equipment is dangerous or hazardous
● The destination of materials / equipment
● The method that will be used to move the materials / equipment
These devices could include:

● Lock out appliances and devices

● Tag outs
● Isolation devices
● Other site approved devices
Check the work permit for details of any other tasks that need to be done to inalize the
con ined spaces work.

ACCURATELY COMPLETE CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT

You will need to complete all documentation, including the con ined space entry log,
withdrawal of permits, and any records related to use and servicing of equipment.

Generally, the withdrawal from a con ined space operation requires the following
information to be signed off:

● Names of all workers who have exited from the con ined space.

92
 ● Date and time of all exits from the con ined space.
● All workers and equipment are accounted for.
● All equipment has been checked and stored in accordance with procedures.
The person in direct control of the con ined space operation will need to make the inal
sign-off of the withdrawal of the con ined spaces work permit once all of the above
information has been con irmed.

Report any issues that may have occurred such as:

● Feedback on the work and ways to improve the work process.

● Signs and symptoms of operational stress.
● Equipment malfunctions.
● Wear and tear of equipment and tools.
● Condition of safety and rescue equipment.
● Observations of the condition of the con ined space.
Obtain and con irm authorisation (entry permit) meets regulatory requirements
All con ined spaces work must be done in line with a con ined space work permit
● This permit will outline every part of the job (who, what, where, when,
why and how the job will be done) and all of the safety measures that
must be taken
● The permit must be kept until the work has been completed or for at
least 2 years if a serious (noti iable) incident occurs
● If the permit is inished & you need some time to complete the job, then
get out & notify your supervisor & request for another permit to do the
job.
Work permit details
The details in the permit should cover the hazards and hazard controls that have
been identi ied.
A con ined space permit should include the following:
• Location, description and duration of work to be done
• Hazards that may be encountered
• Atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results
• Hot work
• Authorization for work to be done
• Isolation, lock-out and tagging processes

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 TOPIC 4 – CLEAN UP

CLEAR WORK AREA AND DISPOSE OF OR RECYCLE MATERIALS

When work is completed it will be necessary to conduct a range of cleaning and
housekeeping activities in order to ensure that the work site is cleared and safe and
that all required actions are taken in order to complete work and enable the next lot of
activities to take place.

COMPLETING HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVITIES

There are a range of different activities that come under housekeeping and these may
include:

● Cleaning of site and equipment

● Processing and disposing of waste and recyclable products
● Checking equipment for faults
● Scheduling and performing maintenance tasks
● Reporting on site hazards that are non-urgent
● Reporting on equipment and maintenance needs
● Storing of equipment
● Processing of documentation

Civil construction work creates a number of waste items that will need to be disposed
of. It is essential that all excess materials and waste are removed from the site and
disposed of according to environmental and organizational requirements.

DISPOSING OF WASTE

It is essential that waste is disposed on according to the environmental & organizational

policies and procedures of an organization. Also, it is the responsibility of the user to
dispose of or recycle materials into the correct bins at the end of each shift.

Waste disposal policies and procedures may be related to:

● How to organize the waste for collection

● Where to take the waste
● Supplier agreements
● Waste disposal center agreements

94
 ● Timing of removal
● Different procedures for different type of waste
● Recycling needs
● Chemical and hazardous waste

REMOVAL OF WASTE

Different types of waste that may need to be removed from the site after the
completion of operational tasks:

● Rubbish
● Recycling
● Chemicals

SORTING OF WASTE

It is essential that each of these items are disposed of in the correct container or box
and organized in a way that allows them to be removed safely. In many cases there will
be a range of different organizations that may need to be contacted and involved in the
waste removal process. In most cases all of the waste on the site will need to be
collected, sorted, cut into appropriate lengths.

CLEANING OF WORKSITE

It is essential when completing work activities that the entire work site is cleaned and
made safe and ready for the next work activities that take place.

Cleaning should include:

● The removal of all tools and equipment

● Removal of all waste
● Cleaning of equipment and environment
● Hazard’s identi ication and maintenance

95
 CLEAN, CHECK, MAINTAIN AND STORE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT & REMOVE, CLEAN AND STORE
BARRIERS AND SIGNS

For most light equipment, it only takes a few minutes to clean and inspect their
conditions for any wear, tear, break and signs of damage. To properly clean and
maintain light equipment, you can:

● Clean the equipment and its component daily or every time after it is used
● Examine the equipment to check if there is any break or damage
● Test the equipment to ensure that it is functioning properly
● Repair or send the equipment to repair/replace where appropriate
● Remove any damaged equipment from service until it is repaired
● Report to your managers about the conditions of the equipment

In addition to cleaning, it is very important for operators to regularly check the

conditions of the machinery to ensure that it is working properly. In some situations,
the examination needs to be conducted every time before the machinery is used. A
brake is not working, or a broken compartment on a heavy vehicle can raise major
safety concerns to your workers.

Proper storage and maintenance of tools and equipment after use such as
cleaning the equipment from dirt, corrosives or contaminants is necessary.

Precaution is always necessary when there is such a large degree of risk involved with
your operation. In essence, you need to:

● Consult the manuals and guides from the heavy machinery manufacturer to
be able to detect any sign and symptom of malfunction
● Conduct regular examination to check for the conditions of all components
of the machinery
● Cease all operation with the heavy machinery when a problem is detected
● Report the problem to the managers and send the machinery back to the
supplier/manufacturer for repair and replace
● Employ specialists and experts to conduct thorough inspections of your
machinery to make sure that there is no health and safety risk
● Conduct regular maintenance by cleaning, refueling and restarting the
machinery

96
 ● Only allow authorized and certi ied personnel with knowledge of the
machine operation to handle the examination and maintenance
After the equipment is used and properly maintained, you should store them in the
appropriate storage condition to prolong their life and keep their conditions in check.
All equipment must be stored in clean and sanitary condition ready for use. Any
accommodation for light equipment should be simple.

They should be stored in containers, shelves or boxes to protect them from

contamination, potential loss, damage, water, heat, and sunlight. Equipment, especially
metal tools, and machinery should be stored in a dry and clean place that is not subject
to extreme temperature conditions. You should make sure that the equipment storage
area is separated from the material storage area to protect them from chemical
contamination.

You should provide training to all your workers and operators to inform them of their
duties regarding equipment cleaning and maintenance. In general, they should handle:

● Ensuring that the equipment, signs and barriers are returned in a good
and proper condition after use
● Conducting regular cleaning and maintenance of equipment signs and
barriers according to company policies
● Reporting any issue and problem with the equipment, signs and
barriers
● Stop using damaged equipment
● To examine the equipment before use

97
 SUMMARY

Now that you have completed this unit, you should have the skills and knowledge to
enter and work in con ined spaces in the Resources and Infrastructure Industries.

If you have any questions about this resource, please ask your trainer. They will be only
too happy to assist you when required.

98
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