SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY ➢ The 2010 International Year of Biodiversity

- The United Nations (UN) declared 2010 to be the

GROUP 1 – INFORMATION SOCIETY
International Year of Biodiversity, the International
➢ Word Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, and the
- a combination of sounds that represents something International Year of Youths
- they transmit something more significant. They transmit - It was declared December 20, 2006 by the UN General
a message. The words are "informed" because they carry Assembly.
"information" - It focuses on boosting awareness of biodiversity’s
importance by prompting actions to foster biodiversity
➢ Role of language worldwide
- ability to name and classify objects found in nature was
seen as a first step in knowing ➢ Biological Diversity
- In ancient Greeks, language was an object worthy of - term given to the variety of life on Earth and natural
admiration. patterns it forms

About 1.75 million species are identified – mostly small

➢ Science
creatures such as insects Some scientist believes that there are
- Latin word “scire” (to know)
13 million species, estimate range from 3-100 million

➢ Mathematics ➢ Taxonomy
- THE LANGUAGE OF NATURE - It is the naming, defining and classifying of organisms
- Scientific discoveries are derived from the laws and based on shared characteristics in the real world
language of nature, which is mathematics
- reveals patterns in every environment through the ➢ SELF-PRESERVATION
numbers it represents - One of the basic laws of the living

➢ Printing press ➢ Carl Linnaeus

- Hand-copying and the development of the printing press, - Swedish scientist that devised the Hierarchal system of
dating back to the 15th century, transformed cultures by Biological Classification and naming organisms.
enabling knowledge sharing and communication. The
printing press enabled people to form communities of
thinkers across space and time, transforming cultures.
(Connell, 1958)

➢ Tim Berners-Lee
- invented the World Wide Web

➢ World Wide Web

- Invented to address data processing and information
sharing needs for CERN scientists
➢ Biotechnology
➢ CERN is derived from the acronym for the French "Conseil - field that harnesses the power of biological systems,
Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire", or European living organisms, or their derivatives to develop
Council for Nuclear Research innovative products, technologies, and processes for
GROUP 2- BIODIVERSITY various purposes

➢ Biodiversity ➢ Genetic Engineering

- "bio" meaning life - method that enables the transfer of genes or DNA
- "diversity" meaning variability from one organism to another.
- measures the relation of all living things to each other - This process results in the creation of genetically
- The Ancient philosophers of nature attempt to explain modified organisms (GMOs) or living modified
that all things come from element of WATER, FIRE, organisms (LMOs).
AIR, or EARTH
 ➢ Feynman's Vision (1959):
➢ Modern Biotechnology - Physicist Richard Feynman delivered a seminal lecture
- gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better titled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," where he
understanding of the structure and function of genes in envisioned the possibility of manipulating individual
living organisms atoms and molecules to create new materials and
devices
➢ Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
- whose genetic makeup has been modified using ➢ Development of Scanning Probe Microscopy (1980s):
recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), - The invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)
gene modification, or transgenic technology. and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the 1980s
It is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA revolutionized scientists' ability to observe and
of one species are extracted and artificially inserted into the genes manipulate matter
of an unrelated plant or animal, also called genetic engineering
(GE) or genetic modification (GM). Because this process involves ➢ Birth of Nanoscience (1980s-1990s):
the transfer of genes, GMOs are also known as "transgenic" - During this period, researchers began exploring the
organisms unique properties and behaviors of materials at the
nanoscale. This interdisciplinary field, known as
➢ Cartagena Protocol Biosafety nanoscience, merged concepts from physics, chemistry,
- is an international agreement aimed at ensuring safe biology, and engineering
handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms
(LMOS) from modern biotechnology. ➢ Nanomaterials and Nanodevices (1990s-Present)
- The development of nanomaterials, such as carbon
➢ Genetically modified Golden Rice nanotubes, quantum dots, and nanoparticles,
- once seen as a potential lifesaver when the market has revolutionized various industries, from electronics and
faced delays. medicine to energy and materials science
GROUP 3 - THE NANO WORLD Everyday products that uses Nanotechnology
➢ "Nano" 1. Sunblock
- prefix derived from the Greek word "nanos," meaning - Sunscreens have long used nanoparticles to increase
"dwarf" or "very small." signify very tiny proportions or their effectiveness. TiO 2 (Titanium Dioxide) and ZnO
quantities. (Zinc Oxide) are two specific kinds of nanoparticles that
- one billionth (1/1,000,000,000) of a unit in scientific are frequently used to sunscreen.
terms. One billionth of a meter, for instance, is called a
nanometer (nm), and dealing with matter at the 2. Clothes
nanoscale, which usually ranges from 1 to 100 - Silica nanoparticles can be utilized in textiles to help
nanometers, is the focus of nanotechnology. make materials that are water- and liquid-repellent.
Thus, nanotechnology is responsible for the
➢ "Nanoworld" phenomenon where liquid produces tiny beads on
- refers to the realm of nanotechnology, which waterproof garments that just roll off the fabric instead
encompasses the study and manipulation of matter at the of being absorbed.
nanoscale
3. Computers
➢ Nanotechnology - Intel leads the industry in small computer processors;
- refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic or the company's most recent Core processor technology is
subatomic scale. a 10-nanometer chip.

➢ Early Concepts (Pre-20th Century) ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

- atomic and molecular scale can be traced back to ancient 1. Better Healthcare
times, with examples like Roman artisans using gold 2. Improved Consumer Products
nanoparticles to create vibrant glassware. 3. Environmental Remediation
4. Economic Growth
5. Scientific grasp
 ➢ ONE SMALL NANOPARTICLE
DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY - The recent findings in the areas of Nano and gene
1. Health and Safety hazards science can be incorporated to medicine.
2. Environmental Impact
3. Ethical difficulties ➢ Stem cell therapy
4. Regulatory Challenges - also known as regenerative medicine
5. Economic inequities - uses stem cells that are manipulated to specialize into
specific types of cells to promote the repair response of
Facts about Nanotechnology diseased, dysfunctional, or injured tissue.
- Growth of a fingernail is one nanometer per second
➢ Dr. Samuel Bernal
(10-9 or 0.000,000,001 meters).
- warns against seeing it as a cure-all and emphasizes its
- Carbon nanotube-made bulletproof business coats may
role in supporting the body's natural healing.
cost up to $20,000. They must be sawed into forms and
are resistant to stabbing and 9 mm gunshots. ➢ 4 Philippine Hospitals can perform Stem Cell Therapy
- Researchers are working on developing an invisibility 1. Makati Medical Center
cloak with nanotechnology. Extreme temperatures lead 2. The Medical City
light to curve away from "disappearing" objects 3. National Kidney and Transplant Institute
because to nanotube sheets 4. Lung Center of the Philippines
GROUP 4 – GENE THERAPY
➢ Gene
Exploring ethical dilemmas in medical research and practice - a set of instructions that tells our bodies how to grow
and function. It's like a tiny piece of information that is
➢ Emotion
passed down from our parents to us.
- when they recognize the individual’s emotion as a threat to
- They determine things like our eye color, hair color, and
the proper functioning of the legal system that could be
even some aspects of our personality.
imposed on the ethical issues in medical practice
➢ Gene disorder
➢ Law and Legal System
- a condition or a problem that happens when there is a
- It contradicts the wants and decisions of the patients
change or a mistake in our genes. These changes can
being treated
affect how our bodies grow and function.
- sometimes, gene disorders are inherited from our
➢ Professional Background
parents, which means they are passed down through our
- healthcare professionals often take different approaches to
genes.
decision-making based on their professional backgrounds.
TYPES OF GENE THERAPHY
➢ GENE THERAPY
➢ Germline Gene Therapy
- a direct way to treat genetic conditions genetic material is
- involves modifying genes within germ or gamete cells,
delivered to your cells and changes how your cells produce
like sperm or eggs, passing on these modifications to
proteins.
future generations.
- changing your genetic makeup instead of using traditional
- It's administered during reproduction, altering the
treatment methods like medication and surgery
zygote's genome, which then propagates the changes to
all cells of the body.
➢ MEDICINE
- one example of a scientific and technological innovation
➢ Somatic Gene Therapy
that made a breakthrough in the area of human health
- involves introducing functional genes into non-germ
cells, not passed on to future generations.
COMPARISON OF ONE ASPIRIN AND ONE SMALL NANOPARTICLE - Unlike germline therapy, it targets body cells, so effects
are limited to the individual treated.
➢ ONE ASPIRIN
- The aspirin is an “Old” technology at the beginning of the
21st century. Aspirin is a commonly used over-the-counter
medication to relieve pain and reduce fever.
 ➢ Equinoxes
GROUP 5 – CLIMATE CHANGE - occur when the Sun is directly over the equator, resulting
➢ CLIMATE CHANGE in nearly equal day and night lengths worldwide. This
- refers to the long-term shifts in temperatures weather happens around March 20th and September 23rd each
patterns prevailing over a given area of the planet year
- The term comes from a Greek word klinein meaning "to
➢ Solstices
slope.'
- occur when the Sun is over the Tropic of Cancer (around
It evolved into klima, connoting a zone or region of the Earth as June 21st) or the Tropic of Capricorn (around December
characterized by its atmospheric conditions. The orbit of the 21st), leading to the longest and shortest days of the
Earth around the sun. With the sun in the center, the Earth year
moves in an elliptical motion.
➢ Precession of the equinoxes
➢ According to NOAA's 2023 Annual Climate Report - a slow wobble in Earth's rotation over a period of a
- the combined land and ocean temperature have thousand years, affecting the timing of the equinoxes
increased at an average rate of 0.11° Fahrenheit (0.06° and solstices.
Celsius) per decade since 1850, or about 2° F in total.
The tilt of the Earth's axis causes different regions to receive
varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year. For example,
Earth’s movement around the sun
when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it
While the orbit remains an ellipse, its position or orientation in experiences summer with longer days and more direct sunlight,
space changes over time. Due to the tilt of the Earth, the whole leading to warmer temperatures. Conversely, when it's tilted
area does not receive an equal amount sunlight. The Earth spins away, it undergoes winter with shorter days and less direct
around its own axis, an imaginary of line from the North Pole to sunlight, resulting in cooler temperatures.
the South Pole, which dips and wobbles gradually. The Earth ➢ Multin Milankovich
could then be imagined like a spinning top or trumpo, turning - Slovak scientist & meteorologist
and wobbling in its path about the sun. - Raises a question the question as to what causes such as
dramatic changes in day to day weather and climate
addressed in early 1930s
➢ GLOBAL WARMING - Daily Weather Patterns led him to investigate the
- is the unusually rapid increase in Earth's average surface deeper issue
temperature over the past century primarily due to the
greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels. ➢ Multin Parameters
- effects of the change in the radius of the Earth’s orbit,
➢ GREENHOUSE GASES the change in the tilt of the spin of the Earth, and the
- are gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat. wobble in the spin axis.

The elements in this interaction between the sun and the Earth The 17th century, Laws of Nature by Isaac Newton have some
subtle features that might help explaining the role of the
➢ Aphelion Milankovitch parameters in changing climate.
- refers to the point in the orbit of the Earth farthest from
the sun.

➢ Perihelion
- is the point in the orbit of the Earth closest to the sun.

➢ Earth’s axial tilt

- is the inclination angle of the Earth’s rotational axis in
relation to a line perpendicular to its orbital plane.

➢ Precession
- is the change of orientation of the rotational axis of the
Earth.
Changing Milankovitch parameters over long periods can indeed • Global temperature and CO2 levels are correlated and
have a cumulative effect far greater than it appears at first glance. both have risen overall since the late 1800s. CO2 and
– “Chaos theory” other greenhouse gases are causing global warming by
slowing the escape of heat into space.
The average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere has been • However, it is possible for a certain year to be cooler
increasing by over 90% in the latter part of the 20th century. than a previous year, even if CO2 concentrations have
risen, because of the natural climate cycle of the earth
What are the causes of Global Warming phenomenon? that can affect to Earth such as the El Niño–Southern
Oscillation and La Niña.
➢ Natural Occurrence
- according to its laws with no reference to human beings
and their actions, is the main reason. For the purveyors of
this belief, global warming will happen as naturally as the ACTIONS TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE
suns rises and sets.
- Reduce emissions
➢ Actions of Human Beings - Save energy
- caused or greatly abutted by the actions of human beings. - Put the 3 R's of sustainability into practice
It lays the blame on the actions of humanity, past and - Act against forest loss
present

➢ Greenhouse effect
- refers to how certain gases in the atmosphere trap the heat
of the sun.

Tyndall noted that the most prevalent of these greenhouse gases

was water vapor.

➢ INDUSTRIALIZATION
- is the conversion of an agrarian economy into an
industrialized one on a large scale.

in Tyndall’s time, manufacturing plants were not as widespread so

the by-product of burning fossil fuel, CO2, was not great enough to
be an issue.

➢ Charles David Keeling

- an American scientist in the mid-20th century
- found out the increased burning of fossil fuel and the
consequent release of CO2 in the atmosphere
- measured the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere of a place
far away from the industrialized nations - on an extinct
volcano on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.

➢ KEELING CURVE
- plots the measurements of data taken at the Mauna Loa
Observatory in Hawaii.