CFG Practice Questions and PDA Design
Uploaded by
Vedniyas VyasCFG Practice Questions and PDA Design
Uploaded by
Vedniyas VyasCommon questions
Powered by AIConverting a CFG to PDA involves simulating the leftmost derivation of strings generated by the CFG. 1. Create a start state with stack containing the start variable of grammar. 2. For each production, develop transition rules that simulate substituting variables with production body. 3. Make transitions to states carrying out leftmost derivation by popping a variable from stack and pushing the RHS of production. 4. Ensure acceptance by final state or empty stack as per requirement .
To prove the ambiguity of the grammar S → SbS | a, construct derivation trees for the same string and show that multiple distinct trees can be derived. For instance, from the string 'abab', derive as: S -> SbS -> aSbS -> aaSbS -> aabS -> aaba and alternatively S -> SbS -> SbSbS -> abSbS -> ababS -> abab. Both trees result in the same string, showing the grammar is ambiguous .
Ambiguity is shown by deriving the same string in multiple distinct ways using different parse trees. For the given grammar S→aB|ab, show multiple derivation trees for a string like 'ab'. For example, derive 'ab' as S → ab and alternatively using productions through S→aB, B→b. Different derivations resulting in 'ab' from both methods highlight the grammar's ambiguity .
The language L = {anbncn|n ≥ 1} is not context-free because it does not satisfy the conditions of the Pumping Lemma, which stipulates that strings can be decomposed into uvwxy and repeated while staying in the language. However, no division of 'uvwxy' allows repeating the sequence and ensuring equal numbers of 'a's, 'b's, and 'c's as required by the structure of L. Pumping 'vw' will disturb the balance needed between these symbols .
To construct a CFG from the given PDA, model the stack operations into non-terminal symbols of CFG. Each transition in PDA is represented by a production in CFG. For each state transition in PDA, derive productions that translate stack operations into derivations. Replace PDA transitions with non-terminals using productions that simulate pushing and popping operations of PDA to derive strings in the language .
To design a PDA for L = {anbn | n >= 0}, follow these steps: 1. Start with initial state q0 with an empty stack symbol. 2. On reading 'a', push 'A' onto the stack. 3. Transition to a new state on reading each 'b' and pop 'A' from the stack for each 'b'. 4. Accept by empty stack when all symbols are read, ensuring all 'A's pushed are popped, requiring an equal number of 'a's and 'b's .
The Pumping Lemma for CFLs states that for any context-free language L, there exists a pumping length p such that any string s in L of length at least p can be decomposed into uvwxy such that for any i ≥ 0, uviwxiy is in L. For L = {ap | p is prime}, no such decomposition uvwxy will maintain condition that the number of 'a's is still a prime number when pumping. Thus, L cannot satisfy the conditions of the Pumping Lemma for CFLs, proving it is not context-free .
The leftmost derivation for 'a=b⋆c+d/e' using the grammar E→E+E|E-E|E⋆E|E/E|(E)|id can be: E -> E+E -> E+E/E -> E+E/id -> E+E/id -> E/id+E/id -> id/id+E/id -> id/id+id/id. The rightmost derivation can be derived as: E -> E/E -> E/id -> E/id -> E/id+d/E -> E/id+d/id -> E/id+c+d/id -> E/id/id+d/id -> id/id/id+d/id .
To convert a CFG into Chomsky Normal Form (CNF), ensure that all productions are of the form A → BC or A → a, where A, B, C are non-terminal symbols and a is a terminal symbol. Remove any ε-productions, unit productions, and useless symbols, then ensure all rules follow the binary form by introducing new non-terminal symbols as necessary. For example, convert S→ABa, A→aab, B→Ac to CNF by breaking down multi-symbols on the right side .
Converting a CFG to GNF requires ensuring all production rules begin with a terminal symbol optionally followed by non-terminal symbols. This form enables better understanding and parsing algorithms, notably top-down parsing. To achieve GNF, left-recursion must be removed and productions reorganized to ensure the leading symbol is a terminal by introducing new non-terminals and rewriting rules to match GNF constraints systematically .