Probability and Statistics
Unit 1: Diagram
1) Classification :
[Link] and it’s types
i. Create a Frequency Table using class interval of width 10 starting from
150-159. The Heights (in cm) of 15 students
[ 150,155,160,166,170,172,133,175,177,180,181,182,185]
ii. Create a Frequency distribution Table using class interval of size 10
starting from 30-40 .The marked scored by 20 students in a test is
[ 33,45,39,41,47,30,49 ,50,55,60, 66 ,70,75,81,85,89 ,90,92,95,99 ]
2) Diagram
a. Histogram
i. Draw histogram :
Class-interval Frequency
0-5 2
5-10 5
10-15 8
15-20 4
b. Frequency Curve & Frequency Polygon
i. An axis , consider mid-point on the class & for Y-axis draw the frequency
u 1−u 2
curve & Frequency polygon : mid− point = 2
Class-interval: Class-interval Frequency
0-10 4
10-20 6
20-30 10
30-40 5
40-50 3
c. Bar graph
i. Draw bar graph :
Subject Students
Math 40
Science 35
History 25
Geography 30
English 45
Probability and Statistics
d. Double Bar graph
i. Draw Bar-graph:
Year Product A Product B
2022 150 100
2023 200 180
2024 250 240
e. % Bar Diagram
i. Draw %-Bar diagram Category 2023 2024
Food 20000 25000
Travel 10000 15000
Utilities 5000 7000
f. Sub-divided Bar graph
i. Draw sub-divided bar graph
Category 2023 2024
Food 20000 25000
Travel 10000 15000
Utilities 5000 7000
3) Measures of central tendency :
a. Definition with its type
4) Mean
a. Definition
b. Formula : grouped: mean ¿ Ungrouped: mean ¿
c. Question :
i. Find the arithmetic mean of numbers : 5,8,10,12,15
ii. Find the arithmetic mean of
Values (x) Frequency ( f ) Values (x) Frequency ( f )
4 10 2 3
5 8 4 5
9 10 6 4
2 9 8 2
Probability and Statistics
iii. Calculate the mean from the following frequency distribution :
Class interval Frequency Class interval Frequency
0-10 4 0-10 4
10-20 6 10-20 6
20-30 10 20-30 10
30-40 5 30-40 5
40-50 5 40-50 5
5) Median :
a. Definition
(n+1)
b. Formula : If n is odd midpoint can be would easily by median=
2
If even then remove mean of 2 midpoint :
median=
n
2 ()
thobs +
n
2 ()
th obs
2
c. Question :
i. 6,8,10,12,15,18,20
ii. 12,18,12,14,18,20,14,22,14
iii. 5,9,13,15,18,20
iv. 6,12,13,20,24,35
d. Median for Discrete frequency distribution :
Step 1: Arrange the data in order if required .
Step 2: Prepare a column of less than cumulative frequency .
Step 3: Locate the obs. At which nth is getting crossed for the first time in
the column of CF (Cumulative frequency ).
Step 4: Corresponding frequency is median
i. Question :
Values (x) Frequency (f)
Values (x) Frequency (f)
5 2
10 2
10 4
20 3
15 6
30 5
20 25
40 4
25 3
50 1
Probability and Statistics
e. Median for continuous frequency distribution ( Class interval) :
(
n
)
Formula : median=l+ 2 −cf ∗h
Class interval Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 8
20-30 15
30-40 12
40-50 10
6) Measures of Dispersion :
a. Definition of Measures of Dispersion .
b. Range :
Range is the difference between the largest & Smallest values in a
dataset . Formula : Range=maximum values−minimum values
c. Coefficient of range :
Coefficient of range is a relative measures of dispersion . It helps compare the
variability between different data sets .
maximum−minimum H −L
Formiula :Coefficient of range= maximum+ minimum = H + L
d. Question :
i. Calculate the range and coefficient of range for the given data :
5,9,12,15,25
ii. 4,6,8,9,20,50,55
iii. Class interval
Class interval Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 8
20-30 12
30-40 6
40-50 4
A. Standard deviation (SD) σ :
:- Standard deviation is a measure of the deviation or spread of a dataset . It
tells how much the values deviate from the mean .
Probability and Statistics
√
2
Formula : 1) Ungroup data sd ( σ )= ε ( xi−x )
n
Where ,
Xi = individual value
x = Mean , n = Number of observation
√
2
After simplifying : σ = ε x −¿ ¿
n
2) Class interval and frequency : σ =√ εf ¿ ¿ ¿
Where , x = Midpoint of class interval .
f = Frequencies
x=¿Mean
For the Frequency distribution :
σ=
√
Question :
εf2
εf
∗¿
iv. Find the SD , CV
5,10,15,20,25
13,18,19,11,9,12
Find SD , CV
Class interval Frequency (f)
10-20 3
20-30 5
30-40 7
40-50 5
7. Moments :
a. Definition :
Moments are statistical measures that describe the shape of distribution .
There are 2 types of Moments :
A) Raw Moments
B) Central Moments
μr =ε ¿ ¿
μr =ε ¿ ¿
r =1,2,3,4
Probability and Statistics
st
1) Calculate 1 four central moments for the following data
i. 2,4,6,8
ii. 1,1,2,3,5
2) X = 1,2,3,4
F = 3,5,4,2
Class interval Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 9
20-30 4
30-40 2
8. Skewness :
Definition : Skewness measures the asymmetric distribution .
μ3
Formula : Skewness :r 1=
¿¿¿
Interpretation :
r 1=0→ Perfectly symmetric distribution
r 1 >0 → positively skewed
r 1 <0 → negatively skewed
Question :
Q1) X = 3,7,8,9
F = 2,1,3,2
Q2)
Class interval Frequency
0-5 4
5-10 6
10-15 10
15-20 7
20-25 3
9. Kurtosis ( β 2 )
a. Kurtosis measures the peakedness or flatness of a distribution .
μ4
Formula : kurtosis ( β 2 )=
¿¿¿
Types :
Mesokurtic ( β 2=3 ) → Normal distribution shape
Probability and Statistics
Leptokurtic ( β 2 >3 ) → More peaked , heavely tails
Platykurtic ( β 2 <3 ) → Flatter peak , light tails )
Q1) Calculate classification of kurtosis for the following
X f data :
2 1
1) 4 3 3,4,2,7
2) 6 5
8 2
10 1
[Link]
a. Definition :
Quartiles are 3 observation Q1 , Q2 And Q3 that divide , entire sorted data
into 4 equal parts , similarly percentiles are into 99 observation which will
divide the sorted data into 100 equal parts .
Q1=¿
Q1) Calculate the quartiles for the following :
6,8,10,12,14,16,18
Q2)
X F
10 2
20 3
30 5
40 4
50 1
Q3) Class interval Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 8
20-30 15
30-40 12
40-50 10
Probability and Statistics
b. Calculate P38 & P67
[Link] :
i. 5,8,9,12,18,20,22
b. Calculate P29 & P83
ii. X = 16,18,20,22,24
F = 12,20,38,20,10
c. Find P42 and P64
Iii Clas interval Frequency
10-20 7
20-30 12
30-40 21
40-50 6
50-60 4
Probability and Statistics
Unit 2: Correlation Analysis and Regression
1) Correlation And Regression
a. Definition of simple correlation & it’s type with scattered diagram .
b. Definition of Coefficient correlation and it’s type
c. Karl’s Perarson’s correlation Coefficient ( ‘r’ )
i. Definition :
Karl pearson’s correlation coefficient (r)is a numerical value that
measures the strength & direction of the linear relationship
between two quantitative variables.
nεxy−εx. εy
Formula : r =
√¿ ¿ ¿
Interpretation :
r =+ 1→ perfect positive relation
r =−1→ Perfect negative relation
r =0 → No linear relation
Question :
i. Find the karl pearson’s correlation coefficient (r)
Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4.
X y X y X y X y
10 20 40 21 9 8 40 21
12 25 43 29 8 6 43 29
14 28 48 25 4 9 48 25
16 30 50 35 10 15 50 35
18 31 54 40 12 18 54 40
20 33 58 42 58 42
Probability and Statistics
d. Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient ( R)
i. Definition :
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (R) is a measure of the
strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
2
6ε d
Rank ( R )=1− → for no repetation
n ( n2 −1 )
Rank ( R )=1−6−¿ ¿ -> For rank repetition
Q1. Q2. Q3.
Mark 1 Mark 2 X Y X Y
90 85 87 18 87 18
67 87 76 16 76 16
84 54 65 19 65 19
79 89 59 12 76 16
75 68 43 15 43 16
29 8 29 8
Q4.
X Y
45 35
70 80
65 70
40 40
80 90
40 45
50 60
70 80
85 90
60 50
Probability and Statistics
e. Regression Analysis :
The technique of predicting the given value of other variable when 2
variable are co-relate is called regression analysis.
Equation of Yon X :
Y −Y =byx ( X− X )
Equation of X on Y :
X −X =byx ( Y −Y )
When bxy and byx are regression coefficient calculated as follow :
σ y cov (x , y) nεxy−εx . εy
byx=r . = =
σx σx
2 √¿¿¿
σ x cov ( x , y) nεxy−εx . εy
b xy=r . = =
σy σy
2 √¿¿¿
Q1. Find the regression equation &estimate Y when X=2.5 & X when Y=5.2
X Y
2 3
6 5
4 6
8 9
10 12
Q2. Find the regression equation &estimate Y when X=22 & X when Y=20
X Y
35 23
25 27
29 26
31 21
27 24
24 30
33 30
Probability and Statistics