9/19/25
President
University
Hydrology # 1 : INTRODUCTION
DR. EDDY TRIYANTO SUDJATMIKO
Course Description:
Hydrology is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with the occurrence, circulation and
distribution of the waters of the Earth. Invloving Meteorology, Statistic, Geology,
Geotechnic Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, etc
“Hydrology is the science that treats the waters of the earth, their occurrence, circulation
and distribution, their chemical and physical properties, and their reaction with their
environment, including their relation to living things. The domain of hydrology
embraces the full life history of water on the earth” -“Opportunities in Hydrologic
Science”, National Academies Press, 1992
Course Goal :
Students should be able to explain hydrology principle and theory, hydrology units and
able to describe hydrology components.
Further to this students should be able to measure hydrology parameters (Hydrometry);
analyse water availability on surface as well as underground water.
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Learning Objectives:
1. Hydrology & Hydrology Cycle
2. Rainfall Measurement
3. Analysis of Rainfall Records
4. Runoff Calculations
5. Abstraction from rainfall
a) Evaporation
b) Evapotranspiration
c) Infiltration
Hydrology & Hydrology Cycle
Sources of Water:
Oceans 97,25%
Ice Caps & Glaciers 2,05%
Groundwater 0,68%
Lakes 0,0%
Soil Moisture 0,005%
Atmosphere 0,001%
Streams and rivers 0,0001%
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Application of Hydrology:
Hydrology is applied to major civil
engineering projects such as:
• Irrigation schemes,
• Dams and Hydroelectric Power
Projects, and
• Water Supply Projects.
Scope of Hydrology
The study of hydrology helps us to know
1. The maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site and its frequency; this is
required for the safe design of drains and culverts, dams and reservoirs, channels and
other flood control structures.
2. The water yield from a basin -its occurrence, quantity and frequency, etc; this is
necessary for the design of dams, municipal water suppl, waterpower, river navigation,
etc.
3. The ground water development for which a knowledge of the hydrogeology of the area,
i.e., of the formation soil, recharge facilities like streams and reservoirs, rainfall pattern,
climate, cropping pattern, etc. are required.
4. The maximum intensity of storm and its frequency for the design of a drainage project.
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Scope of Hydrology
A profession is a “calling requiring specialized knowledge, which has as its prime
purpose the rendering of a public service”
What hydrologists do:
◦ Water use – water withdrawal and instream uses
◦ Water Control – flood and drought mitigation
◦ Pollution Control – point and nonpoint sources
Have these functions changed in recent years? Are priorities different now?
Hydrology Cycle
Journey of water
from the ocean to
atmosphere and back
to the earth and
ultimately to the
ocean through the
processes of
evaporation,
precipitation,
percolation, runoff
and return to the
ocean is called
hydrologic cycle.
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Hydrology Cycle
Journey of water
from the ocean to
atmosphere and back
to the earth and
ultimately to the
ocean through the
processes of
evaporation,
precipitation,
percolation, runoff
and return to the
ocean is called
hydrologic cycle.
Hydrology Cycle
Components of the Hydrologic Cycle :
Precipitation: Includes rain, snow and other forms of water falling from the atmosphere into the land &
oceans.
Evaporation : Physical process by which water is vaporized into the atmosphere from free water
surface and land areas.
Transpiration: Water from the soil is absorbed by plant roots and eventually discharged into the
atmosphere through little pores in the leaves called stomata.
Evapotranspiration: Combined processes by which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open
water surfaces and vegetation.
Infiltration: Movement of water from the land surface to the upper layers of the soil.
Percolation: Movement of water through the subsurface down to the water table.
Overland flow: Portion of runoff that travels over the surface of the ground to reach a stream channel
Surface runoff: Includes all overland flow as well as precipitation falling directly onto stream channels.
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Hydrology Cycle:
Forms of Precipitation (1):
Drizzle: a light steady rain in fine drops (0.5 mm) and intensity <1 mm/hr
Rain: the condensed water vapour of the atmosphere falling in drops (>0.5 mm, maximum
size-6 mm) from the clouds.
Glaze: freezing of drizzle or rain when they come in contact with cold objects.
Sleet: frozen rain drops while falling through air at subfreezing temperature.
Snow: ice crystals resulting from sublimation (i.e., water vapour condenses to ice)
Hail: small lumps of ice (>5 mm in diameter) formed by alternate freezing and melting,
when they are carried up and down in highly turbulent air currents.
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Hydrology Cycle:
Forms of Precipitation (2):
Dew: moisture condensed from the atmosphere in small drops upon cool surfaces.
Frost: a feathery deposit of ice formed on the ground or on the surface of exposed objects
by dew
Fog: a thin cloud of varying size formed at the surface of the earth by condensation of
atmospheric vapour
Mist: a very thin fog
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Hydrology Cycle:
Types of Precipitation:
1. Convectional Precipitation
It results from the heating of the earth's surface. Due to this, the warm air rises rapidly into the
atmosphere. As the air rises, it cools. Water vapour in the air condenses into clouds and
precipitation.
2. Orographic Precipitation:
It results when warm moist air moving across the ocean is forced to rise by large mountains. As the
air rises, it cools. As air cools, the water vapour in the air condenses and water droplets form.
Precipitation occurs on the windward side of the mountain. The air is now dry and rises over top the
mountain. As the air moves back down the mountain, it collects moisture from the ground via
evaporation.
3. Cyclonic
Cyclonic or Frontal precipitation results when the leading edge of a warm, moist air mass.
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Hydrology Cycle:
Convectional Precipitation
Orographic Precipitation
Frontal Precipitation
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Global Water Balance (Volumetric)
What conclusions can we draw from these data?
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Global Water Balance
What conclusions can we draw from these data?
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Global Water Balance
105,000 km3 or
0.0076% of total water
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Global Water Balance
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Global Water Balance
Residence time:
Average travel time for water to pass through a subsystem of the hydrologic cycle
Tr = S/Q
Storage/flow rate
Residence time of global atmospheric moisture (Ex. 1.1.1)
Volume (storage) of atmospheric water: 12,900 km3
Flow rate of moisture from the atmosphere as precipitation = 577,000 km3/yr
Tr = 12,900/577,000 = 0.022 yr = 8.2 days
One reason why weather cannot be forecast accurately more than a few days ahead!
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Water Density
Water as a solid (ice) is
less dense than it is as a
liquid
Maximum density is at
4°C
[Link]
cad/sci/[Link]
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Task
1. Find what is monsoon : Explain with text and diagrams
2. Find what is El Nino and La Nina : explain how its happen and what its effect to our
(Indonesia) regions. Explain with text and diagrams
3. Find types of clouds : explain the mechanism of each type. Explain with text and
diagrams
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