Principles and Practice of Management (PPM)
BBA 1st Semester Notes with Important Questions – Tula’s Institute,
Uttarakhand
1. Introduction to Management
• Management is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling to achieve
organizational goals.
• Nature: Universal, goal-oriented, social process, dynamic, intangible.
• Management vs. Administration: Management = execution; Administration = policy making.
• Levels: Top, Middle, Supervisory.
• Managerial Roles: Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional (Mintzberg).
• Evolution of Thought: Classical (Taylor, Fayol), Behavioral (Mayo), Systems, Contingency
approaches.
Important Questions:
Q. Define management and explain its nature.
Q. Differentiate between management and administration.
Q. Explain Mintzberg’s managerial roles.
Q. Discuss Taylor’s scientific management principles.
2. Planning & Decision-Making
• Planning = deciding in advance what to do, how, when, and by whom.
• Steps: Objectives → Alternatives → Evaluation → Choice → Implementation → Review.
• Types: Strategic, Tactical, Operational, Contingency.
• Decision-making = choosing best alternative among many.
• Techniques: SWOT, forecasting, cost-benefit analysis, quantitative methods.
Important Questions:
Q. Explain the steps of planning process.
Q. What are the different types of plans?
Q. Define decision-making and explain its process.
Q. Write a note on SWOT analysis.
3. Organising & Staffing
• Organising arranges resources & activities to achieve objectives.
• Principles: Unity of command, span of control, authority-responsibility, balance.
• Structures: Line, Functional, Line & Staff, Matrix.
• Staffing: Recruitment, selection, training, development.
• Importance: Right person in the right job at right time.
Important Questions:
Q. Explain principles of organization.
Q. Differentiate between line and functional organization.
Q. What is staffing? Why is it important?
Q. Explain the process of recruitment and selection.
4. Directing / Leadership
• Directing = guiding, motivating, leading employees towards goals.
• Motivation Theories: Maslow’s Need Hierarchy, Herzberg’s Two-Factor, McGregor’s Theory X &
Y, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
• Communication: Process, types (formal/informal), barriers.
• Leadership: Styles (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire), Theories (trait, behavioral, situational).
• Supervision: Ensures work is performed effectively.
Important Questions:
Q. Explain Maslow’s need hierarchy theory.
Q. Differentiate between leadership styles.
Q. What are the barriers to effective communication?
Q. Write short notes on Herzberg’s two-factor theory.
5. Controlling & Coordinating
• Controlling = ensuring performance as per plan.
• Steps: Standards → Measuring → Comparing → Correcting.
• Types: Pre-control, Concurrent, Post-control.
• Techniques: Budgetary control, audits, quality control, MIS.
• Coordination: Integrating group efforts for harmony.
Important Questions:
Q. Define controlling and explain its steps.
Q. What are the techniques of control?
Q. Explain the importance of coordination in management.
Q. Differentiate between pre-control, concurrent and post-control.
6. Contemporary Issues in Management
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
• Ethics in management.
• Impact of globalization & cultural diversity.
• Role of IT in modern management.
• Sustainability & environmental responsibility.
Important Questions:
Q. Write a short note on CSR.
Q. Explain the role of ethics in management.
Q. What are the challenges of globalization in management?
Q. How is IT changing modern management practices?