Super Phylum: Panarthropoda

• Segmented protostomes with a cuticle composed of alpha chitin

and protein that grow by adding new segments at the posterior
end of the body.

• Protostome: any of a major group (Protostomia) of bilateral metazoan animals (such as molluscs,
annelids, and arthropods) characterized in typical forms by determinate and spiral cleavage,
formation of a mouth and anus directly from the blastopore, and formation of the coelom by splitting
of the embryonic mesoderm
 Super Phylum
Panarthropoda

Phylum- Phylum- Phylum-

Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda

Trilobitomorpha

Sub Phylum
Chelicerata

Mandibulata
Phylum: Onychophora
(onych= claw; phor=to carry)
• Velvet worms, 110 described species
• Bilaterally symmetrical, protostomes, coelomate, nocturnal
• Size varies 5mm to 15 cm
• Homonomous body with small heads.
• Head bears a pair of annulated, fleshy antennae and a pair of small eyes at their bases, a pair of
jaws surrounded by circular lips and a pair of fleshy oral/slime papillae.
• Secretions of oral papillae helps in capturing the prey.
• The body bears 13-43 pairs of segmental trunk appendages (uniramous, stubby and fleshy and
also known as lobopods) and 3 pairs of head appendages. Each lobopod terminates in a pair of
sclerotized claws.
• Males usually have fewer legs than females.
• Each leg bears a coxal organ on the ventral surface of its base. The coxal organs are eversible and
appear to be used to gather water from the substratum.
 Phylum: Tardigrada
• water bears/ slow walkers
• very small in size( 100-150 micrometers)
• aquatic to semiaquatic habitats,
• bilaterally symmetrical, superficially the body seems to contain only 5
segments, however, the head consists of 3 segments and trunk of 4-5.
• Each trunk segment bears a pair of short and stubby legs or lobopods.
The tip of each leg has 4-8 retractile claws or adhesive discs.
 Phylum: Arthropoda
(arthros-jointed, podos-foot)
• Segmentation
• Cephalization
• Chitinous exoskeleton with ecdysis
• Jointed and paired segmental appendages
• Acron, telson,
• Tagmosis:
• Head + trunk, Head + thorax + abdomen, Cephalothorax + abdomen
[Link] body is triploblastic, segmented, and bilaterally symmetrical.
[Link] exhibit organ system level of organization.
[Link] body is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.
[Link] body has jointed appendages which help in locomotion.
[Link] coelomic cavity is filled with blood.
[Link] have an open circulatory system.
[Link] head bears a pair of compound eyes.
[Link] exoskeleton is made of chitin.
[Link] terrestrial Arthropods excrete through Malpighian tubules while the aquatic ones excrete
through green glands or coaxal glands.
[Link] are unisexual and fertilization is either external or internal.
[Link] have a well-developed digestive system.
[Link] respire through the general body surface or trachea.
[Link] contain sensory organs like hairs, antennae, simple and compound eyes, auditory organs,
and statocysts.
 P-Arthropoda

Sub Phylum

Trilobitomorpha Chelicerata Mandibulata

Infra Phylum
Crustacea

Tracheata
 Sub Phylum- Trilobitomorpha
• Extinct, Cambrian to Permian
• Marine
• Body divided by two longitudinal
furrows into three lobes
• Head distinct with a pair of small
antennae and compound eyes.
• Exoskeleton differs from other
arthropods in being primarily mineral-
form of calcium carbonate known as
calcite rather than organic.
 Sub Phylum- Chelicerata
chele=claw; keros=horn; ata=group
• 70,000 species; spiders, scorpions,
mites, etc
• Prehensile chelicerae are first pair of
appendages, present on the 2nd
cephalothoracic segment.
• IInd appendages are pedipalps and
remaining appendages are walking
legs (four pairs)
• Tagmata: prosoma (cephalothorax) +
opisthosoma(abdomen)
• Respiration by gills, book lungs
 Chelicerata
Class

Pycnogonida
Xiphosura Arachnida
or Pantopoda
Euchelicerata
 Class- Xiphosura/ Merostomata
xiphos=sword, uros=tail
• Two tagmata (a tagma is a specialized grouping of multiple segments or
metameres into a coherently functional morphological unit)
• cephalothorax (prosoma)
• abdomen (opisthosoma)
• each is enclosed in a single unbroken, rigid exoskeletal box.

• Dorsal exoskeleton of cephalothorax is called as carapace.

• Carapace bears a pair of small ocelli on its anterior midline and a pair of larger
lateral compound eyes.
• Ventrally cephalothorax bears 6 pairs of appendages
• 1chelicerate, 4 uniramous, walking legs (2nd in male-pedipalp), 6th non chelicaerate and biramous

• Abdomen is well developed and often segmented

• The abdomen bears five pairs of flap like gills which are used for respiration and
as paddles for swimming. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments
attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into
• Gonopore is on 2nd abdominal segment
two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached
end-to-end.
The blood of a horseshoe crab contains cells known
as amebocytes. These play a similar role to the white blood
cells of vertebrates in defending the organism
against pathogens. Amebocytes from the blood of Limulus
polyphemus are used to make Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL),
which is used for the detection of bacterial endotoxins in
medical applications. There is a high demand for blood, the
harvest of which involves collecting the animals, bleeding them,
and then releasing them back into the sea.
 Class- Arachnida
• Scorpions, spiders, ticks and mites
• Mostly terrestrial chelicerates (bearing chelate appendages: pincer-like structure)
• Tagmata: Cephalothorax and abdomen
• Unsegmented cephalothorax is covered dorsally by carapace
• Six pairs of appendages
• Anteriormost appendage is chelate for feeding and defense.
• Sometimes chelicerae are equipped with poison or silk glands.
• 2nd leg is pedipalp, does a variety of functions: raptorial, locomotory, sensory,
defensive, fossorial and reproductive.
• Remaining 4 pairs of appendages are walking legs
• Simple eyes are present
 Sub Phylum- Mandibulata
• Appendages of 3rd head segment modified into
mandibles for chewing.
• Antennae present
• Tagmosis: cephalothorax + abdomen, Head + Thorax
+ Abdomen
• Respiration by tracheae, gills
 Mandibulata

Infra Phylum (IP)

Crustacea
Tracheata

In the Invertebrate Zoology by Ruppert, Fox and Barnes (7th edition) Crustacea is written as Infra phylum on page no-4
and it is written as sister taxa of Tracheata under sub phylum Mandibulata on page number-518 but it is discussed as sub
phylum on page number-605, therefore, here on the basis of evolutionary tree given on page number -540 and also
description given at page number 4 and 518, Crustacea is considered as infra phylum under sub phylum Mandibulata.
 Infra Phylum- Crustacea
• Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, and wood lice
• Generally aquatic
• Differ from other arthropods in having two pairs of appendages (antennules and antennae) in front
of the mouth and paired appendages near the mouth that function as jaws.
• 1antennule+ 1antennae+ 1mandibles +2 maxillae
• Body is divided into two tagmata: Head and trunk
• Head consists of acron+ at least 4 segments
• Head bears lateral compound eyes and median simple eyes
 Crustacea
Super Class

Maxillopoda
Class

Remipedia Cephalocarida Anostraca Phyllopoda Malacostraca

 Class- Remipedia

• Remipedia is a class of blind animals,

closely related to hexapods
• Found in water filled caves connecting
with sea at one end and freshwater ponds
at the other.
• Elongated body resembles a polychaete.
• Tagmata: cephalothorax (carapace)
+trunk
• First antennae are biramous
• 1–4 centimetres (0.4–1.6 in) long and
comprise a head and an elongate trunk of
up to thirty-two similar body segments
• primitive body plan
• only known venomous crustaceans
 Class- Cephalocarida
• Only twelve shrimp-like benthic species
• Body small, slender and divided into a horseshoe
shaped head and a trunk of 19 segments
• Eyes and carapace absent
 Class- Anostraca
• Carapace absent
• Eyes stalked
• Antennae uniramous
• Trunk elongated with 19 or more segments
 Class- Phyllopoda
• Carapace large shield shaped
• Eyes sessile and close together
• Trunk appendages 35-70 pairs
• Caudal styles many jointed
 Class- Malacostraca
• Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp
• Head consists of 5 segments, thorax-8
segments, and abdomen-6 segments
plus telson
• Carapace may or may not be present
• First antennae are often biramous
Eupagurus and Sea Anemone showing commensalism
Eupagurus
Cancer
Super Class: Maxillopoda
• Class: Copepoda
• Class: Mystacocarida
• Class: Tantulocarida
• Class: Ascothoracida
• Class: Cirripedia
• Class: Ostracoda
• Class: Branchiura
• Class: Pentastomida
 Super Class- Maxillopoda
• Barnacles, copepods
• They often have short bodies with reduced abdomen
• Most maxillopodans feed with their maxillae
 Class- Copepoda
oar feet

• Very small in size (1-2mm) with a tear shaped, transparent body and
long antennae
• Body has armoured exoskeleton
• Have single median compound eye
• Head is fused with one or two thoracic segments
• Remaining 3-5 thoracic segments bear appendages; first pair is
modified to form maxillipedes which assist in feeding
• Abdomen is 5 segmented, narrower than the thorax and without any
appendages.
 Class- Mystacocarida
• Body microscopic, elongated and cylindrical
• Compound eyes absent, only one nauplius eye is present
• Thorax of 4 segments, each with a pair of simple, reduced appendages
• Abdomen is without any appendage, ending in a pair of caudal rami
• Earliest larva is metanauplius
 Class- Tantulocarida

• Marine ectoparasites of deep water copepods, isopods and ostracods.

• 0.5 mm-1mm long
• There is sexual and parthenogenetic life cycle connected by a larval
stage.
• Sexual individuals possess cephalothorax (head+2 thoracomeres) and
trunk. Trunk consists of 4 (in female) or 5(in male) free thoracomeres
plus the telson and caudal furca.
• Adult sexual males and females are free swimming and non-feeding.
 Class: Ascothoracida

• Obligate ectoparasites of echinoderms (sea lilies, serpent stars) or

endoparasites of alcyonarian corals and in the coelom of sea stars and
echinoids.
• There are about 60 species; largest ascothoracid is about 4cms long
• A large bivalve carapace encloses the thorax and sometimes the
abdomen as well
• Carapace is soft and uncalcified
• Prehensile first antennae are used to attach to the host, 2nd absent in
adults.
 Class: Cirripedia

• Marine, sessile adults, parasitic or fixed to rocks, seaweeds, boats, etc.

• Imperfectly segmented body
• Animal enclosed in a carapace made of two skin folds, the mantle, which is
usually supported by calcareous plates.
• 6 pairs of biramous cirriform thoracic appendages.
• Abdomen rudimentary, limbless, ending in a pair of caudal styles.
• Antennules modified for attachment.
• Antennae and eyes are absent
• Mostly hermaphrodite
• First larval stage- nauplius, 2nd –cypris having bivalve shell
Balanus
Sacculina
Sacculina
 Class: Ostracoda

• Enclosed in a bivalve carapace

• Head and head appendages are well developed
• Uniramous first antennae are chiefly sensory but can be used for
swimming or digging.
• 2nd antennae are biramous and natatory.
• Maxillae are used in generating respiratory and feeding current
• Trunk is shortest of any crustacean and consists of a maximum of 2
segments with 2 pairs of thoracopods
 Class: Branchiura
• Commonly called as fish lice
• Ectoparasites on freshwater and marine
fishes and occasionally tadpoles.
• Head is 5 segmented
• First pair of antennae are minute and
bear claw for attaching to the host.
• 1st maxillae form a pair of large sucker
that assist in attaching to the host.
• Large bilobed carapace covers most of
the thorax
 Class: Pentastomida

• Tongue worms
• Elongate, vermiform parasites of
nasal passages, sinuses and lungs
of vertebrates.
• Body is 1-16cms long and divided
into head and trunk
• Head bears the mouth and 2pairs
of chitinous hooks
IP- Tracheata IP- Tracheata
SC-Myriapoda SC-Hexapoda
• C-Chilopoda • C-Entognatha:Apterygote
• C-Symphyla • C-Insecta
• C-Diplopoda • sC-Pterygota
• C-Pauropoda
 SC-Myriapoda: Class-Chilopoda

• Chilopods or centipedes have legs between 15-191

• Most are nocturnal
• Head is covered by a rigid, sclerotized cephalic shield
• Trignathic
• 2nd maxillae are larger than the first and bear claw like
telopodite
• Trunk appendages consist of coxa, trochanter,
prefemur, femur, tibia, two tarsal articles and a claw.
• Each trunk segment is enclosed by a dorsal tergite,
ventral sternite, and two lateral pleurites.
 Class-Symphyla
• Found in moist soil and leaf litter, approx.
160 described species
• 1-8mm in length, white, weakly sclerotized
• Mouth parts enclose a preoral cavity
• Trunk is 14 segmented, covered by 15-24
tergites
• 1- 12 trunk segments bear walking legs,
13th segment bear spinnerets
 Class-Diplopoda

• Millipedes
• Nocturnal detritivores, common in
soil, leaf litter and caves
• 2mm to 30 cms in length
• Head bears a pair of antennae,
mandibles and maxillae (Dignatha)
• Legs short, 1 pair on each thoracic
segment, and 2 pairs on each trunk
segment
 Class-Pauropoda (pauros=small)

• Minute (1-1.5mm long), soft,

cylindrical and grub like
• Tagmosis: Head and Trunk
• Head is with 1 pair of antennae,
1 pair of mandibles but no eyes
• Maxillae reduced to form lower
lip
• Trunk bears 9-10 pairs of legs
IP- Tracheata: SC-Hexapoda: C-Entognatha

• Ametabolus arthropods
• Apterygotes
• Mouthparts are entognathous, meaning that they
are retracted within the head.
 IP-Tracheata: SC-Hexapoda: C-Insecta
sC: Pterygota
• Mouth parts are
ectognathous
• Compound eyes and
ocelli are usually
present
• Hemimetabolous or
holometabolus
Bombyx Periplaneta
Apis
Musca