CLASS 12 PHYSICS FORMULAE
Chapter-wise Complete Formula Collection
Session: 2025-26
CBSE Board
1. Electric Charges and Fields
Coulomb’s Law: F = (1 / 4πε■) * (q■q■ / r²)
Electric Field: E = F / q
Electric Field due to point charge: E = (1 / 4πε■) * (q / r²)
Electric Dipole Moment: p = q × 2a
Torque on dipole: τ = pE sinθ
Flux: Φ = E • A = EA cosθ
Gauss’s Law: ■E • dA = q/ε■
2. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Potential due to point charge: V = (1 / 4πε■) * (q / r)
Potential Energy of system of charges: U = (1 / 4πε■) Σ (q■q■ / r■■)
Capacitance: C = Q / V
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor: C = ε■A / d
Energy stored: U = ½ CV² = ½ QV = Q² / 2C
Combination of capacitors (series): 1/C = 1/C■ + 1/C■ + ...
Combination of capacitors (parallel): C = C■ + C■ + ...
3. Current Electricity
Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Resistance: R = ρL / A
Resistivity variation: ρ■ = ρ■[1 + α(T - T■)]
Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R
Combination of resistors (series): R = R■ + R■ + ...
Combination of resistors (parallel): 1/R = 1/R■ + 1/R■ + ...
Current density: J = σE = I / A
4. Moving Charges and Magnetism
Magnetic force: F = q(v × B)
Force on current carrying conductor: F = BIL sinθ
Biot-Savart Law: dB = (µ■/4π) * (Idl × r■)/r²
Ampere’s Law: ■B • dl = µ■I
Magnetic field due to long straight wire: B = µ■I / 2πr
Magnetic field inside solenoid: B = µ■nI
Magnetic dipole moment: m = IA
5. Magnetism and Matter
Magnetising field: H = nI
Magnetic susceptibility: χ = M/H
Magnetic permeability: µ = µ■(1 + χ)
Magnetic intensity: B = µ■(H + M)
6. Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s Law: emf = - dΦ/dt
Lenz’s Law: direction opposes change
Self-inductance: emf = -L (dI/dt)
Energy stored in inductor: U = ½ LI²
Mutual inductance: emf = -M (dI/dt)
7. Alternating Current
AC emf: E = E■ sinωt
Current in AC circuit: I = I■ sin(ωt - φ)
Impedance: Z = √(R² + (XL - XC)²)
XL = ωL, XC = 1/ωC
Power in AC: P = VI cosφ
Resonance frequency: ω = 1/√(LC)
8. Electromagnetic Waves
Speed of light: c = 1 / √(µ■ε■)
Energy density: u = ½ (ε■E² + B²/µ■)
Intensity: I = cε■E²/2
9. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Refractive index: n = c/v
Snell’s Law: n■ sinθ■ = n■ sinθ■
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u
Magnification: m = v/u
Power of lens: P = 100/f (cm)
Critical angle: sinC = 1/n
10. Wave Optics
Young’s Double Slit: β = λD/d
Path difference: ∆x = d sinθ
Condition for constructive interference: ∆x = nλ
Condition for destructive interference: ∆x = (2n+1)λ/2
Diffraction grating: nλ = d sinθ
Polarization law of Malus: I = I■ cos²θ
11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Photoelectric equation: eV■ = hν - φ
de-Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p = h/√(2mE)
Einstein’s photoelectric equation: hν = φ + KEmax
12. Atoms
Bohr radius: a■ = 4πε■■² / me²
Energy of nth orbit: En = - (13.6 eV)/n²
Radius of nth orbit: rn = n²a■
Frequency of revolution: νn = (me■)/(4πε■)²■³n³
13. Nuclei
Mass-energy equivalence: E = mc²
Binding energy: BE = [Zm_p + (A-Z)m_n - M]c²
Radioactive decay law: N = N■ e^(-λt)
Half life: T½ = ln2 / λ
Mean life: τ = 1/λ
14. Semiconductor Electronics
Conductivity: σ = neµe + nhµh
Current: I = I■(e^(eV/KT) - 1)
Transistor current relation: IE = IB + IC
Gain: β = IC/IB, α = IC/IE
15. Communication Systems
Modulation index: m = Am/Ac
Bandwidth of AM wave: BW = 2fm
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): (Signal power) / (Noise power)