Chapter 4: Kinematics in 2D
Motion in a plane, vertical or horizontal
But, the motion in the x- and y-directions are
independent, except that they are coupled by the
time
Therefore, we can break the problem into x
and y ``parts’’
y
We must use vectors:
displacement r = x + y r
velocity v = vx+ vy y
acceleration a = ax + ay
x x
Usually, a y = − g ĵ
Two Sets of Kinematic Equations
1 1
x f = x i + ( v xi + v xf )(t f − t i ) y f = y i + ( v yi + v yf )(t f - t i )
2 2
1 2
x f = x i + v xi (t f − t i ) + a x (t f − t i )
2 1 2
y f = y i + v yi ( t f - t i ) + a y (t f - t i )
2
v xf = v xi + a x (t f - t i ) v yf = v yi + a y (t f - t i )
2 2
v = v + 2a x (x f - x i )
xf xi
2
yf
2
v = v + 2a y (y f - y i )
yi
We can solve problems using the same methods as for 1D,
but now we need to consider both x and y components
simultaneously
Example: Motorcycle yJump
vi
Consider a motorcycle
jumping between two
buildings separated by a Δy
distance Δx. The
difference in heights of
the buildings is Δy. What
initial velocity must the
motorcycle have to just
make it to the other
Δx x
building? What is the vxi = ?, vyi = 0
time to cross to the other
ax = 0, ay = -g
building? What is the
final velocity on impact?
The x-component vxf of the velocity remains constant
throughout the flight time, vxf=vxi,
- we neglect air resistance
- ax = 0
- therefore, nothing to affect x-motion
Because of gravity, once the motorcycle is in the air, its
speed in the y-direction vyf increases from zero, points
down, and therefore the height decreases
The magnitude of vxi
the resultant velocity vx1 = vxi
also increases and the θ1 v
angle of the resultant vy1 1
velocity vector (with Vx2= vxi
respect to the x-axis)
changes θ2
vy2 v2
x-direction motion is the same as if
motion occurred on a flat surface
y-direction motion is equivalent to
dropping the motorcycle
What about 2D motion in the horizontal plane?
No acceleration due to gravity
x
Can rotate coordinate system to
reduce problem to 1D v
- if the motion
z’
is in a straight line
z x’
If motion has a curvature
- must be treated as 2D
(topic of 4.5, 4.6 and ch. 8)
Return to Motorcycle Problem
x-direction
1. Δx = (vxi+vxf)/2 Δt = vxi Δt Δt = Δx/vxi
2. Same information as first equation
3. vxf=vxi since ax=0
4. Same information as third equation
y-direction
1. Δy = (vyf Δt)/2 vyf = 2Δy/ Δt
2. Δy = -gΔt2/2 Δt = √(-2Δy/g)
3. vyf= -g Δt
4. v2yf= -2g Δy *three different ways to get vyf
Δx − 2Δy −g
Δt = = v xi = Δx
v xi g 2Δy
What is the final velocity when motorcycle lands
on the other roof?
We know from the 3rd x-direction equation that:
vxf = vxi
Therefore we need only vyf. From 4th y-direction
equation:
2 2 2 2 gΔy
vf = v + v
xf yf = v − 2 gΔy = v xi
xi 1− 2
v xi
If Δy→0 or g→0 or vxi→∞, then vf→vxi
If Δy→-∞ or g→∞ or vxi→0, then vf→vyf
Let’s add some numbers:
Δx = 50.0 ft, Δy = -20.0 ft, g=32.2 ft/s2
vxi= Δx√(-g/(2 Δy))=(50.0 ft) √((-32.2 ft/s2)/(2(-20.0 ft)))
= 44.9 ft/s
Δt = Δx/vxi = (50.0 ft)/(44.9 ft/s) = 1.11 s
Or Δt = √(-2 Δy/g) = √(-2(-20.0 ft))/(32.2 ft/s2)) = 1.11 s
vyf = -g Δt = -(32.2 ft/s2)(1.11s) = -35.9 ft/s
Or vyf = - √(-2g Δy) = - √(-2(32.2 ft/s2 )(-20.0 ft))
= -35.9 ft/s
2 2
vf = v + vxf yf = √[(44.9 ft/s)2 +(35.9 ft/s)2]
y
= 57.5 ft/s
θ = sin-1(vyf/vf) = sin-1(-35.9/57.5) = -38.6° vxf
θ x
vf = 57.5 ft/s @ - 38.6° vyf
vf
Example Problem
" A soccer player kicks the soccer ball
with an initial speed of 50 ft/s at an
angle of 37° with respect to the
horizontal. Find the maximum height of
the ball’s trajectory and the time it is at
that point.
" Given: v0=50 ft/s, θ0= 37° , vy1=0
Take: t0=0, y0=0
Find: t1=? and y1=h=?
Example Problem
" A skier leaves a ramp of a ski jump with
a velocity of 10.0 m/s, 15.0º above the
horizontal. He lands on a slope of
incline 50.0º. Neglecting air resistance,
find (a) the distance from the ramp to
where the jumper lands and (b) the
velocity components just before
landing.