GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-8 gvbe mgv‡Ri µgweKvk

(Evolution of Human Society)

f‚wgKv
gvbe mgv‡Ri BwZnvm µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm| mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ cÖwZwbqZB
cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| cwieZ©b wPišÍb| mgvR cwieZ©‡bi Awbevh© avivq gvby‡li wPšÍvRM‡ZI
G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b Ges gvbe mgv‡Ri µgweKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©vq AwZµg
K‡i Avgiv DcbxZ n‡qwQ AvaywbK mgvRe¨e¯’vq| gvby‡li msNä cÖ‡Póvi dmj n‡”Q AvaywbK
mgvRe¨e¯’v| m„wói †kªôRxe gvbeRvwZi HK¨e× Rxeb msMÖv‡gi wewfbœ cÖm½ wb‡q GB BDwb‡U
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gvbe mgv‡Ri µgweKvk kxl©K BDwb‡Ui Av‡jvPbv wbæiƒc 5wU c‡e© web¨¯Í n‡et

cvV-1 mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK weKvk

cvV-2 mgvR I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b
cvV-3 mgv‡Ri Aciva, Gi KviY I cÖwZKvi
cvV-4 †i‡bmvu
cvV-5 AvaywbKxKiY

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-148

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK µg weKvk cvV-1

(Historical Evolution of Society)

D†Ïk¨:
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb−

gvbe mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK µg weKvk m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR wK Zv e¨L¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

`vm mgv‡Ri ¯^iƒc we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MvgšÍ mgvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
gvbe mgvR cwieZ©bkxj | `ywbqv‡Z GKw`b Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR e¨e¯’v wQj| ZLb mgvR
wQj AbybœZ| mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ Avw`g mgvR †f‡½ `vm mgvR cÖwZwôZ nq| kªgB gvbyl‡K
mgv‡R †`Lv w`j `yÕ†kªYxi gvbyl-`vm I `vm-gvwjK| cieZ©xKv‡j `vm mgvR †f‡½ mvgšÍev`x gvbyl K‡i‡Q|
mgvR cÖwZwôZ nq| mgv‡R †`Lv w`j †kvlY| mvgšÍev`x mgv‡R gvby‡li DËiY GK weivU
c`‡¶c| AMwbZ kªwgK I `wi‡`ªi kª‡g Abvev`x Rwg I Aib¨‡K kl¨‡¶Î I d‡jv`¨v‡b
iycvšÍwiZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| m¤¢e n‡qwQj bMi wbg©vb Ges mgy`ªc‡_ `~i `~iv‡šÍ cvwo †`Iqv|
mgvR cwieZ©‡bi avivq mvgšÍev`x mgvR †f‡½ abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Rb¥ nq| Avi eZ©gvb
`ywbqvi A‡bK †`‡k abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri e`‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR|
gvbe mgv‡Ri GB µg weKv‡ki g~‡j wQj gvby‡li msNe× cÖ‡Póv| G cÖm‡½ wek¦weL¨vZ mgvR
weÁvbx †d«WwiK G‡½uj&m D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒkªgB gvbyl‡K gvbyl K‡i‡QÓ|

Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR:

gvbe mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki †Mvovq wQj Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR| weKv‡ki G ¯Í‡i Drcv`‡bi
AwfÁZv wQj LyeB mxgve× I AbybœZ| †h‡nZz Drcvw`Kv kw³ AbybœZ wQj ZvB gvbyl Mv‡Qi
djg~j, gvQ wkKvi Kiv Rš‘i gvsm †L‡q Rxeb aviY KiZ| ˆ`wnK kw³ wQj †eu‡P _vKvi GK
gvÎ Aej¤^b| eb¨ Rš‘i AvµgY †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki‡Z nZ `je×fv‡e| ZLb gvby‡li c‡¶
wew”Qbœfv‡e RxweKv AR©b I †eu‡P _vKv m¤¢e wQj bv| mK‡j wg‡j †hŠ_fv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨
msMÖn KiZ| Avw`g gvby‡li msNeØ Rxeb hvcb I cwikª‡gi e‡`Šj‡Z Zviv cÖK…wZi weiy‡Ø
Rqjvf K‡iwQj| ZLb mgv‡Ri Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡bi Ici e¨w³MZ gvwjKbvi aviYv Av‡mwb|
ïay AvZ¥i¶v I Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ nvwZqvi _vK‡Zv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki| GB mgv‡R †kªYx †kvlY wQj bv
kvmK iy‡c Avjv`v GK`j †jv‡Ki †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡ wQj bv| GR‡b¨B Avw`g †hŠ_ mgvR‡K ejvnq
Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR|
Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvbyl †QvU †QvU cvwievwiK †Mvôx‡Z wef³ n‡q emevm Ki‡Zv| µg weKv‡ki
wb¤œ ¯Í‡i Zviv Amf¨ Ae¯’vq Rxeb hvcb KiZ| Avw`g mgvR e¨e¯’v ga¨hyM ch©šÍ AÂj
wbwe©‡k‡l weKv‡ki GKB ¯’‡i wQj| Avw`g gvby‡li Rxeb wQj fqvbK K‡ói| wec` wQj c‡`
c‡`| Avw`g gvby‡li c‡¶ GKK wew”Qbœ emevm Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| ZLbKvi gvbyl `j †e‡au,
nv‡Z jvwV aviv‡jv cv_y‡i A¯¿ Avi kvej wb‡q Lv`¨ msMÖ‡n †ei n‡Zv|
Avw`g gvby‡li cÖ_g evm¯’vb wQj AÜKvi m¨uvZ‡m‡Z ce©Z I ¸nv| AwMœKz‡Ûi cv‡k e‡m Zviv
†`nUv‡K Mig ivL‡Zv| Avw`g gvbyl So, eb¨v I AmyL wemy‡L Lye Amnvq †eva Ki‡Zv| e„wó,
eRªcvZ, Av‡Mœq wMwii AMœyrcvZ Ges cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi KviY Zviv eyS‡Zv bv| euvPvi ZvwM‡`
mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ msMÖvg gvbyl‡K G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i m„wó K‡iwQj| bZzb

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-149
 GmGmGBPGj

Drcvw`Kv kw³i Avwef©v‡ei d‡j Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR e¨e¯’vi Aemvb N‡U Ges cÖwZwôZ nq
`vm mgvR e¨e¯’v|

`vm mgvR:
cyivZb †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv m¤úK© †f‡½ cÖwZwôZ n‡jv `vm gvwjKvbv m¤úK©| `vm e¨e¯’vq Drcv`b
m¤ú‡K©i wfwË nj -‡h `v†mi gvwjK †mB Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi gvwjK| gvwjK `vm‡K
B”Qvg‡Zv †euP‡Z wKb‡Z wKsev cïi g‡Zv nZ¨vI Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv | Zv‡`i †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv wQj
bv| mgvR weKv‡ki G ¯Í‡iB †`Lv w`j m¤úwËevb I m¤úwËnxb †kªYx | G Ae¯’vq mgv‡Ri
g‡a¨ cY¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi m¤¢vebv Ges gywó‡gq e¨w³i nv‡Z ab m‡qi my‡hvM m„wó nq| hvi
hZ †ewk `vm †m ZZ m¤ú`kvjx| G fv‡e ¯^vaxb gvbyl I `vm‡`i ˆel‡g¨i cvkvcvwk abx I
`vwi‡`ª¨i m„wó nj|
Avw`g †hŠ_ mgvR †_‡K `vm mgv‡Ri D™¢‡ei †¶‡Î †h welqwU j¶Yxq Zv n‡”Q bZzb
Drcvw`Kv kw³i weKvk| Drcv`b GK RvqMvq †_‡g _v‡K bv| `vm mgvv‡RI Drcv`b †_‡g
_v‡K wb| †jvnvi hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii ga¨w`‡q Drcv`b kw³i Av‡iv weKvk NUj | M‡o DV‡jv
mvgvwRK kªg wefvM I wewbgq e¨e¯’v| K…wl †_‡K Avjv`v n‡jv KzwUi wkí| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq
ˆewPΨ I wkí my¶Zv †`Lv w`j| AvaywbK mf¨ BD‡iv‡c `vm cÖ_vi cÖvavb¨ wQj| `vm e¨ve¯’vi
`vm mgv‡Ri gZ Pig weKvk N‡UwQj cÖvPxb MÖxm I †iv‡g| MÖxm I †iv‡gi ¯’vcZ¨ wb`©kb¸‡jv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj
mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri µxZ`vm‡`i nvofv½v cwikª‡gi Øviv| c„w_exi †ewki fvM RvwZi g‡a¨ `vm cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj|
ˆewkó¨ wQj Kg DbœZ RvwZi g‡a¨ AvRI `vm cÖ_vi †ik i‡q †M‡Q| †hgb Avwd«Kv‡Z GLbI `vm cÖ_vi
†kªYxmsNvZ| cÖKvk †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq|
†kªYx wef³ `vm mgv‡R gvwjK‡`i m¦v‡_© `vm‡`i kªg w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡Zv| gvwjK‡`i
AgvbywlK AZ¨vPvi mB‡Z bv †c‡i Zviv cvwj‡q †h‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zv Avevi KLbI Zviv we‡`ªvn
Ki‡Zv| Gi d‡j I‡`i Dci Pvjv‡bv n‡Zv AviI AgvbweK wbh©vZb I Ryjyg | A‡bK‡K †g‡i
†djv n‡Zv| `vm I `vm gvwjK m¤ú©K© Drcvw`Kv kw³i µg weKv‡k evav n‡q `vuovj | `vm‡`i
evi evi we‡`ªvn `vm mgv‡Ri aŸs‡mi c_B cÖk¯Í K‡iwQj| `vm mgvR Avi wU‡K _vK‡Z
cv‡iwb| `vm mgv‡Ri ¯’‡j cÖwZwôZ nq mvgšÍZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v|

mvgšÍ mgvR:
`vm mgvR aŸsm n‡q Zvi RvqMvq bZzb mgvR M‡o DVj| bZzb mgv‡Ri GKw`‡K K…lK
c„w_exi †ekxi f‚wg`vm Ab¨w`‡K Zvi gvwjK mvgšÍ Rwg`vi| Drcv`b kw³i weKvkB `vmhy‡Mi µxZ`v‡mi
fvM RvwZi g‡a¨ RvqMvq mvgšÍ hy‡Mi fzwg`v‡mi Avwef©ve‡K m¤¢e K‡i Zyj‡jv| fzwg`vm fzwgi m‡½ Av‡ó c„‡ô
`vb cÖ_vi cÖPjb euvav wQj| mvgšÍ cÖfzi Rwg‡Z †eMvi LvUv QvovI f‚wg`vm‡K hLb ZLb Zvi ûKzg Zvwgj Ki‡Z
wQj| n‡Zv| mvgšÍ cÖfz K…lK‡K Zvi fiY-†cvl‡Yi R‡b¨ w`Z GK LÛ Rwg| Avi ZviB e‡j Zvi
KvQ †_‡K Av`vq Ki‡Zv LvRbv| †Mvovi w`‡K fzwg`vm mvgšÍcÖfzi Lvm Rwg‡Z †eMvi †L‡UB
†invB †cZ| c‡i Pvjy n‡jv dm‡j LvRbvi bxwZ| GB ixwZ i` Ki‡Z K…lK‡K A‡bK i³ w`‡Z
n‡q‡Q| Aóv`k I Ebwesk kZvãxi K…lK- we‡`ªvn¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Avgiv †m K_v eyS‡Z
cvwi mvgšÍZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v c„w_exi cÖvq mKj †`‡kB †`Lv w`‡qwQj|cwðg B‡qv‡iv‡ci
†`k¸‡jv‡Z K‡qK kZvãxe¨vcx GB e¨e¯’v ¯’vqx wQj| Px‡b `yÕnvRvi eQ‡ii †ewk mgq a‡i
mvgšÍZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v wU‡K wQj| ga¨hy‡M mvgšÍZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vi wfwË wQj ¶z`ª ¶`ª K…lK
†Mvôxi ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© A_©bxwZ|`vm mgv‡Ri gZ mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨ wQj †kªYx msNvZ| mvgšÍ
†kvl‡Yi weiy‡Ø evi evi †`Lv w`‡q‡Q K…lK f‚wg`v‡mi we‡`ªvn| Avi G mKj we‡`ªvnx‡K `gb
Kiv n‡q‡Q mvgšÍev`x ivóªh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨|
mvgšÍ hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K bZzb bZzb †`‡ki Avwe®‹vi Ges evwY‡R¨i cÖmv‡ii d‡j ewYK †kªYxi
nv‡Z Gb w`j cÖPzi A_© m¤ú`| hš¿ PvwjZ BwÄb Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j ewbK‡kªbx mgv‡R GKwU cÖwZ
wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-150
weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cwË †kªYx n‡q DVj| cyivZb Drcv`b cØwZ¸‡jv e`jv‡Z jvM‡jv| Drcv`‡bi Kjv †KŠkj
DbœZ nj| bZzb bZzb h‡š¿i D™¢veb G cÖwµqv‡K AviI Zivwš^Z Ki‡jv| e„n`vqZb wk‡íi
cÖfve coj evwY‡R¨i Ici| eyR©qv ewYK †kªYx µ‡gB †ewk K‡i m¤ú` I mvgvwRK ¶gZv
wb‡Ri nv‡Z Rgv‡Z _vK‡jv| mvgšÍZvwš¿K mgvRe¨e¯’vi Af¨šÍ‡i GK bZzb abZvwš¿K Drcv`b
cØwZi Avwefv©e NUj| bZzb mvgvwRK wPšÍvaviv gvbyl‡K msNe× K‡i wecøex kw³‡Z cwiYZ
K‡i| mvgšÍ †kvlYwcó f‚wg`vm,¶z`ªwkíx I ga¨ †kªYxi mgv‡ek NwU‡q m„wó Ki‡jv mgv‡Ri †mB
wecøex kw³| Avi Gfv‡eB bZzb wPšÍv kw³ mvgšÍev`x mgv‡Ri Mf© †_‡K M‡o DV‡jv abZvwš¿K
mgvR|

mviK_v :
gvbe mgv‡Ri µgweKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgv‡Ri cwie‡Z© cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj `vm
mgvR| `vm mgvR †f‡O cÖwZwôZ nj mvgšÍev`x mgvR| BZnv‡mi Awbevh© Kvi‡Y mvgšÍev`x
mgv‡Ri ¯’‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q abZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB Avevi
cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR| ZvB ejv hvq gvbe RvwZi BwZnvm mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki
BwZnvm|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-151
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| kªgB gvbyl‡K gvbyl K‡i‡Q| G Dw³wU Kvi?
(K) G†½jm
(L) †jwjb
(M) Kvj©gvK©m
(N) gvuI †mZzs|

2| k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiyb|

(K) `vm mgvR †f‡½ ------- --cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
(L) Avw`g mgvR †f‡½ ---------cÖwZwôZ nj|

3| gvbe mgv‡Ri weKv‡ki †Mvovq wQj

(K) `vm mgvR
(L) abZvwš¿K mgvR
(M) mg¨ev`x mgvR
(N) Avw`g mvg¨ev`x mgvR|

4| `vm mgv‡R `vm‡`i wK wQjbv?

(K) evm¯’vb
(L) LvIqv `vIqv
(M) ¯^vaxbZv
(N) `vwqZ¡ -KZ©e¨|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1| gvbe mgv‡Ri HwZnvwmK µgweKvk wK fv‡e n‡qwQj ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| `vm mgvR I mvgšÍ ev`x mgvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

DËigvjv : 1. K, 2. K- mvgšÍev`x mgvR, L- `vm mgvR, 3. N, 4. M

mnvqK MÖš’:
1| wdI`i K‡ivWwKb c„w_exi BwZnvm, cÖMwZ cÖKvkb
2| byiyjû`v wgR©v -gvK©mev‡`i A,Av, K, L PjwšÍKv eBNi evsjv evRvi XvKv|
3| RInijvj †b‡niy, wek¦ BwZnvm cÖm½|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-152

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mgv‡R Aciva Ges Gi KviY I cÖwZKvi cvV-3

(Crime in a society and its causes and Remedies)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Aciv‡ai msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb

GKwU mgv‡R Aciva msMwVZ nIqvi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

Aciva `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Aciva n‡”Q AevwÃZ AvPiY| gvby‡li evwÃZ ev AevwÃZ AvPiY‡K Avgiv wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY
†_‡K wePvi Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb, mvgvwRK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wewaweavb ev g~j¨‡eva
we‡ivax AvPiY Aciva wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Avevi agx©q weav‡b hvÕ Ki‡Z Av‡`k ev wb‡la Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi cwicš’x KvR Acivaiƒ‡c MY¨| Abyiƒcfv‡e ivóªxq AvB‡b wbwl× KvR‡K Aciva
ejv nq| Z‡e mKj cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ ivóªB mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix e‡j ivóªxq
AvB‡bi gvcKvwV‡Z A‰ea AvPiY‡K me©Rbxbfv‡e Aciva e‡j aiv nq| G cÖms‡M Avgiv
D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi †h, mvgvwRK wewa-weavb I g~j¨‡eva, wewfbœ a‡g©i Abykvmb Ges ivóªxq AvBb
†`k-Kvj †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj| Kv‡RB †m Abymv‡i Aciv‡ai gvcKvwVI cwieZ©bkxj| GK
mg‡q GK mgv‡R †h KvR‡K Aciva g‡b Kiv nq wfbœ mgv‡R Ges Ab¨ mg‡q Zv bvI n‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb Avgv‡`i †`‡k 1980 mv‡j †hŠZzK AvBb cÖYq‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ †hŠZzK †`qv-‡bqv
†Kvb Aciva wQj bv; eZ©gv‡b GwU Acivaiƒ‡c MY¨| Avevi 1829 mv‡j mZx`vn wbeviY
AvB‡bi c~‡e© wn›`y mgv‡R mZx`vn cy‡Y¨i KvR wQj| Abyiƒcfv‡e Bsj¨v‡Û 16 eQi eq‡mi c~‡e©
a~gcvb Aciva; wKš‘ Avgv‡`i †`‡k ZvÕ mvgvwRKfv‡e wb›`bxq n‡jI AvBbZ: Aciva bq|
Aciv‡ai msÁv (Definition of Crime)
ÔAcivaÕ cÖZ¨qwU‡K mgvRweÁvbxMY wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| mgvRweÁvbx †÷‡db
(Stephen)-Gi g‡Z, ÒAciva nj †m mKj KvR hv Kiv ev bv Kivi R‡b¨ kvw¯Íi weavb
i‡q‡Q|Ó Aa¨vcK Gd Avi Lv‡bi (F R Khan) fvlvq, Ò†h mKj AvPiY mgvR I ˆbwZKZv
we‡ivax Zv‡K Aciva e‡j|Ó gbxlx GPjvi (Echler) e‡jb, ÒAciv‡ai AvBbMZ msÁv †Kej
RwUjZvgy³ I mnRB bq, GwUB GKgvÎ msÁv- Aciva ej‡Z AvBb I ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax
KvR‡K †evSvq|Ó mgvRweÁvbx evb©m& I UxUvi&m& (Burnes & Teeters) Av‡iKUz we‡kølY K‡i
e‡j‡Qb, ÒAciva n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi mgvRwe‡ivax AvPiY hvÕ Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^vfvweK
Abyf‚wZi weiy‡× KvR K‡i Ges hvÕ †`‡ki AvB‡b wbwl× †NvwlZ|Ó
Zvn‡j Dc‡ii msNv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, gvby‡li †h mKj KvR mgv‡Ri
†Pv‡L Ab¨vq Ges AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ Zv-B Aciva| Aciva mgv‡Ri kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv,
msnwZ, wbivcËv, g~j¨‡eva I cÖMwZ bó K‡i|
Aciv‡ai KviY (Causes of Crime in a Society)
Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK mgm¨vi gZ AcivaI GKK †Kvb Kvi‡Y msNwUZ nq bv| wewfbœ gbxlx
Aciv‡ai KviY wn‡m‡e GK GKUv we‡kl wel‡qi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| g‡bvweÁvbx d«‡qW g‡b
K‡ib Ae`wgZ gvbwmK B”Qv Aciv‡ai KviY| cÖL¨vZ HwZnvwmK Avb©ì U‡qbexi g‡Z,
ag©nxbZvB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ `vqx| mgvRZ‡š¿i RbK gvK©m& e‡jb, cyuwRev`x mgvRe¨e¯’v mKj
Aciv‡ai Drm| e¯‘Zt Aciv‡ai KviY m¤ú‡K© Dcwi D³ †Kvb gZB GKKfv‡e P‚ovšÍ bq|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-153
GmGmGBPGj

Acivag~jK Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q Av‡iv eû KviY| GKwU mgv‡R Aciva †Kb msNwUZ nq
wb‡P †m mKj KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
mvgvwRK KviY (Social Ground)
cvwievwiK Rxeb : gvbe Rxe‡b cwievi me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb| gvbe AvPi‡Yi Ici Gi
cÖfve Acwimxg| gvbyl cwiev‡i Zvi Rxe‡bi ¯^v`-Avnjv`, myL-kvwšÍ I wbivcËv Kvgbv K‡i|
wKš‘ cwiev‡i ZvÕ bv †c‡j wKsev cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi fvimvg¨ bó n‡q †M‡j gvbyl wec_Mvgx
n‡Z cv‡i| wkívqb-knivqb I `ªyZ mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j cvwievwiK Rxe‡b †h AkvwšÍ I
fvsM‡bi m„wó n‡”Q Zv gvbyl‡K AcivagyLx K‡i Zzj‡Q|
mvgvwRK cwi‡ek : gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| gvbe Pwi‡Îi Ici Zvi mvgvwRK cwi‡ek we‡kl
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| fvj cwi‡e‡k gvbyl †hgb- DbœZ Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix nq †Zgwb Amy¯’ I
KjywlZ cwi‡e‡k Aciva cÖeY n‡q I‡V|
wbi¶iZv I ÎywUc~Y© wk¶ve¨e¯’v : wk¶v gvby‡li g‡a¨ DbœZ gvbwmKZvi m„wó K‡i| fvj-g›`,
b¨vq-Ab¨vq‡eva‡K cÖLi K‡i †Zv‡j| Awkw¶Z e¨w³iv A‡bK mgq ˆea-A‰ea wePvi Ki‡Z bv
†c‡i Ab¨vq Kv‡R wjß nq| ZvB GKwU mgv‡R wbi¶iZv Aciva msMV‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY|
wbiv¶iZvi †P‡q ÎywUc~Y© wk¶ve¨e¯’v Aciv‡ai Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| ÎywUc~Y© wk¶ve¨e¯’v
wk¶v_x©‡K mivmwi †Kvb †ckvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z ev wk¶v †k‡l Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wbðqZv w`‡Z
cv‡i bv| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwi‡ek I fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© nZvkv ZiyY wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K
Aciva cÖeY K‡i Zz‡j|
ag©fxwZ n«vm : mKj ag©B Ab¨vq I AbvPvi †_‡K `~‡i _vKvi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Q | ZvB ag©fxwZ
gvby‡li AvPiY‡K mshZ iv‡L| e¯‘Zvwš¿K `„wófswMi cÖmvi Ges ag©fxwZ K‡g hvIqvi d‡j
mgv‡R AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc e„w× cvq|
Acms¯‹…wZi AbycÖ‡ek : GKwU mgv‡R Acms¯‹…wZi AbycÖ‡ek H mgv‡R Aciva cÖeYZv m„wó‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| wm‡bgv, †Uwjwfkb, wfwmAvi-G cÖ`wk©Z gvi`v½v I †hŠbZvq ficyi Qwe,
†Lvjv‡gjv †cvkvK, †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Aeva †gjv †gkv - GmKj mgv‡R Lyb-RLg, AcniY, al©Y
BZ¨vw` evov‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q|
†hŠZzK cÖ_v : †hŠZzK cÖ_v GKwU gvivZ¥K mvgvwRK e¨vwa| Gi d‡j bvix wbhv©Zb, AvZ¥nZ¨v,
cwZZve„wË cÖf…wZ Aciva I AbvPvi †e‡o hvq|
†Rj I nvRZe¨e¯’v : †Rj I nvRZ e¨e¯’vI Aciva e„w×i Rb¨ KZKvs‡k `vqx| †RjLvbvq
Ges nvR‡Z mKj ai‡bi Acivax I Avmvgx‡`i‡K GKms‡M ivLvi d‡j KvuPv Acivax Ges
wbiciva e¨w³ `vMx Acivax‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cieZ©x‡Z cvKv Acivax‡Z cwiYZ nq|
A_©‰bwZK KviY (Economic Ground)
`wi`ªZv : mgv‡R AwaKvsk AcivaxB `wi`ª †kªYxi| `wi`ª gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRb ˆea
Dcv‡q c~iY Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q A‰ea I AmvgvwRK cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i| †`Lv †M‡Q `ywf©‡¶i
mgq Pzwi - WvKvwZ, Lyb, cwZZve„wË cÖf…wZ Aciva †e‡o hvq|
†eKviZ¡ : †eKviZ¡ †gŠj Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Aš—ivq| †eKviZ¡ gvby‡li g‡b nZvkv, ‡¶vf BZ¨vw`
Rb¥ †`q hvÕ Zv‡`i‡K Aciva RM‡Z †V‡j †`q|
AwZgvÎvq ˆelwqK g‡bvfve : mg‡Ri GK †kªYxi gvbyl weË-m¤ú‡`i †bkvq n‡b¨ n‡q D‡V|
Giv Rvj, Ryqv, Pzwi, Nyl, †PvivKvievi cÖf…wZ †h †Kvb cš’vq m¤ú` nvwZ‡q †bqvi †Póv K‡i
_v‡K | G‡Z K‡i mvgvwRK Aciva cÖeYZv Av‡iv †e‡o hvq|
wkívqbknivqb: wkívqb-knivq‡bi d‡j cwiev‡i fvsMb, A_©‰bwZK wbivcËvnxbZv,
GKvKxZ¡‡eva cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y gvbyl Acivax n‡q I‡V|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-154

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ivR‰bwZK KviY (Political Ground)

GKwU †`‡k ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi my‡hv‡M Acivaxiv gv_vPvov w`‡q D‡V| wKQy wKQy
ivR‰bwZK `jI wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© wewfbœ AvBb-k„sLjv cwicš’x KvR‡K ïay cÖkªqB †`q bv cÖZ¨¶
g``I †hvMvq|
ˆ`wnK KviY (Physical Ground)
A‡bK mgq ˆ`wnK Kvi‡YI Aciva cÖeYZvi m„wó nq| AcivaweÁvbxiv G m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv
K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h KzrwmZ, weKjvsM I cs¸ e¨w³iv mvaviYZ: mgv‡Ri ¯^vfvweK e¨w³‡`i
cÖwZwnsmv e‡k Aciva K‡i _v‡K|
gvbwmK KviY (Mental Ground)
mgvRweÁvbx wMjxb M‡elYv K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h, AcwiYZ eyw×m¤úbœ ev Av‡eMRwbZ mgm¨vq
Avµvš— e¨w³ivB †ewk Aciva K‡i _v‡K|
Aciva `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq (Means for Eradication of Crime)
Acivaxiv mgv‡RiB gvbyl| wewfbœ cÖwZK‚j Ai¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z Giv AcivacÖeY n‡q I‡V|
myZivs †h mKj Ae¯’v Aciva m„wó‡Z mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i †m¸‡jv `~i Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq
e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kivi gva¨‡g Aciva `~i Kiv m¤¢e| G j‡¶¨ Avgiv wb‡æv³ Kvh©µg¸‡jv D‡jøL
Ki‡Z cvwi | h_v:
cÖwZ‡ivag~jK Kvh©µg (Preventive Programmes)
mgv‡R hv‡Z Aciva msNwUZ n‡Z bv cv‡i †m R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY cÖwZ‡ivag~jK
Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍ©fz³| cÖwZ‡ivag~jK Kvh©µg wn‡m‡e wb‡æv³ e¨e¯’vmg~n MÖnYKiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
e¨vcK mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~Px : mK‡ji R‡b¨ †gŠwjK gvbweK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv
n‡j Abvqv‡m Acivaxi msL¨v µgea©gvb nv‡i n«vm cv‡e| G R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb †`‡k I we‡`‡k
e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv| ˆ`wnKfv‡e cs¸ I gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’ e¨w³‡`i Rb¨ mvnv‡h¨i
e¨e¯’v MÖnY, †eKvi‡`i Rb¨ †eKvi fvZv Ges GwZg I `y:¯’‡`i fiY-‡cvl‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
wk¶vi cÖmvi : wk¶ve¨e¯’v ev¯Z‡evc‡hvMx nIqv evÃbxq| hv‡Z †jLvcov †kl K‡iB PvKzwi
cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v, wk¶vi gv‡bvbœqbI Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î cÖwZ‡iva m„wó
Ki‡Z m¶g|
wbeZ©bg~jK AvBb : mgv‡R Aciva cÖeYZv e‡Üi Rb¨ h_vh_ AvBb cÖYqb I K‡Vvifv‡e
†m¸‡jv ev¯—evqb Avek¨K|
mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y I cywjkx e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi : MÖvg ev kni me©Î mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v wkw_j
nIqvi d‡j Acivaxi msL¨v gvivÍKfv‡e e„w× cvq| G Rb¨ cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb AwffveK‡`i
m‡PZbZv I mšÍvb‡`i cÖwZ AwaK nv‡i g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv| G‡¶‡Î ¯’vbxq †bZ…eM© I wkw¶Z
mgvR m‡PZb e¨w³‡`i D‡`¨M MÖnY BwZevPK dj w`‡Z cv‡i| AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ cywjk Aciva `g‡bi ms‡M cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ| Zv‡`i mr I mwµq AskMÖnY Ges `¶Zv
e„w× Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Aciva cÖeYZv A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cv‡e|
AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM : AbybœZ mgv‡R GL‡bv A‡bK gvivZ¥K Aciva `g‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
AvB‡bi Afve †`Lv hvq| wKsev AvBb cÖYxZ n‡jI AvB‡bi duvK w`‡q mn‡RB Acivax †ei
n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| †PvivPvjvb, gRyZ`vwi, Nyl MÖnY, miKvwi m¤úwËi AvZ¥mvr BZ¨vw`
Aciv‡ai ms‡M RwoZ e¨w³‡`i `„óvšÍg~jK kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi R‡b¨ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡j
Aciv‡ai gvÎv A‡bKLvwb n«vm cv‡e|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-155
GmGmGBPGj

cÖwZKvig~jK Kvh©µg (Remedial Programmes)

AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z hviv Acivax Ges Acivax wn‡m‡e AvBb-k„sLjv KZ©„c¶ Øviv a„Z n‡q‡Q
Zv‡`i R‡b¨ †bÕqv e¨e¯’v cÖwZKvig~jK Kvh©µ‡gi AšÍfz©³| Aciva m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK wPšÍvaviv
n‡”Q, Acivax‡K kvw¯Í bv w`‡q Zvi ms‡kva‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv| †m R‡b¨ wb‡¤œv³ e¨e¯’v¸‡jvi myôz
cÖ‡qvM Avek¨K|
cÖ‡ekb : cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ †h Aciva K‡i‡Q ev †h Acivaxi eqm 17 eQ‡ii wb‡P Zv‡`i kvw¯Í
cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ †i‡L kZv©axb gyw³`v‡bi e¨e¯’v‡KB cÖ‡ekb e‡j| mvaviYZ Ae¯’vi wecv‡K c‡o,
Am‡PZbfv‡e ev eva¨ n‡q gvbyl cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Aciva K‡i _v‡K| ZvB kvw¯Í¯^iƒc Acivax‡K
†Rj nvR‡Z †cÖiY Ki‡j AvB‡bi cÖwZ Akª×v I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv Zv‡K Av‡iv
Acivax K‡i Zzj‡e| myZivs, Acivax‡K cÖ‡ek‡b gyw³ w`‡q Zvi ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨ m¤¢ve¨
e¨e¯’v MÖnYB AwaKZi hyw³hy³|
c¨v‡ivj : hviv wØZxq I Z…Zxq ev‡ii R‡b¨ Aciva Ki‡e Zv‡`i wKQyw`b kvw¯Í †fv‡Mi ci
ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨ c¨v‡ivj Awdmv‡ii Aax‡b kZv©axb gyw³i e¨e¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvbyl gvÎB
fzj K‡i, Avevi my‡hvM †c‡j ms‡kvwaZ nq| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wØZxq ev Z…Zxq ev‡ii R‡b¨
ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM w`‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Aby‡kvPbv Avm‡e Ges Aciva †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e|
wePvi e¨e¯’vi µwU `~i Kiv : wePvi e¨e¯’vi kø_MwZ Ges wbi‡c¶Zvi Afv‡e A‡bK wbiciva
e¨w³‡K kvw¯Í †fvM Ki‡Z nq| d‡j †m wb‡R Ges Zvi cwievi-cwiRbI †R`ekZ: Aciva
K‡i| Avevi wePvi e¨e¯’vi `ybx©wZi d‡j hw` mn‡RB Acivax Qvov †c‡q hvq Zvn‡jI Aciva
`gb m¤¢e nq bv| myZvis wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K wbi‡c¶ I `ybx©wZgy³ Ki‡Z miKvi RbMY Ges
wePviK‡`i GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
†Rj e¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vi mvab : †Kvb †Kvb AcivaweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx †Rj e¨e¯’v Zz‡j w`‡q
ms‡kvabvMvi ¯’vc‡bi c‡¶ e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb| Zuv‡`i AwfgZ, †RjLvbvi cwi‡e‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i
jNy AcivaxI ¸iy Aciv‡ai cÖwk¶Y wb‡q †ei n‡q Av‡m| myZivs †Rj e¨e¯’vi weKí Ggb
e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv `iKvi hv‡Z K‡i Acivax wb‡RB †Kej ms‡kvwaZ n‡e bv eis Ab¨
Acivax‡`i‡KI ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
cybe©vmbg~jK Kvh©µg (Rehabilitative Programmes)
Aciva Kivi †cQ‡b g~jZ wZbwU KviY‡K Avgiv cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cvwi|
†hgb- mvgvwRK, gvbwmK I A_©‰bwZK| kvw¯Í †fvM Kivi ciI Acivax Abyiƒc mgm¨vq
AvµvšÍ n‡q cybivq Aciva Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m R‡b¨ gyw³cÖvß K‡q`x‡`i mvgvwRK, gvbwmK I
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e cybe©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgv‡Ri gvbyl wKsev cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv A‡bK mgq Acivax‡`i mnRfv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
AcivaxI wewfbœ gvbwmK RwUjZvq †fv‡M, ZvQvov Avw_©Kfv‡eI †m †`Dwjqv n‡q c‡o|
GgZve¯’vq e¨w³ I Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgvwRK, Avw_©K I gvbwmK
cybe©vmbg~jK Kg©m~Px †Rvi`vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

mviK_v t
mvgvwRK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wewaweavb ev g~j¨‡eva we‡ivax AvPiY I KvR
Acivaiƒ‡c MY¨ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZKmn wewfbœ Kvi‡Y mgv‡R Aciva
msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| GK_v mZ¨ †h, AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Afve Ges ÎywUc~Y© wk¶ve¨e¯’v mgv‡R
Aciv‡ai Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-156

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1.ÒAciva ej‡Z AvBb I ˆbwZKZv we‡ivax KvR †evSvq|Ó Aciv‡ai G msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb?
K. Gd Avi Lvb
L. gbxlx GPjvi
M. mgvRweÁvbx evb©m& I UxUvi&m&
N. mgvRweÁvbx †÷‡db|

2. g‡bvweÁvbx d«‡qW- Gi g‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU Aciv‡ai KviY?

K. Ae`wgZ gvbwmK B”Qv
L. ag©nxbZv
M. cyuwRev`x mgvRe¨e¯’v
N. †KvbwUB bq|

3. †Kvb&wU Aciva `~ixKi‡Yi cÖwZKvig~jK Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq c‡o?

K. AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM
L. wk¶vi cÖmvi
M. cÖ‡ekb
N. e¨vcK mvgwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. mgv‡R Aciva msNwVZ nIqvi KviY¸‡jv wK?
2. mgvR †_‡K Aciva `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n AvjvPbv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. mgv‡R Aciva msNwUZ nIqvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
2. Aciva `~ixKi‡Yi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU weeiY w`b|

DËigvjvt 1| K 2| K 3| M

mnvqK MÖš’:
†evinvb DwÏb Lvb, Aciva weÁvb cwiwPwZ, XvKv : cÖfvZx cÖKvkbx, 1995
G Gg ûgvqyb AvRv` I Ave`yj nK ZvjyK`vi, mgvRKj¨vY cwiwPwZ, XvKv : AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªwi, 1996

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-157
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV-4 mgvR I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b

(Society and social Change)

D‡Ïk¨:
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

mgv‡Ri msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgv‡Ri †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgvR cwieZ©b wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgvR cwieZ©‡bi KviYmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgv‡Ri msÁv:
ÔmgvR n‡jv AmsL¨
gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgv‡Ri m‡½ gvby‡li m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| †Kvb gvbylB GKvKx ev wb:msM
gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ci¯úi wg‡j-wg‡k emevm KivB gvby‡li ag©| mgvRweÁvbxiv
m¤úK© m¤^wjZ GKwU e¨vcK A‡_© mgvR ej‡Z mgMÖ gvbeRvwZ‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| msKxY© A‡_© ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Rbmgw÷‡K GK
Rbmgwó|Õ GKwU mgvR wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, ÔmgvR gvby‡li eûwea mvgvwRK
m¤ú‡K©i GK wewPÎ iƒc|Õ (Society is the whole system of social relationship)|
BZvwji mgvRweÁvbx c¨v‡iv‡Uvi g‡Z, ÔmgvR n‡jv AmsL¨ gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© m¤^wjZ
GKwU Rbmgw÷|Õ mgvRweÁvbx wMwWsm-Gi g‡Z ÔmgvR ej‡Z †mB msNe× gvbe †Mvôx‡K
eySvq, hviv †Kvb mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi wbwg‡Ë wgwjZ n‡q‡Q|
m¨vi †nbix †gBb `yÕai‡bi mgv‡Ri K_v e‡j‡Qb-GKwU KzjwfwËK mgvR hvi wfwËg~‡j i‡q‡Q
mbvZb gh©v`v‡eva Ab¨wU nj †ckvwfwËK mgvR hvi wfwË nj Pzw³| Zvi g‡Z, cÖMwZi Ae¨vnZ
avivq KzjwfwËK mgvR hyw³ev`x, ag©wbi‡c¶ I hyw³ev`x mgv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| dvwW©b¨vÛ
†UvwbR `yÕai‡bi gvbe mgv‡Ri weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| †jvKvqZ cÖ_v, AvPvi I ag©wewa kvwmZ
Rbc`‡K wZwb m¤úÖ`vq e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨vwU‡K e‡j‡Qb mgvR| Zuvi g‡Z mgvR
kvwmZ nq wewaweavb AvBb I Rbg‡Zi Øviv|

mgv‡Ri †kªYxweb¨vm
g¨v·I‡qevi KZ„©‡Z¡i †kªYx wefvM K‡i `yÕai‡bi mgv‡Ri weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb,
AvBbwfwËK I hyw³ev`x KZ©„Z¡ Øviv AvaywbK mgvR cwiPvwjZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K cªvPxb mgvR
cÖPwjZ HwZn¨ I cÖwZwôZ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci wbf©ikxj| Av‡gwiKvi mgvRweÁvbx U¨vjKU
cvimbm `yÕai‡bi mgv‡Ri K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| GKwU mbvZb mgvR Ab¨wU AvaywbK mgvR|
cvimbm-Gi AbymiY K‡i †d«WwiMm I Gd. G· mvUb `yÕwU wfbœagx© mgvRe¨e¯’vi K_v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| GKwU K…wlwfwËK mgvR AciwU wkíwfwËK mgvR| cvðv‡Z¨i cwÛZMY Gfv‡e
mgv‡Ri we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb wfbœagx© ˆewk‡ó¨i gva¨‡g cwieZ©b I MwZkxjZvB mgv‡Ri ag©| gvbe
mgv‡Ri G cwieZ©b D‡Ïk¨wenxb bq| cÖvPxb mgv‡Ri eû avc AwZµg K‡i gvbyl mf¨ mgv‡R
DcbxZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB cÖvPxb I AvaywbK mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ weivU cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| AZx‡Z
weaev weevn wbwl× wQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b weaev weevn‡K mK‡j †g‡b wb‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z wn›`y mgv‡R
mZx`vn cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj| cÖ_v Abymv‡i ¯¿x‡K g„Z ¯^vgxi wPZvq cÖvY wemR©b w`‡Z nZ| wKš‘
†m cÖ_v‡K gvby‡li g~j¨‡eva I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î †h weeZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv mvgvwRK †¶‡Î
Mfxi cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-158

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi A_© ms¯‹…wZ, g~j¨‡eva I Rxeb Av`‡k©i cwieZ©b| mvgvwRK cwieZ©b nj
mgv‡Ri MVbZš¿ cwieZ©b| mgvRe× gvbe‡Mvôxi gb-gvbwmKZv cwiewZ©Z n‡jB cÖK…Zc‡¶
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| DBwjqvg Gd AMev‡b©i g‡Z mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi A_© nj
Ômgv‡R emevmKvix Rbmgw÷i K…wó I ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©b|Õ Aa¨vcK m¨vgy‡qj †Kv‡qwb‡Mi g‡Z
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡”Q-†Kvb RvwZi Rxeb e¨e¯’vi mvgwMÖK cwieZ©b I iƒcvšÍi|Õ Mv_© I wgjm
e‡jb, Kv‡ji MwZ‡Z ixwZ-bxwZ Ges mgvR e¨e¯’vi †h cwieZ©b N‡U Zv‡K mvgvwRK cwieZ©b
e‡j|Õ mgvR weÁvbxMY mgvR cwieZ©‡bi KviY¯^iƒc wk¶v, ˆeÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi cÖvK…wZK,
ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wb‡æ mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi KviYmg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
wk¶vi cÖfve
mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| gvbe mgv‡Ri mvwe©K Dbœqb wk¶vi Dci
wbf©ikxj| cÖK…Zc‡¶ wk¶vB mgvR cwieZ©‡bi g~j PvweKvwV| wk¶v e¨w³i mr¸Yvejx weKv‡ki
gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mKj cÖKvi Kzms¯‹vi I msKxY©Zvi E‡aŸ© †_‡K gvbyl D`vi I m‡PZb wk¶ mgvR
n‡q D‡V| wk¶vi gva¨‡g gvbyl mZZv, ˆbwZKZv KZ©e¨wbôv, k„•Ljv I mgvwRKZv BZ¨vw` ¸‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi g~j
AwaKvix nq| wk¶vi Øviv gvby‡li `„wóf½x cÖmvwiZ nq| wk¶v mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ K‡i| PvweKvVx
ZvB wk¶v‡K AvaywbK mgvRe¨e¯’vi †giy`Û wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| wk¶vi cÖmvi mgvR Rxe‡b
wb‡q Avm‡Q Kvw•¶Z cwieZ©b| DbœZZi wk¶vi d‡jB be be ˆeÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi m¤¢e n‡”Q|
ZvB ejv hvq wk¶vB Av‡jv| wk¶v gvbyl‡K c~Y©Zv `vb K‡i| wk¶v gvbyl‡K mgv‡Ri R‡b¨
Dchy³ K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j| wk¶vi Øviv DbœZZi bvMwiK Rxeb-hvcb m¤¢eci nq| ZvB wk¶v‡K
ejv hvq mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqvi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| wk¶vMZ cwieZ©b wewfbœ w`K †_‡K mvgvwRK
cwieZ©b‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i wk¶vMZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mvgvwRK cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq|
wk¶v n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvi evnb| wek¦gvbeZvi gyw³i `~Z nhiZ gynv¤§` mvjvjøvû AvjvB‡n
Avmvjøvg wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i e‡j‡Qb, Ô†`vjbv †_‡K Kei ch©šÍ Ávb AR©b Ki|Õ wZwb
AviI e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a my`~i Pxb †`‡k wM‡qI Ávb AR©b Ki|Õ myZivs mvgvwRK
cwieZ©‡b wk¶vi we‡kl Zvrch©gwÛZ f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q|
cÖvK…wZK KviY
cÖK…wZ wewfbœ mgq wewfbœfv‡e gvby‡li g‡bi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| cÖK…wZi cwi‡ekMZ cwieZ©b
gvbe g‡b †iLvcvZ K‡i Ges Gi cÖfv‡e mvgvwRK cwieZ©b N‡U| †Kvb A‡ji AvenvIqv,
Rjevqy, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NU‡j mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|
ivR‰bwZK KviY
GKwU †`‡ki RvwZi ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©b mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| ivR‰bwZK NUbvejx wewfbœ mg‡q mvgvwRK cwieZ©b NUvq| 1957 mv‡ji cjvkxi hy×
1947 mv‡j fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv, 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× Dcgnv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK
cwieZ©‡bi D¾¡j `„óvšÍ|
A_©‰bwZK KviY
mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Aci GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K nj A_©‰bwZK KviY| A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡qvR‡b
gvby‡li wPšÍv kw³‡Z G‡m‡Q wecøe| Drcv`b I e›Ub e¨e¯’vq hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©‡bi d‡j mgvR
Rxe‡b G‡m‡Q e¨vcK cwieZ©b| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq †h, K…wlwfwËK mgv‡R wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii
d‡j gvby‡li Rxeb e¨e¯’vq Avg~j cwieZ©b cwijw¶Z nq|
agx©q KviY

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-159
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agx©q wek¦vm I AvwK`v gvby‡li ü`q g‡b e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| agx©q g~j¨‡eva mgv‡R
wecøe m„wó K‡i| Rxebv`‡k©i e¨vcK cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i| Avi‡e Bmjvg a‡g©i Avwef©v‡ei
d‡j mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z weivU cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡qwQj| eZ©gvb kZvãx‡Z Biv‡bi Bmjvgx wecøe
mgvR Rxeb‡K cÖPÛfv‡e bvov w`‡q‡Q|
weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cÖfve
mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cÖfve Acwimxg| †h RvwZ weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î hZ
DbœZ, †m RvwZ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î ZZ AMÖMY¨| weÁv‡bi bZzb bZzb D™¢vebx kw³
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†eZvi Zi½ Avwe®‹vi wPË we‡bv`‡bi RMr‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W©i we`y¨r
Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j mgvR Rxe‡b G‡b‡Q eûwea cwieZ©b| K…wlwfwËK mgvR iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q wkí
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mbvZb Rxeb †_‡K weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡e mbvZb Rxeb †_‡K AvaywbK Rxe‡b DËiY
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Ae`v‡bi d‡jB gvbe mgvR DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Av‡ivnb K‡i‡Q| myZivs mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b
weÁvb I cÖhyw³i f‚wgKv Abb¨mvaviY|

gnvcyiy‡li Ae`vb
hy‡M hy‡M ¶YRb¥v gnvcyiy‡li Avwef©v‡e gvbe mgv‡R ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| wgjm I
Mv_© e‡jb, ÔmvgvwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq ¶YRb¥v e¨w³i wbw`©ó f‚wgKv, hvwš¿K Avwe®‹vi I
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mvgšÍev`x kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q‡Q MYZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K kvm‡bi cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| nhiZ
gynv¤§` (m:), Cmv (Av:), †MŠZg ey× cÖgyL gnvcyiy‡li a¨vb-aviYv mgv‡R wecøe, Av‡›`vjb m„wó
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AZz¨¾¡j Ae`v‡b mgvR ab¨ n‡q‡Q|

mviK_vt
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wewPÎ iƒc mgvR| cwieZ©b I MwZkxjZvB mgv‡Ri ag©| mgv‡Ri eû avc AwZµg K‡i gvbyl
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wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-160

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
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K. GKRb `vk©wb‡K
L. ˆeÁvwbK
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2. KZ©„‡Z¡i †kªYxwefvM K‡i `yÕai‡bi mgv‡Ri weeiY w`‡q‡Qb †K?

K. g¨v·I‡qevi
L. c¨v‡iv‡Uv
M. g¯‹v
N. U¨vjKU cvimbm|

3. mZx`vn cÖ_vi cÖPjb wQj †Kvb mgv‡R ?

K. gymjgvb mgv‡R
L. †eŠ× mgv‡R
M. wn›`y mgv‡R
N. Avh© mgv‡R|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. mgv‡Ri msÁv wjLyb
2. mgvR cwieZ©b wK Zv e¨vL¨v Kiyb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1. mgvR cwieZ©‡bi KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. mbvZb mgvR I AvaywbK mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiyb|

DËigvjv-1-N, 2-K, 3-M|

mnvqK MÖš’t
Finkle and Gable (eds.) Political Development and Social change (New York: John Niles and sons inc. 1966
Tong Spybey, Social change, Development and Dependency (Oxford: Blackwoy Puleliaher 1992)

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-161
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cvV-4 †i‡bmvu
(Renaissance)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

†i‡bmvu wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†i‡bmvui KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†i‡bmvui djvdj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
†i‡bmvu (Renaissance) :
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msMÖvg n‡”Q †i‡bmuv| we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m †i‡bmuv GK ¯§iYxq NUbv| ga¨hyM n‡Z AvaywbKKv‡j
hyMcwieZ©‡bi mwܶYwU BD‡ivcxq BwZnv‡m †i‡bmuv bv‡g cwiwPZ| 14kÕ kZ‡K BZvwj‡Z †h
ms¯‹…wZ I wPšÍvwecøe ïiy nq Ges 16 kZ‡K hvi Pig weKvk N‡U| K¬vwmK¨vj MÖxK, j¨vwUb,
mvwnZ¨ Ges Ávb-weÁv‡bi cÖmv‡ii d‡j ga¨hyMxq hvRKZš¿, wPšÍvaviv I wek¦v‡mi weiy‡×
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gymjgvb‡`i cÖPzi Ae`vb wQj| BD‡iv‡ci AÜKvi hy‡M gymjgvbMYB MÖxK I j¨vwUb Ávb-
weÁv‡bi †miv MÖš’¸‡jv Aviwe fvlvq Abyev` K‡i Zv i¶v I cwicywó mvab K‡ib| µz‡m‡Wi ev
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my`~icÖmvix|
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RvZxq fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i cÖfve
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µz‡mW ev ag©hy× (1095-1291 Lªx÷vä) BD‡iv‡ci beRvMiY I AMÖMwZ‡Z µzz‡mW ev ag©hy‡×i
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†_‡K hxï Lªx‡÷i Rb¥f‚wg †RiyRv‡jg D×vi Kivi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡ci Lªx÷vbMY cÖv‡P¨i
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cÖK…Zc‡¶ G hy× wQj Av‡d«v-Gwkqvi gymwjg I BD‡iv‡ci Lªx÷vb‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb `xN©Kv‡ji

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-162

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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AMÖMwZ‡Z µz‡mW ev ag©hy‡×i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wQj|
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mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki †¶‡ÎI µz‡m‡Wi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb wQj| HwZnvwmK U‡qbwe
h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Modern Europe was born out of the sprit of the Crusade.µz‡mW ev
ag©hy‡×i d‡jB AvaywbK BD‡ivc Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q|
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N‡U| Gfv‡eB †i‡bmuv Ges c‡i be¨ BD‡iv‡ci Rb¥ n‡qwQj|
Kb÷vw›U‡b‡c‡ji cZb: 1453 wLª÷v‡ä ZzKx©‡`i nv‡Z Kb÷vw›U‡bvc‡ji cZb BD‡iv‡ci
beRvMi‡Yi c_ Db¥y³ K‡i †`q| MÖxK I j¨vwUb fvlvi eûcwÛZ I eyw×Rxex BZvwji wewfbœ
bMi iv‡óª Avkªq MÖnY K‡i Ges ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiy K‡ib| †mLv‡b Zviv MÖxK I j¨vwUb fvlv
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Awe¯§iYxq NUbv| †i‡bmuv BD‡iv‡c ˆecøweK iƒcvšÍi mvab K‡i| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK,
A_©‰bwZK I agx©q †¶‡Î †i‡bmuv GK bZzb fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| wPšÍvi RM‡Z †i‡bmuv
Avg~j cwieZ©b mvwaZ K‡i| GB wPšÍvaviv GKw`‡K †hgb cÖvPxb K…wó I mf¨Zvi D×vi mvab
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f‚wgKvq AeZxY© nq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j gvbyl hyw³ev‡`i w`‡K Sz‡K c‡o| d‡j mvab K‡i
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1| "The Dynamics of Modernization" GB MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K?
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3| BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv I c~bM©Vb Av‡›`j‡bi c‡i m~ÎcvZ N‡U-

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(N) AvaywbKxKi‡Yi|

4| AwfRvZZvwš¿K AvgjvZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g AvaywbKxKiY mvwaZ n‡q‡Q †Kvb †`‡k?

(K) e„‡U‡b
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(N) Biv‡b|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1| AvaywbKxKiY wK?
2. AvaywbKxKi‡Yi ˆewkó¨ wK wK?

iPbv gyjK cÖkœ:

1| AvaywbKxKi‡Yi ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. AvaywbKxKiY I Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
DËi gvjv : 1| N, 2| L, 3| N, 4| M

mnvqK MÖš’
SP Huntington & Myron Wiener, Understanding Political Development (Boston: little Brown 1987)
CE Black, the Dynamics of Modernization (New York: Hamper and Row, 1966)

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