GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU - 7 RvZxq kw³, RvZxqZvev` I ¯^vaxbZv

National Power, Nationalism and Liberty

f‚wgKv :
RvZxq kw³, RvZxqZvev` I ¯^vaxbZv G welq¸‡jv A½v½xfv‡e hy³| †Kbbv, Gi GKwU‡K ev`
w`‡q Ab¨wUi c~Y©Zv m¤¢e bq| RvZxq kw³ †hgb RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖvY, †Zgwb RvZxqZvev`x
†PZbv RvZxq kw³i weKv‡ki R‡b¨ Acwinvh©| Ab¨w`‡K, RvZxq kw³ I RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv
RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi `yÕwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯Í¤¢| RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv †_‡KB RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi
AvKv•¶v Rb¥ †bq| Avi RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv wU‡K _v‡K RvZxq kw³i Kvi‡Y| kw³nxb †Kvb RvwZ
Zvi ¯^vaxbZv wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Kv‡RB, G wZbwU wel‡qi GKwU‡K AciwU n‡Z m¤ú~Y©
c„_K Kiv hvq bv|
RvZxq kw³i Dci †Kvb †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Ae¯’vb I ˆe‡`wkK f‚wgKv wbf©i K‡i| †h †`k
RvZxq kw³i w`K w`‡q h‡Zv AMÖmi, †m †`k Z‡Zv DbœZ Ges AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î Zvi f‚wgKv I
cÖfve Z‡Zv †ewk| RvZxq kw³i mv‡_ RvZxq gh©v`v‡eva Ges RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ewn:cÖKvk
wbf©i K‡i| †hmKj RvwZ `ye©j Zviv me mgqB i¶YvZ¥K Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| Avi kw³gvb
RvwZ¸‡jv mvaviYZ AvµgYvÍK I m¤úÖmviYgyLx n‡q D‡V| G †¶‡Î weªwUk I Rvg©vb‡`i K_v
D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Z‡e RvZxq kw³ I RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk ¯^vaxbZvi R‡b¨ †hgb Acwinvh©,
AwaK kw³ I DMÖ RvZxqZvev` †Zgwb A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZvi R‡b¨ wec¾bK| AZGe, mKj
RvwZi DbœwZ I ¯^vaxbZv myi¶vi j‡¶¨ RvZxq kw³ I RvZxqZvev‡`i fvimvg¨c~Y© weKvk
cÖ‡qvRb|

ÔRvZxq kw³, RvZxqZvev` I ¯^vaxbZvÕ kxl©K BDwb‡Ui cv‡Vi welq‡K Avgiv cvuP fv‡M wef³
K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kie :

cvV - 1 RvZxqZvev‡`i aviYv|

cvV - 2 RvZxq kw³ I Gi Dcv`vb|

cvV - 3 †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev`|

cvV - 4 ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨|

cvV - 5 RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-128

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cvV - 1
RvZxqZvev‡`i aviYv
(Concept of Nationalism)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

RvZxqZvev‡`i msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxqZvev‡`i wewfbœ Dcv`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxqZvev‡`i msÁv
eûw`b a‡i HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi d‡j Avgiv m¤úÖ`vqMZ †h Rxe‡b G‡m †cuŠ‡QwQ Zv‡K ejv nq
RvZxq m¤úÖ`vq| GB RvZxq m¤úÖ`v‡qi `yÕwU w`K Av‡Q: mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK| mvgvwRK w`K
†_‡K RvZxq m¤úÖ`vq‡K ejv nq RvZxq mgvR (National Society) Ges ivR‰bwZK w`K
†_‡K Zv RvwZ-ivóª (National State) e‡j AwfwnZ nq| RvwZiv‡óªi fve ev Av`k©‡K ejv nq
RvZxq fve ev RvZxqZvev` (Nationalism)| n¨vÝ †Kvu (Hans Kohn)-Gi g‡Z,
ÔRvZxqZvev` g~jZ Ges cÖ_gZ GKwU gvbwmK Ae¯’v, GKwU †PZbv|Õ jvw¯‹ e‡j‡Qb †h
ÔRvZxqZvev` nj GK cÖKvi gvbwmK HK¨‡ev‡a D×z× RbmgvR, hviv wb‡R‡`i‡K evwK gvbe
mgvR n‡Z c„_K g‡b K‡iÕ| Rb ÷zqvU© wg‡ji g‡Z, gvbe RvwZi †Kvb Ask hw` cvi¯úwiK
mnvbyf‚wZi Øviv HK¨e× nq, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i
GKvs‡ki Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKvi AvKv•¶v cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j RvZxqZvev` M‡o
D‡V| Aa¨vcK úvBWv‡ii e³e¨ Abyhvqx, RvZxqZvev` n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi GK we‡kl ¯Í‡i
ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I Ava¨vwZ¥K †PZbvi dj| GKwU wbw`©ó †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvi
g‡a¨ emevmKvix Rbmvavi‡Yi gvbwmKZv I fveMZ HK¨B Gi cÖavb kZ©| GmKj msÁv¸jv
we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, RvZxqZvev` nj †Kvb Rbmgv‡Ri ga¨Kvi gvbwmK Abyf‚wZ I
cvi¯úwiK e܇bi †PZbv| Gi d‡j Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Awfbœ mË¡vi AwaKvix Ges Ab¨‡`i
†_‡K ¯^Zš¿ e‡j g‡b K‡i| A_©vr RvZxqZvev‡`i †bc‡_¨ `yÕwU kZ© _v‡K : (1) wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨
HK¨‡PZbv Ges (2) Ab¨‡`i †_‡K ¯^vZš¿¨‡eva|
HK¨‡ev‡a Ave× Ges ¯^vZš¿¨ †PZbvm¤úbœ RbmgvR ivóª MVb Ki‡Z cvi‡j wKsev ivóª MV‡b
m‡Pó n‡jB RvZxqZvev` c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb RbmgvR wb‡R‡`i‡K †ivgvb,
wLª÷vb ev úvwfK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv bv K‡i Av‡gwiKvb, divwm ev ivwkqvb wn‡m‡e fve‡Z †k‡L |
Avi GKvi‡YB AvaywbK RvZxqZvev` msKxbZv cwinvi K‡i ivóªxq cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i |

RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vbmg~n
HwZnvwmK AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq, A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i RvZxqZvev` M‡o
I‡V| GmKj Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K evwn¨K Ges fveMZ ev gvbwmK-GB `yB fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq|
†fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨, eskMZ HK¨, fvlv, G¸‡jv nj RvZxqZvev‡`i evwn¨K Dcv`vb| Aciw`‡K
ag©, HwZn¨ †PZbv, ivR‰bwZK AvKv•¶v BZ¨vw` g~jZ: fveMZ Dcv`vb| GB `yB ai‡Yi
Dcv`vbB RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ Acwinvh©| Z‡e Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i fveMZ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
cÖvavb¨B †ewk| G ch©v‡q Avgiv RvZxqZvev‡`i wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kie|
†fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨ : †fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨ RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nq| †Kvb wbw`©ó f‚L‡Û `xN©Kvj a‡i hw` †Kvb Rbmgwó emevm K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Nwbó
m¤úK© M‡o I‡V| fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb Pj‡Z _v‡K| G‡K Aci‡K AvcbRb e‡j g‡b K‡i|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-129
GmGmGBPGj

¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU wbweo H‡K¨i eÜb M‡o I‡V| GKB f‚L‡Û ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm
Kivi Kvi‡Y †mB Rbmgwói g‡a¨ wbR f‚L‡Ûi cÖwZ AwaKvi‡eva I ggZ¡‡eva M‡o D‡V| Gi
d‡j gvZ…f‚wgi aviYv cÖwZôv cvq Ges gvZ…f‚wg‡K †K›`ª K‡i ¯^v‡`wkKZv RvMÖZ nq|
eskMZ HK¨ : RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx eskMZ H‡K¨i Dci
¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib| †Kvb m•Ne× Rbmgwó hLb wb‡R‡`i GKB c~e©-cyiy‡li eskai e‡j g‡b
K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GK my`„p GKvÍZv-†eva cwijw¶Z nq| GB eskMZ H‡K¨i aviYv Mfxi
RvZxqZv‡ev‡ai mÂvi NUvq| wKš‘ AvaywbK b„ZvwË¡K M‡elYvi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h,
eskMZ weï×Zv wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq| cÖwZwU RvwZB GKvwaK es‡ki mswgkª‡Y MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
G Kvi‡YB eskMZ HK¨‡K RvZxqZvev‡`i Acwinvh© Dcv`vb ejv hvq bv| Z‡e Rvg©vb‡`i
Avh©RvwZi eskai iƒ‡c cÖPvi K‡i wnUjvi Rvg©vwb‡Z e¨vcK RvZxqZv‡eva M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g
n‡qwQ‡jb|
fvlvMZ HK¨ : gvby‡li fve cÖKv‡ki me©cÖavb gva¨g nj fvlv| Zvi gva¨‡gB gvbyl ci¯ú‡ii
g‡a¨ ms‡hvM i¶v K‡i| fvlvi gva¨‡gB Zviv wb‡R‡`i ms¯‹…wZ I a¨vb-aviYv cÖKvk K‡i| hLb
†Kvb Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ fvlvMZ HK¨ _v‡K ZLb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU gvbwmK GKvZ¥Zvi cwi‡ek
M‡o I‡V| HK¨ `„pZi nq| j¶¨ Kiv hvq †h, hLb wbw`©ó f‚L‡Û emevmKvix Rbmgwói g‡a¨
GKwU fvlv mve©Rbxbfv‡e cÖPwjZ _v‡K ZLb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AwZ mn‡RB HK¨‡eva M‡o I‡V|
fvlv ZLb Zv‡`i RvZxq mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm, ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i aviK I evn‡K cwiYZ nq|
fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Af‚¨`q N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ GK_vI Ab¯^xKvh© †h, fvlvMZ
H‡K¨i Afve RvZxqZvev‡`i AšÍivq nq bv| myBRvij¨vÛ Gi cÖgvY| myBmiv wewfbœ fvlvfvlx
n‡qI GK RvwZ|
ag©xq HK¨ : ag© nj RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU fveMZ Dcv`vb| RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôvq Gi f‚wgKv
we‡kl ¸iW‡Z¡i mv‡_ D‡jøwLZ nq| ga¨hy‡M ag©xq HK¨ RvwZ MV‡bi GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ †nvZ| AvaywbK Kv‡jI RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡k a‡g©i cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv
hvq| Avie RvZxqZvev` g~jZ a‡g©i DciB cÖwZwôZ| GKB ag©xq wek¦v‡mi Øviv cÖfvweZ
Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ AwZ mn‡RB H‡K¨i gvbwmKZv M‡o D‡V| Aa¨vcK wMjwµ÷ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb,
ag© wek¦v‡mi cv_©K¨ †hLv‡b cÖej †mLv‡b RvwZMZ HK¨ ¯^í¯’vqx n‡Z eva¨| Z‡e
RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡k ag© Acwinvh© Dcv`vb bq| †Kbbv, eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ
a‡g©i †jvK Av‡Q, wKš‘ wewfbœZv m‡Ë¡I Zviv GK RvwZ| Pxbv, fviZxq, divmx cÖf…wZ RvwZ
wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡`i wb‡qB MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i eÜb : A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i eÜb RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq
Dcv`vb| A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i eÜb Ggb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb hvi gva¨‡g Rbmgv‡Ri mevB‡K †hb
HK¨e× Kiv hvq| mgRvZxq A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i gva¨‡gB †Kvb wbw`©ó f‚L‡Û emevmKvix gvby‡li
g‡a¨ H‡K¨i cwi‡ek M‡o I‡V|
ivóªxq msMVb I ivR‰bwZK Avkv-AvKv•¶v : ivR‰bwZK msMVb I Avkv- AvKv•¶v RvZxqZvev`
MV‡bi GKUv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| †Kvb RbmgvR `xN©Kvj a‡i GKB ai‡bi
miKv‡ii Aax‡b emevm Ki‡j Ges GKB ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK Avkv-AvKv•¶vi Øviv AbycÖvwYZ
n‡j RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôvi AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ m„wó nq| GLv‡b fvlv, ag© wKsev eskMZ cv_©K¨
†Kvb evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
fveMZ HK¨ : my`xN©Kvj a‡i GKB f‚L‡Û emevm Ki‡j †Kvb Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgRvZxq
HwZn¨, Rxeb aviv, K…wó I BwZnv‡mi mg¤^‡q GK fveMZ ev AvwZ¥K HK¨ M‡o I‡V|
mgvRweÁvbx evb©m D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, i‡³i AwfbœZvi Zzjbvq GKwU †hŠ_ ¯§„wZ Ges †hŠ_ Av`k©
RvwZ MV‡b AwaKZi mvnvh¨ K‡i| fvlv, wk¶v- ms¯‹…wZ, wkíKjv Ges AvPvi- AvPiYMZ
H‡K¨i gva¨‡gI fveMZ H‡K¨i D‡b¥l N‡U| fveMZ HK¨ †Kvb Rbmgv‡Ri gvbwmK Ae¯’v‡K

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-130

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| mgRvZxq Abyf‚wZ, wPšÍv Ges Rxeb avi‡Yi c×wZ wb‡q H gvbwmK Ae¯’v m„wó
nq| G Kvi‡YB jv¯‹x e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔRvZxqZvi aviYv GK cÖKvi gvbwmK aviYv|Õ
RvZxqev‡`i Dcv`vbmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi ci GK_v ejv hvq, RvwZ MV‡b wKsev
RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡k mKj Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZ Acwinvh© bq| †Kvb GKwU ev K‡qKwU
Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i RvZxqZvev` M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AšÍZ: GKwU Dcv`v‡bi cÖej
Dcw¯’wZ RvZxqZvev` MV‡b Acwinvh©|

mviK_v: gvbwmK HK¨‡ev‡a DØy× RbmgvR‡K RvwZ ejv nq| †Kvb RvwZi ga¨Kvi
AvZ¥‡PZbvB nj RvZxqZvev`| RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôvi KZK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q, †hgb-
†fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨, eskMZ HK¨, fvlvMZ HK¨, agx©q HK¨, A_©‰bwZK ¯^v‡_©i eÜb, ivR‰bwZK
Avkv-AvKv•Lv, fveMZ HK¨ BZ¨vw`| GmKj Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK Dcv`vb
RbmgvR‡K H‡K¨i e܇b Ave× Ki‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-131
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ :
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K RvZxq m¤úÖ`vq‡K wK ejv nq ?
K) RvwZ ivóª
L) RvZxq mgvR
M) cyi mgvR
N) cyi m¤úÖ`vq|

2| wnUjvi Rvg©vb‡`i‡K †Kvb& RvwZi eskai iƒ‡c cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb?

K) úvf
L) †ivgvb
M) Avh©
N) mbvZb|

3| ÔRvZxqZvi aviYv GK cÖKvi gvbwmK aviYvÔ- GUv Kvi Dw³?

K) jvw¯‹
L) evb©m
M) iv‡mj
N) wjsKb|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ :

1| RvZxqZvev‡`i msÁv wbiycb Kiyb|
2| RvZxqZvev‡`i evwn¨K I fveMZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| RvZxqZvev‡`i Dcv`vb mg~n eY©bv Kiyb|

DËigvjv: 1.K, 2. M, 3. K|

mnvqK MÖš’:
L. I. Snyder, The Meaning of Nationalism.
A.F.K. Organaski, World Politics.

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-132

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

RvZxq kw³ I Gi Dcv`vb cvV - 2

(National Power and It’s Factors)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

RvZxq kw³ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq kw³i wewfbœ Dcv`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq kw³i msÁv

RvZxq kw³i msÁv wbiƒc‡bi c~‡e© Ôkw³Õ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvbv `iKvi| c`v_©we`¨vq kw³
ej‡Z Energy, Avi mvgvwRK weÁv‡b mvg_©¨ (Capacity) eySv‡bv nq| mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi
cwifvlvq kw³ ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GK ai‡Yi mvg_©¨ eywS, hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb gvbyl A‡b¨i gb
Ges Kv‡Ri Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| kw³i msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q RR© †mvq‡RbevMv©i Zuvi
ÔPower PoliticsÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb †h, kw³ nj GKR‡bi B”Qv‡K A‡b¨i Dci Pvwc‡q †`evi
¶gZv Ges hw` Zviv †mUv gvb‡Z bv Pvq ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Zv gvb‡Z eva¨ Kivi mvg_©|
Ôkw³Õ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvevi ci Avgiv RvZxq kw³i msÁv wba©vi‡Yi cÖqvm cv‡ev| GK_v wVK,
kw³B n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi P‚ovšÍ wba©viK| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î GKwU RvwZ KZUzKz cÖfve
we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv kw³ w`‡qB wePvi Kiv nq| wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b †h ¶gZvi jovB
Pj‡Q, Zvi g~‡j wbwnZ Av‡Q kw³| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î GKwU RvwZi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e Ges
†m Kx f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡e, Zv wba©vwiZ nq H RvwZi kw³i Dci| cÖK…Zc‡¶ eZ©gv‡b kw³
Qvov AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi K_v wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv|
GLb †`Lv hvK, RvZxq kw³ ej‡Z wK eySvq| Aa¨vcK jv‡P©i (Larche) g‡Z, RvZxq kw³i
A_© nÕj Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Dci †Kvb iv‡óªi cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi ¶gZv Ges wb‡Ri Dci Ab¨ iv‡óªi
Abyiƒc cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii ¶gZv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi mvg_©| Aa¨vcK c¨v‡Wj‡dvW© Gi g‡Z, RvZxq
¯^v_© msi¶Y Ges D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi mKjcÖKvi ¶gZvi †hvMdj‡KB RvZxq kw³ e‡j
AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| GmKj msÁvi Av‡jv‡K GK K_vq ejv hvq †h, RvZxq kw³ nÕj GKwU ivóª
KZ…©K Zvi RvZxq ¯^v_© Ges RvZxq D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi ¶gZvi †hvMdj|

RvZxq kw³i Dcv`vb

RvZxq kw³ A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi mgwó| G‡`i g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¯’vqx Avi
evwK¸‡jv cÖvqk cwieZ©bkxj| Z‡e RvZxq kw³ MV‡b Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB Kg‡ewk ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
RvZxq kw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e ¯’vqx Dcv`vb :
1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb
2. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
3. wkímvg_©
4. mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ
5. RbmsL¨v|
A‡c¶vK…Z A¯’vqx Dcv`vb :
1. RvZxq PwiÎ I g‡bvej
2. miKv‡ii `¶Zv
3. K‚U‰bwZK ˆbcyY¨|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-133
GmGmGBPGj

†fŠ‡MwjK Ae¯’v : mvaviYZ: GKwU †`‡ki Ae¯’vb, AvqZb I f‚-cÖK…wZi Dci †m †`‡ki
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Zvi RvZxq kw³‡K e„w× A_ev
Le© Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwK©b hyIiv‡óªi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb‡K wePvi Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h,
c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ gnv‡`k n‡Z PZzw`©K †_‡K K‡qK nvRvi gvBj `~‡i e‡j Zvi kw³ A‡bKvs‡k
e„w× †c‡q‡Q| KviY †Kvb e„nr kw³ KLbI Zv‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Abyiƒcfv‡e Bswjk
P¨v‡bj Øviv g~j BD‡ivcxq f‚LÛ †_‡K wew”QbœZv Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq kw³ e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
Aciw`‡K wngvjq I fviZ KZ…©K cwi‡ewóZ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y †bcv‡ji RvZxq kw³
A‡bKvs‡kB Lwe©Z n‡q‡Q|
f‚-Ae¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk †Kvb †`‡ki AvqZbI wewfbœfv‡e RvZxq kw³ wba©vi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cÖ_gZ, wekvj f‚-fvM wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li Avevm¯’j Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi m¤ú‡`i mieivn
†K‡›`ª cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| wØZxqZ, wekvj f‚-fvM ˆe‡`wkK Avµg‡Yi mg‡q cðv`cmi‡Yi
myweav m„wó K‡i| Gi d‡j mvgwiK w`K †_‡K AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZi my‡hvM †bqv hvq| Z…ZxqZ,
†`‡ki AvqZb eo n‡j ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wkí‡K›`ª‡K mxgvšÍ-AÂj †_‡K `~‡i ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| ˆe‡`wkK
AvµgYKvixi c‡¶ †mB †`k `Lj K‡i wbqš¿Y Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| myZivs GK_v ejv hvq,
†Kvb †`‡ki AvqZb Zvi kw³i mv‡_ mswk- ó|
f‚-Ae¯’vb I f‚-AvqZ‡bi g‡Zv f‚- cÖK…wZI Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bq| †Kvb iv‡óªi mxgvšÍ GjvKvq b`x,
cvnvo, mvMi, gnvmvMi BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Zvi cÖwZi¶v- e¨e¯’v LyeB `„p _v‡K| Acic‡¶ mgZj
f‚wgi wekvj mxgvšÍ †h †Kvb mg‡q AvµgYKvixi `L‡j P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| Af¨šÍixY f‚-MVbI
RvZxq kw³‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| mnR PjvPj m¤¢e n‡j RvZxq HK¨ I wbivcËv hZUzKz i¶v Kiv
m¤¢e, `yM©g GjvKvq ZZUzKz m¤¢e bq|
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` : mvaviYfv‡e cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ej‡Z LwbR m¤ú`, ebR m¤ú`, g„wËKvi
De©iZv cÖf…wZ‡K eySvq| †Kvb RvwZi kw³ I mvg_© †mB †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Dci
A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i w`K †_‡K `ye©j †Kvb †`‡ki c‡¶ Lye mn‡R e„nr
kw³‡Z cwiYZ nIqv m¤¢e bq| kw³kvjx mvgwiK evwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi R‡b¨ †h mKj A¯¿k¯¿
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv `iKvi Zvi Rb¨ †jvnv, G¨vjywgwbqvg, LwbR †Zj, ivevi, BD‡iwbqvg, cøy‡Uvwbqvg
cÖf…wZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© LwbR m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| GQvov, AvaywbK wkí, hvwš¿K K…wl-
Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, †hvMv‡hvM I hvZvqvZ Ges MYc~Z© Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ LwbR m¤ú‡`i e¨envi
Acwinvh©| Kv‡RB †hmKj †`k LwbR m¤ú‡` mg„× †mmKj †`k Lye mn‡R Zv‡`i mvgwiK
kw³ e„w× I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
LwbR m¤ú‡`i g‡Zv Lv`¨ km¨ Ges Zvi mv‡_ mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ K…wlR `ªe¨ †`‡ki kw³ e„w×i
c‡¶ LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq| chv©ß cwigv‡Y Lv`¨ m¤ú` I ebR m¤ú‡`i Afve ¯^vfvweK Ges
hy×Kvjxb Ae¯’vq †Kvb †`‡ki c‡¶ Amyweavi m„wó K‡i| Lv‡`¨i †¶‡Î wPišÍb NvUwZ RvZxq
kw³ Ges cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †¶‡Î wKfv‡e cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i AZx‡Zi †MÖU weª‡Ub I
Rvg©vwb Zvi `„óvšÍ| Lv`¨k‡m¨i w`K †_‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv RvZxq kw³ I mvg_©¨ e„w×i
mnvqK| Lv‡`¨i †¶‡Î †Kvb †`‡ki NvUwZ AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z Zvi `ye©jZviB cÖgvY| hw`I
Lv`¨mn K…wlRvZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b AvaywbKKv‡j A‡bKUvB ˆeÁvwbK I cÖhyw³we`¨vMZ AMÖMwZi
mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³, wKš‘ G †¶‡Î f‚wgi De©iZvi ¸iyZ¡I †Kvb As‡k Kg bq|
wkí mvg_© : cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` e¨ZxZ RvZxq kw³ †hgb AKíbxq †Zgwb wkí Drcv`b QvovI
RvZxq kw³i Kíbv wfwËnxb| K‡½v‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y BD‡iwbqvg Av‡Q| wKš‘ K‡½v Av‡gwiKv
ev ivwkqvi gZ kw³kvjx bq| KviY, K‡½v‡Z BD‡ivwbqvg e¨envi Kivi gZ wkí ev KviLvbv
†bB| Avevi fvi‡Z cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Kqjv I †jvnv cvIqv hvq| Z_vwc fviZ‡K e„nr kw³i g‡a¨
MY¨ Kiv nq bv| KviY, fvi‡Z mg¯Í LwbR `ªe¨‡K KvuPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi g‡Zv wk‡íi
cÖmvi N‡Uwb| ZvQvov, eZ©gvb hyM A¯¿ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi hyM| wkí mvg_© bv _vK‡j Rxeb hvÎvi

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-134

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

D”Pgvb AR©b I RbKj¨vY wbwðZ KivI m¤¢e bq| Kv‡RB, wkí mvg_© Qvov RvZxq kw³ AR©b
Kiv †Kvbµ‡gB m¤¢e bq|
mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ : RvZxq kw³i me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wba©viK/Dcv`vb n‡”Q mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ| mvgwiK
kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡iB AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z kw³i cwigvc Kiv nq| mvgwiK ¶gZvi
wfwˇZB Ôcivkw³Õ wKsev ÔcÖavb kw³i Õ cÖwZôv N‡U‡Q| †Kvb †`‡ki mvgwiK cÖ¯ÍwZ KZUzKz Zv
wbf©i K‡i cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi msL¨vMZ I ¸YMZ we‡ePbvi Dci| ¯’j, Rj I AvKvk mxgvi
wbivcËv Ges GmKj †¶‡Î cÖwZc¶‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i †P‡q †ewk msL¨K m`‡m¨i
evwnbx _vKv `iKvi| ïay AwaK msL¨vi mk¯¿ evwnbxB bq, Zv‡`i nv‡Z AZ¨vaywbK A¯¿ I
miÄvgI _vK‡Z n‡e| GQvov, mvgwiK ˆbcyY¨, my‡hvM¨ mvgwiK †bZ…Z¡ Ges D”P g‡bve‡ji
AwaKvix myk„•Lj mvgwiK evwnbx RvZxq kw³ AR©‡bi R‡b¨ Acwinvh©| Z‡e eZ©gvb hy‡M
MZvbyMwZK c`vwZK, †bŠ Ges wegvb evwnbxi kw³i Dci mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ me©vs‡k wbf©ikxj bq|
AvbweK A¯¿ Ges AvšÍ:gnv‡`kxq †¶cYv¯¿mn †KŠkjMZ A¯¿fvÛv‡ii Dci RvZxq kw³
eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| ZvB †hmKj †`k G ai‡bi A¯¿ Drcv`b I Zv e¨envi Kivq hZ †ewk
mvg_¨© AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e †mmKj †`kB n‡q DV‡e ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx|
RbmsL¨v: RbmsL¨v †Kvb †`k ev RvwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kw³ hw` †m RbmsL¨v wkw¶Z I `¶ nq|
wKš‘ Awkw¶Z I A`¶ RbmsL¨v A‡bK mgq †`‡ki R‡b¨ †evSv n‡q D‡V| RbmsL¨v †`‡ki
cÖ‡qvRb I m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡j †mB †`‡ki AMÖMwZ mnRmva¨ nq| GKvi‡Y †Kvb
m¤ú`kvjx †`‡k RbmsL¨v Kg _vK‡j GR‡b¨ Zv‡`i AMÖMwZ e¨nZ n‡Z cv‡i| RvZxq kw³
wn‡m‡e RbmsL¨vi ¸iyZ¡ G Kvi‡Y †h, Kg RbmsL¨vi †Kvb †`‡ki c‡¶B e„nr kw³ n‡q IVv
m¤¢e bq| AwaK RbmsL¨v wewfbœ w`K †_‡K RvZxq kw³i c‡¶ mnvqK nq| †hgb cÖ_gZ,
kw³kvjx mvgwiK evwnbxi Rb¨ Rbej cÖ‡qvRb nq| wØZxqZ, AwaK RbmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ †`k‡K
kÎy mn‡RB `Lj K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i bv| Z…ZxqZ, †`‡ki Drcv`b cÖwµqvq kªgkw³i mieivn
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨I †ewk RbmsL¨vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| PZz_©Z, Af¨šÍixY evRv‡ii
R‡b¨I AwaK R‡bmsL¨v Acwinvh©|
RvZxq PwiÎ I g‡bvej : Rbmvavi‡Yi PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ I g‡bve‡ji Dci GKwU †`‡ki
RvZxq kw³ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| †Kvb RvwZi g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm, mvnm Ges RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i
cÖ‡kœ m‡PZbZv _vK‡j †m RvwZ wU‡K _vK‡Z I GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †h RvwZ
AvZ¥wek¦vmnxb, fxiy Ges RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cÖ‡kœ Am‡PZb, †m RvwZ `ye©j n‡q _v‡K I mn‡RB
civf‚Z nq| hy× wKsev †h †Kvb RvZxq wech©qKv‡j RvwZi g‡a¨ hw` AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gvbwmKZv
Ges `„p g‡bvej _v‡K Zvn‡j mn‡RB wech©q †gvKv‡ejv Kiv m¤¢e | kvwšÍKvjxb mg‡qI
DbœZ PwiÎ I D”P g‡bvej RvwZ MVb I ivóª MV‡b mnvqK nq| Gi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡ÎI
ewa©Z f‚wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM †e‡o hvq|
miKv‡ii `¶Zv : miKv‡ii `¶Zvi Dci †`‡ki msnwZ, AMÖMwZ I AvšÍR©vwZK Ae¯’vb
eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| miKvi hw` my`¶ nq Zvn‡j RvZxq kw³i Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K
mgw¤^Z K‡i †`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi miKvi A`¶ n‡j †`‡ki Kvw•¶Z Dbœqb mvwaZ
nq bv| d‡j †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv I AvšÍR©vwZK f‚wgKv cÖmvwiZ KivI
m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv| miKv‡ii Kg©KzkjZv I my‡hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i R‡b¨B Av‡gwiKv, d«vÝ, weª‡Ub,
Pxb cÖf…wZ †`k kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V‡Q|
K~U‰bwZK gvb : RvZxq kw³ wba©vi‡Y K‚UbxwZi f‚wgKv Acwimxg| K‚UbxwZi gvb DbœZ bv n‡j
RvZxq kw³i A‡bK Dcv`vb‡KB Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq bv| Avi K‚UbxwZi gvb DbœZ n‡j
AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î AMÖbx f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j A‡b¨i cÖfve †VKv‡bv Ges
A‡b¨i Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM †e‡o hvq| A_©vr D”Pgv‡bi K‚UbxwZi gva¨‡g RvZxq ¯^v_©
msi¶Y Ges ciivóª bxwZi j¶¨ ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq|
RvZxq kw³i Av‡jvwPZ G mKj Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ mKj cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB mKj Dcv`v‡bi ¸iyZ¡
mgvb _v‡K bv| G‡KK mg‡q I G‡KK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GK ev GKvwaK Dcv`v‡bi ¸iyZ¡
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †e‡o hvq| Z‡e †Kvb Dcv`vbB KLbI ¸iyZ¡nxb n‡q c‡o bv|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-135
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mviK_v AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i †Kvb ivóª KZUzKz f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †mB
iv‡óªi RvZxq kw³i Dci| RvZxq kw³i A_© nj Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Dci †Kvb iv‡óªi cÖfve we¯Ívi
Kivi ¶gZv Ges wb‡Ri Dci Ab¨ iv‡óªi Abyiƒc cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii ¶gZv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi
mvg_©| RvZxq kw³i KZK¸‡jv ¯’vqx I KZK¸‡jv A¯’vqx Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
¯’vqx Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj- †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v, cÖvK…wZK m¤úv`, wkímvg_©, mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ I
RbmsL¨v| A‡c¶vK…Z A¯’vqx Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj-RvZxq PwiÎ I g‡bvej, miKv‡ii `¶Zv Ges
K‚U‰bwZK ˆbcyY¨|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ :
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| mvgvwRK weÁv‡b kw³ ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
K) ej
L) mvg_©
M) ‡hvM¨Zv
N) `¶Zv|

2| RvZxq kw³i me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wba©viK/Dcv`vb †Kvb&wU?

K) mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ
L) RbmsL¨v
M) KzU‰bwZK gvb
N) ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡|

3| †Kvb ¶gZvi wfwˇZ Ôcivkw³Õ ev cÖavb kw³i cÖwZôv N‡U?

K) A_©‰bwZK ¶gZvi wfwˇZ
L) mvgwiK ¶gZvi wfwˇZ
M) K‚U‰bwZK ¶gZvi wfwˇZ
N) cÖhyw³MZ ¶gZvi wfwˇZ|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ :

1| RvZxq kw³ ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb?
2| RvZxq kw³i ¯’vqx Dcv`vb wK wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| RvZxq kw³i Dcv`vbmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. L, 3. L|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-136

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev` cvV - 3

Patriotism and Nationalism
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -

†`k‡cÖg Ges RvZxqZvev` ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†`k‡cÖg Ges RvZxqZvev‡`i aviYv

†`k‡cÖg : †`k†cÖg g~jZ: GKwU Abyf‚wZ, GKwU fveMZ aviYv| wb‡Ri †`k‡K gvbyl Zvi
wb‡Ri †`‡ki cÖwZ
wcZ…f‚wg ev gvZ…f‚wg e‡j g‡b K‡i| †Kbbv, G f‚wgB Zvi c~e© cyiy‡li Avevm¯’j wQj| G f‚wg‡Z
ggZ¡‡eva I
ZviI Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Ges G f‚wgi cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki ga¨ w`‡qB Zvi Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U _v‡K|
fv‡jvevmvi bvgB
G Kvi‡Y wb‡R‡`i †`k bvgK f‚LÛ‡K cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi Rb¥f‚wg wn‡m‡eI MY¨ K‡i| wb‡Ri
†`k‡cªg| Avi
Rb¥f‚wgi cÖwZ gvby‡li GKwU ¯^vfvweK AvKl©Y M‡o I‡V| †`‡ki cÖwZ Zvi g‡b ggZ¡‡eva ev
RvZxqZvev` nj
fv‡jvevmv Rb¥ †bq| G ggZ¡‡eva ev fv‡jvevmvi bvgB nj †`k‡cÖg|
GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi
Z‡e †`k‡cÖg‡K ïay †`‡ki cÖwZ weg~Z© Av‡eM wn‡m‡eB MY¨ Kiv nq bv| †`k‡cÖ‡gi wKQy ev¯Íe
g‡a¨Kvi H‡K¨i
Dcv`vb I e¯‘MZ wfwË i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki wbicËv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vq m‡Pó _vKv, †`‡k kvwšÍ-
Abyf‚wZ| †`k‡cÖg
k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvq mnvqZv Kiv Ges †`‡ki mvwe©K AMÖMwZ I DbœwZ weav‡b Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv
I RvZxqZvev`
cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †`k‡cÖg g~Z© n‡q D‡V| †`‡ki m¤ú` i¶v Kiv, †`‡ki AvBb gvb¨ Kiv, †`k
DfqB g~jZt
we‡ivax ZrciZv cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© wbijmfv‡e KvR Kiv GKRb †`k‡cÖwg‡Ki
fveMZ aviYv|
`vwqZ¡| gvbyl †hgb wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© mRvM _v‡K, †Zgwb Zvi KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©I mPZb
_v‡K| AwaKvi I KZ©e¨‡ev‡ai ga¨ w`‡qB †`k‡cÖ‡gi ev¯Íe wfwË M‡o I‡V| Gw`K †_‡K
we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`‡ki cÖwZ Abyf‚wZ I †`‡ki R‡b¨ KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡bi gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZB nj
†`k†cÖg|
RvZxqZvev` : RvZxqZvev` †`k‡cÖ‡gi g‡ZvB GKwU fveMZ aviYv, GKwU gvbwmK Abyf‚wZ|
hw` †Kvb GKwU Rb‡Mvôxfy³ gvby‡liv wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, AZx‡Zi ¯§„wZ, HwZn¨
Ges Avkv-AvKv•¶vi g‡a¨ wgj Lyu‡R cvq ZLb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ H‡K¨i Abyf‚wZ M‡o I‡V| H‡K¨i
Abyf‚wZ ev HK¨mvabKvix aviYv †_‡KB GKwU Rb‡Mvôx wb‡R‡`i‡K GK I Awfbœ e‡j g‡b
K‡i| HK¨ mvabKvix Rb‡Mvôx GK ch©v‡q wb‡R‡`i ga¨Kvi mv`„k¨ Ges A‡b¨i mv‡_ ˆemv`„k¨
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| d‡j Zviv wb‡R‡`i‡K Ab¨vb¨ gvbe †Mvôx †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ I wew”Qbœ
e‡j fve‡Z †k‡L| †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GKvZ¥ I HK¨e× nevi Ges Ab¨‡`i †_‡K
wb‡R‡`i wfbœ g‡b Kivi I c„_K _vKvi GB †h Abyf‚wZ ev cÖ‡Póv cÖK…Z A‡_© †mUvB nj
RvZxqZvev`| Z‡e GKwU Rb‡Mvôx hw` wb‡R‡`i R‡b¨ mywbw`©ó evmf‚wg M‡o Zzj‡Z bv cv‡i
wKsev †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb I m‡Pó bv nq Zvn‡j RvZxqZvev` c~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| A_©vr
†Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi ivóªMVb cÖwµqvi mv‡_ RvZxqZvev‡`i aviYv m¤úK©hy³| RvwZ-ivóª cÖwZôvi
ga¨ w`‡qB g~jZ: RvZxqZvev` m¤ú~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| AvaywbKKv‡j †`k I RvwZ G `yÕwU cÖZ¨q
A½v½xfv‡e hy³| †`k Qvov RvwZ wKsev RvwZ Qvov †`k †KvbUvB cÖwZwôZ nIqv m¤¢e bq|
GKvi‡YB jvw¯‹ e‡j‡Qb, gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKwÎZ n‡q emevm Kivi cÖe„wË Ges wbR¯^ kvmb
e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi cÖeYZv †_‡KB RvZxqZvev‡`i Rb¥ nq|
†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©:
†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev` bvgK aviYv `yÕwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e hy³| †`k‡cÖ‡gi gvbwmKZvi Kvi‡YB
RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv M‡o I‡V| Ab¨w`‡K RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi d‡jB †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-137
GmGmGBPGj

Kv‡RB G welq `yÕwU‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ivóªweÁvbx †R. GBP. nv‡q‡mi g‡Z,
RvZxqZvev` nj RvZxqZv I †`k‡cÖg G `yÕwU AvaywbK Abvm³ wel‡qi GK Av‡eMgq mg¤^q I
AwZiwÄZKiY|
e¯‘Z: †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx GKwU †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡`i Avkv-Av•¶v Ges ¯^vaxKvi I
AvZ¥wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †_‡K wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j| G ivR‰bwZK
msMVbB nj RvwZ-ivóª| GKw`‡K RvwZ-ivóª M‡o †Zvjv, Ab¨w`‡K GB RvwZ-ivóª‡K wUwK‡q
ivLv Ges Zv‡K weKwkZ Kivi R‡b¨I Rbmgôxi g‡a¨ Zxeª Abyf‚wZ Rb¥ †bq−hvi bvg
†`k‡cÖg| Aciw`‡K, GK ev GKvwaK Kvi‡Y hLb †Kvb Rbmgv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKvZ¥‡eva m„wó nq
ZLb Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K myL-`y:L, b¨vq-Ab¨vq, gvb-Acgv‡bi mgvb Askx`vi e‡j fve‡Z _v‡K|
Rbmgwói g‡a¨Kvi mw¤§wjZ fvebvi mv‡_ †`k- †cÖ‡gi Abyf‚wZ hy³ n‡jB ivR‰bwZK Av`k©
wn‡m‡e RvZxqZvev` cwicyó nq| A_©vr RvZxqZvev‡`i Abyf‚wZ †_‡K †`k‡cÖ‡gi Abyf‚wZ M‡o
I‡V, Avi †`k†cÖ‡gi Abyf‚wZ RvZxqZvev`‡K c~Y©Zv †`q| Kv‡RB G welq `yÕwU G‡K Ac‡ii
cwicyiK|
GLb Avgiv RvZxqZvev` weKv‡ki wewfbœ ch©v‡q †`k‡cÖ‡gi f‚wgKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Aa¨vcK jyB wmÛvi (Louis Synder) RvZxqZvev` weKv‡ki †h PviwU ch©v‡qi D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb
Zv nj :
1. HK¨mvabKvix RvZxqev`, hvi mgqKvj 1815 †_‡K 1871 mvj;
2. we‡f`Kvgx RvZxqZvev`, hvi mgqKvj 1871 ‡_‡K 1890 mvj;
3. AvMÖvmx RvZxqZvev`, hvi mgqKvj 1900 †_‡K 1945 mvj Ges
4. cÖwZK RvZxqZvev`, 1945 mvj †_‡K hvi m~Pbv|
cÖ_g ch©v‡q BZvwj I Rvg©vwbi HK¨mva‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †_‡K RvZxqZvev` cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|
G mg‡q †¯úb I d«v‡Ýi w¯’wZkxjZv I mykvm‡bi AwfÁZv Ges BZvwj-Rvg©vwbi Aw¯’wZkxjZv
I Ackvm‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U †h †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ n‡qwQj Zv †_‡KB RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv M‡o
I‡V| wØZxq ch©v‡q A‡÷ªv-nv‡½wi mvgªv‡R¨i ˆ¯^iZvwš¿K kvm‡bi cwie‡Z© mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨B e„nr mvgªvR¨ †f‡½ RvwZ-ivóª M‡o †Zvjvi AwfcÖvq †R‡M I‡V hvi g~j †`k‡cÖ‡gi Mfx‡i
wbwnZ| Z…Zxq ch©v‡q ci¯úi we‡ivax RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i aviYv ev RvZxqZvev`x Ø›Ø †_‡K †h `yÕwU
wek¦hy× msMwVZ nj Zvi †bc‡_¨I wQj DMÖ †`k‡cÖg| PZz_© ch©v‡q ev mv¤úwZKKv‡ji
RvZxqZvev` Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb n‡Z gyw³i jovB Z_v ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q M‡o
D‡V‡Q hv Dcwb‡e‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi Zxeª †`‡k‡cÖ‡giB djkÖywZ|
G Av‡jvPbvq ¯úó †h, wewfbœ ch©v‡q RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk N‡U‡Q g~jZ: †`k †cÖ‡gi Abyf‚wZi
R‡b¨| ïay RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡ki †¶‡ÎB bq, RvZxqZvev‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶v Z_v RvwZ-ivóª
e¨e¯’v‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi †¶‡ÎI †`k‡cÖg GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wba©viK kw³| †`k‡cÖ‡gi Abyf‚wZ bv
_vK‡j gvbyl e¨w³MZ I †MvôxMZ ¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| d‡j RvwZ-ivóª wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡Zv
bv| †`k‡cÖ‡gi Kvi‡Y gvbyl A‡bK mgq e¨w³ ¯^v‡_©i E‡aŸ© I‡V RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i| G
Kvi‡YB RvZxqZvi †PZbv wKsev RvwZ- iv‡óªi aviYv GLbI Aejyß nqwb|
†`k†cÖg RvZxq wbivcËv Ges ivóªxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †`k‡cÖ‡gi
Kvi‡Y RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv wU‡K _v‡K Ges A‡b¨i AvwacZ¨ n‡Z wbR RvwZi AvZ¥i¶v I
AvZ¥wbqš¿‡Y †h †Kvb RbmgvR DØy× nq| ïay Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi †¶‡ÎB bq, RvZxq AMÖMwZ AR©b
Ges RvZxq gh©v`v i¶vqI RvZxq RbmgvR AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V †`k‡cÖ‡gi Kvi‡YB| G †_‡K ¯úó
†h, RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk Ges RvZxq Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vi g~j †PZbvB n‡”Q †`k‡cÖ‡gi †PZbv|
Gevi Avgiv †`L‡ev RvZxqZvev` wKfv‡e †`k‡cÖg‡K RvMÖZ K‡i| c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki
AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq, RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cÖej n‡q DV‡jB †mLv‡b †MvôxMZ I m¤úÖ`vqMZ

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-138

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

g‡bvfve `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j RvZxq `„wóf½x M‡o I‡V| RvZxq msnwZ my`„p nq| RvZxq
`„wóf½x Ges RvZxq msnwZ cÖwZôv †`‡kcÖ‡giB Awfe¨w³|
GQvov, RvZxqZvev`x Abyf‚wZ hZ Zxeª n‡q DV‡e, gvbyl RvwZ I RvwZ-iv‡óªi fv‡M¨i mv‡_
wb‡R‡K ZZ †ewk m¤ú„³ Ki‡e| Gi d‡j wbR †`‡ki cÖwZ Zvi ggZ¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i gvÎvI
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †e‡o hv‡e| e¨w³ ZLb mvwe©K RvZxq ¯^v‡_© f‚wgKv cvj‡b AvMÖnx n‡q DV‡e|
A_©vr †`‡ki cÖwZ gvby‡li †h AvbyMZ¨ Ges †`‡ki ¯^v_© i¶vq gvby‡li †h cÖ‡Póv Zv
RvZxqZve`x Abyf‚wZ †_‡KB Rb¥ †bq| GQvov, †`‡ki mg¯Í gnr m„wó, cÖZxK I cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ
gvby‡li †h AvMÖn I fv‡jvevmv Zv RvZxq `„wóf½x I RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi Kvi‡YB RvMÖZ nq|
c„w_exi †hmKj †`‡k RvZxqZvev` Ges †`k†cÖ‡gi mg¤^q N‡U‡Q †mmKj †`‡k ivóªxq msnwZ
I w¯’wZkxjZv cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| GgbwK †m mKj †`k ˆelwqK w`K †_‡KI e¨cK DbœwZ
K‡i‡Q| †hgb d«vÝ, Rvg©vbx, Rvcvb| wKš‘ †h mKj †`‡k RvZxqZvev` I †`k‡cÖ‡gi mymgw¤^Z
weKvk N‡Uwb †m mKj †`‡ki ivóªxq msnwZ I w¯’wZkxjZv wecbœ n‡q c‡o‡Q| ˆelwqK w`K
w`‡qI Zviv mg„w× AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| G‡¶‡Î D`vniY wn‡m‡e †mvgvwjqv, AvdMvwb¯Ívb
cÖf…wZ †`‡ki bvg D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
Z‡e GK_vI wVK †h, DMÖ RvZxqZvev` Ges DMÖ †`k‡cÖg A‡bK mgq Ab¨ RvwZ I Ab¨ iv‡óªi
¯^vaxbZv I Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wecbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq Rvg©vb RvZxqZvev` Ges
†`k‡cÖ‡gi AvwZkh¨ mg¯Í gvbe mgvR‡K fxZ-mš¿¯Í K‡i Zz‡jwQj| RvZxqZvev` I †`k‡cÖ‡gi
bv‡g mvgªvR¨ we¯Ívi Ges AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôvi evmbv A‡b¨i †`k‡cÖg‡K cÖPÛfv‡e AvNvZ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| G ai‡Yi NUbv I cwiw¯’wZ gvbe mf¨Zvi R‡b¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc| Kv‡RB †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi
RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv I †`k‡cÖg hv‡Z DMÖ iƒc jvf bv K‡i Zv G‡¶‡Î we‡ePbvi welq|
RvZxqZvev‡`i ¯^vfvweK weKvk Ges †`k‡cÖ‡gi BwZevPK cÖKvkB gvbe mgvR I RvwZ-ivóª
e¨e¯’vi wfw˯^iƒc| G wfwË †f‡½ co‡j gvbe mgvR RvZxq RbmgvR wn‡m‡e †hgb wU‡K
_vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, †Zgwb RvwZ-ivóª e¨e¯’vI cv‡ë hv‡e| wek¦e¨e¯’v web¨¯Í n‡e bZzb fv‡e|

mviK_v:
†`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev` DfqB GKwU fveMZ aviYv| †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi wb‡R‡`i ga¨Kvi
H‡K¨i Abyf‚wZ †_‡K RvZxqZvi Rb¥ nq Ges †mB Rb‡Mvôx ivóª ev †`k MV‡b AMÖnx n‡q
I‡V| Ab¨w`‡K †mB †`‡ki cÖwZ gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK AvKl©Y ev ggZ¡‡eva M‡o I‡V Rv‡K ejv nq
†`k‡cÖg| g~jZ: RvZxqZvev` nj RvZxqZv I †`k‡cÖg G `ywU AvaywbK Abvm³ wel‡qi GK
Av‡eMgq mgš^q I AwZiwÄZKiY| RvZxqZvev‡`i ¯^vfvweK weKvk gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi,
wKš‘ DMÖ RvZxqZvev` ¶wZKi|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-139
GmGmGBPGj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ :
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| †R. GBP. nv‡q‡mi g‡Z RvZxqZvev` †Kvb& `yÕwU wel‡qi Av‡eMgq mgš^q?
K) RvZxqZv I †`k‡cÖg
L) i‡³i eÜb I †Mvôx‡PZbv
M) RvZxqZv I gvbweKZv
N) ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I MYZš¿|

2| HK¨mvabKvix RvZxqZvev‡`i mgqKvj †Kvb&wU?

K) 1815 †_‡K 1871
L) 1871 †_‡K 1890
M) 1945 †_‡K 1979|
N) 1980-1997|

3| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq †Kvb RvZxqZvev` gvbe mgvR‡K fxZ mš¿¯Í K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡j?
K) úvf RvZxqZvev`
L) †ivgvb RvZxqZvev`
M) Rvg©b RvZxqZvev`
N) divmx RvZxqZvev`|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ :

1| †`k‡cÖ‡gi ev¯Íe Dcv`vb I e¯‘MZ wfwË wK wK?
2| jyB wmÛvi-Gi g‡Z RvZxqZvev` weKv‡ki ch©vq KqwU I wK wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZvev‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbiycb Kiyb|

DËvigvjv: 1. M, 2. K, 3. M|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-140

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ cvV - 4

Liberty and Equality

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i aviYv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i aviYv

¯^vaxbZv : mvaviY fvlvq ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z gvby‡li B”QvgZ ev gy³fv‡e †Kvb wKQy Kiv ev bv
Kivi Aeva AwaKvi‡K eySvq| Gw`K †_‡K AaxbZvgy³ ev wbqš¿Ygy³ Ae¯’v‡K ¯^vaxbZv ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cÖK…Z A‡_© Giƒc AwaKv‡ii cwiw¯’wZ‡K ¯^vaxbZv e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq bv|
†Kbbv, G ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv ‡¯^”QvPvwiZvi bvgvšÍi| ¯^vaxbZv I †¯^”QvPvwiZv KLbI GK n‡Z
cv‡i bv|
cÖK…Z A‡_© ¯^vaxbZv nj wbqwš¿Z ¯^vaxbZv| mgv‡R GK‡Î emevm Ki‡Z n‡j mKj gvbyl‡K
AvBbKvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| ivóªxq AvBbKvbyb ¯^vaxbZvi AšÍivq †Zv bqB, eis i¶vKeP|
AvBb weewR©Z Aeva I wbqš¿Ynxb ¯^vaxbZv KLbI mf¨ mgv‡Ri Kvg¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯^vaxbZvi
cÖK…wZ‡K h_v_©fv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡Z †M‡j ¯^vaxbZvi †bwZevPK I BwZevPK - `yÕwU w`K
cwijw¶Z nq| †bwZevPK w`K n‡Z, wbqš¿Ynxbfv‡e A_©vr Aev‡a KvR Kivi AwaKvi‡KB
¯^vaxbZv ejv nq| Aciw`‡K, BwZevPK w`K n‡Z, Ac‡ii mgcwigvb AwaKvi Le© bv K‡i
AvBb Abyhvqx e¨w³i ¯^v_© I myweav AR©‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kivi cwi‡ek‡KB ¯^vaxbZv ejv nq|
jvw¯‹ e‡j‡Qb, Ô¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Avwg †mB cwi‡e‡ki mhZœ msi¶Y‡K eywS, †hLv‡b e¨w³ Zvi
cÖK…Z mËv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Dcjw× Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ|
G Av‡jvPbvq GK_v ¯úó †h, ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek‡K eySvq †hLv‡b e¨w³mËvi
m‡e©v”P weKvk nq| A_©vr e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejxi m‡e©v”P weKv‡ki AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wóB nj
¯^vaxbZv|

mvg¨ : MYZ‡š¿i weKv‡ki d‡j µgk: GwU bxwZMZfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq †h, iv‡óªi ¯^vaxb bvMwiK
wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvb| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e gvby‡li g‡a¨ ˆ`wnK Mob, g‡bvej I
mvg‡_©i w`K w`‡q eû cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| GB cv_©K¨ hZw`b wU‡K _vK‡e ZZw`b mK‡j mgv‡Ri
wbKU †_‡K mgvb AvPiY Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges GKRb mvaviY
kªwgK‡K mgvb g~j¨ †`qv nq bv| ivóªweÁv‡b mvg¨ K_vwUi A_© mK‡j mgvb n‡e- GwU bq|
g~jZ: mvg¨ ej‡Z mylg cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi cÖwµqv‡KB eySvq| G cwi‡e‡k cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ Zvi
†hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wbR¯^ e¨w³‡Z¡i c~Y© weKvk mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| jvw¯‹i g‡Z
mv‡g¨i wZbwU AšÍwb©wnZ A_© Av‡Q| h_v cÖ_gZ: mv‡g¨i A_© nj we‡kl my‡hvM-myweavi
AcmviY| wØZxqZ: mv‡g¨i A_© nj mKj bvMwi‡Ki R‡b¨ h‡_ó my‡hvM-myweavi m„wó Kiv| mvg¨
gvby‡li e¨w³MZ ˆewkó¨ I ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L mKj‡K Zv‡`i cÖwZfvi c~Y©weKv‡ki R‡b¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM myweav ch©vßfv‡e cÖ`vb Ki‡e| mvg¨ gv‡bB ab-m¤ú` I gh©v`vi cv_©‡K¨i
m¤ú~Y© `~ixKiY eySvq bv| Z…ZxqZ: †h¸‡jv Qvov gvby‡li Rxeb A_©nxb, †m¸‡jvi †kªYx-wbwe©Pv‡i
†gUv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| myZivs mv‡g¨i A_© nj AvBbMZfv‡e mKj e¨w³‡K mgvb e‡j
we‡ePbv Kiv A_©vr iv‡óªi DwPZ bvMwiKM‡Yi AwaKvimg~n mgvbfv‡e e›Ub Kiv|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-141
 GmGmGBPGj

¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i m¤úK©

GKKv‡j ¯^vaxbZv e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ev‡`i Ges mvg¨ mgvRZ‡š¿i g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nZ| G
Kvi‡YB `¨ UKwfj, G¨vKUb cÖgyL wPšÍvwe` hviv ¯^vaxbZvi mg_©K wQ‡jb Zviv mvg¨‡K mg_©b
K‡ib wb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax| G¨vKUb e‡jb †h, Ômv‡g¨i R‡b¨
fvev‡eM ¯^vaxbZvi Avkv‡K e¨_©Zvq ch©emwZ K‡i|Õ ¯^vaxbZvi gva¨‡g hw` ab I ¶gZv
AR©‡bi Aeva AwaKvi cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j GK`j gvbyl m¤ú‡`i cvnvo Mo‡e, Av‡iK `j n‡e
`wi`ª I wb:¯^| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax|
ev¯Í‡e ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i g‡a¨ Giƒc †Kvb we‡iva †bB, eis Df‡qB ci¯úi A½v½xfv‡e
m¤úK©hy³| cÖK…wZMZfv‡e ¯^vaxbZv mxwgZ, mKj‡K mgvb AvBbMZ AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖ`v‡bi
¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ gva¨‡g mvg¨ ¯^vaxbZv‡K mg„×Zi K‡i †Zv‡j| ¯^vaxbZv‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi R‡b¨ mvg¨bxwZi
wbweofv‡e cÖ‡qvM Acwinvh©| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvbvwaKvi Ges kvmb-e¨e¯’vq mgvbfv‡e Ask MÖn‡Yi
m¤úK©hy³| mvg¨ my‡hvM-†fv‡Mi gva¨‡gB RbMY mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv cÖK…Z A‡_© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z
¯^vaxbZv‡K mg„×Zi cv‡i| Avi, GBP, Uwb e‡jb, Ò eûj cwigvY mvg¨ ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v eis
K‡i †Zv‡j| Zv ¯^vaxbZvi c‡¶ Acwinvh©|ÕÕ
Aciw`‡K ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨‡K ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ g‡b Kivi hyw³hy³ ‡Kvb KviY †bB| †Kbbv, Zv‡`i
¯^vaxbZv‡K A_©en Df‡qiB mvaviY j¶¨ Avv‡Q Ges Zv n‡”Q gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ I mvg‡_©i ¯^Z:ù‚Z© I cwic~Y©
Kivi R‡b¨ mvg¨ weKvk mvab| jvw¯‹ e‡jb ¯^vaxbZv Òej‡Z Avwg Ggb cwi‡e‡ki mhZœ msi¶Y‡KB eywS,
Acwinvh©| †hLv‡b gvbyl Zv‡`i AvZ¥vi m‡e©vËg weKvk mvab Ki‡Z cv‡iÕÕ| mvg¨ bxwZi ev¯ÍevqbB Giƒc
cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki msweav‡b wjwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi mK‡jB mgvbfv‡e †fvM
Ki‡e, wbi‡c¶ I ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM mKj bvMwi‡KiB G mKj AwaKvi‡K c~Y©fv‡e i¶v
Ki‡e| hw` ¯^vaxbZvi cªK…Z A_© gvbevZœvi wbiew”Qbœ DbœwZmvab nq Zvn‡j mv‡g¨i wfwˇZ
cÖwZwôZ mgv‡R Zv m¤¢e|| wkw¶Z-Awkw¶‡Zi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ `~i Kiv bv n‡j †mLv‡b Avgiv
me©`vB cÖfz-f„‡Z¨i m¤úK© †`L‡Z cve| †h‡Kvb ˆelg¨c~Y© mvgv‡R abx-Mix‡ei Dci Aeva
†kvlY I Drcxob Pvwj‡q hv‡e Ges †mLv‡b AwaKvsk RbMYB †Kvb mgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| jvw¯Ki g‡ZÒab-m¤ú‡`i weivU ˆelg¨ ¯^vaxbZv AR©b
Am¤fe K‡i †Zv‡jÕÕ| †m R‡b¨ jvw¯Ki iy‡kvI gZ e‡jb †h Ômvg¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbZvi A_©
wbi_©KÕ| mvg¨ e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbZv †¯^”QvPvwiZvq iƒcvwqZ nq, Avi ¯^vaxbZv Qvov ‡Kvb mgv‡Ri
mvg¨ Avb‡Z n‡j †mLv‡b GKiƒcZviB m„wó nq|
GLv‡b ejv-evûj¨ †h, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i g‡a¨ AwZ wbweo m¤úK© _vKv m‡Ë¡I ¯^vaxbZv‡K
mv‡g¨i E‡aŸ© ¯’vb †`qv DwPZ| KviY e¨w³‡Z¡i weKv‡ki R‡b¨ cÖ_‡g ¯^vaxbZviB cÖ‡qvRb,
Avi gvbyl hv‡Z †mB ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i †m R‡b¨ mvg¨ ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fv‡Mi cwiw¯’wZ
m„wó K‡i| A_©vr, ¯^vaxbZvi cª‡qvRb mvg¨B †gUv‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mK‡jB mvaviYfv‡e ¯^vaxbZv
†fvM Ki‡Z Pvq e‡j ¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g gvbyl HK¨e× n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ hw` †Kvb mgv‡R †Kej
mvg¨ cªwZôvi †Póv Kiv nq, Zvn‡j H‡K¨i †P‡q †mLv‡b we‡f‡`i m¤fvebv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
hv‡nvK, e¨w³i mËvi cwic~Y© I ¯^Z:ùzZ© weKv‡ki Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZvi †hgb cÖ‡qvRb, mv‡g¨iI
†Zgb cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wbweofv‡e m¤úK©hy³, G‡K Aci‡K
Qvov A_©nxb|
eZ©gv‡b †Kvb iv‡óªB mvg¨wenxb ¯^vaxbZv A_ev ¯^vaxbZvwenxb mv‡g¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|
mvg¨ Ges ¯^vaxbZv DfqB AvBbMZ aviYv Ges ivóªxq AvBb Øviv msiw¶Z| Z‡e mKj mgv‡R
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi mgš^q mvab m¤fe nq wb| cuywRev`x mgv‡R e¨vcK ab‰elg¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
ab‰elg¨ Acwinvh©- fv‡eB mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i Rb¥ ‡`q| G mgv‡R mvg¨ ej‡Z awbK †kªYxi
my‡hv‡Mi mgZv‡K eySvq| mgvRZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v cÖwZwôZ n‡jB GKgvÎ mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi ˆgÎx
eÜb my`„p n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ mgvRZvwš¿K iv󪸇jvI G‡¶‡Î e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv
hvq, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i myggš^q ev¯Í‡e m¤fe bq - GUv m¤fe ïay Av`k© mgvR I Av`k©
iv‡óª|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-142

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

mviK_v:
¯^vaxbZv nj A‡b¨i Amyweav m„wó bv K‡i e¨w³i ¯^v_© I myweav AR©‡bi cwi‡ek| Aciw`‡K
mvg¨ nj iv‡óª bvMwiK wn‡m‡e AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î mgZv| g~jZ: ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx
weKv‡ki, Avi mvg¨ ej‡Z mylg cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi cÖwµqv‡KB eySv‡bv nq| G `„wó‡Kvb
†_‡K ejv hvq, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva †bB, eis DfqB ci¯úi A½v½xfv‡e
m¤úK©hy³| Z‡e GK_vI wVK †h, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i mymgš^q ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq-GUv m¤¢e ïay
Av`k© ivóª I Av`k© mgv‡R|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ :
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| gvby‡li †Kvb wKQy Kiv ev bv Kivi Aeva AwaKvi‡K wK e‡j ?
K) ¯^vaxbZv
L) †¯^”QvPvwiZv
M) mvg¨
N) e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨|

2| mylg cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi cwi‡ek‡K wK ejv nq?

K) Dc‡hvMev`
L) e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨
M) D`viZvev`
N) mvg¨|

3| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax -G aviYv Kviv †cvlY K‡ib?

K) `¨ UK&wfj I G¨vKUb
L) Rb I DBwjqvg
M) jvw¯‹ I g¨vKvBfvi
N) wjc‡mU I eìDBb|

msw¶ß DËigyjK cÖkœ:

1| ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2| mvg¨ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1| ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© eY©bv Kiyb|

DËvigvjv: 1. L. 2. M, 3. K|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-143
 GmGmGBPGj

cvV - 5 RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv

The Role of Citizen in National Defense

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

RvZxq cÖwZi¶v ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiKMY wK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K ev Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi aviYv

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi mv‡_ RvZxq wbivcËvi aviYv Mfxifv‡e hy³| RvZxq wbivcËvi `ywU w`K:
GKwU Af¨šÍixY, Ab¨wU ewn:AvµgY msµvšÍ| Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î †h ‡Kvb ai‡bi we‡`ªvn,
wew”QbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb I bvkKZvg~jK ZrciZv †_‡K ivóªxq wbivcËvi msKU †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i| Aciw`‡K, Ab¨ †h †Kvb †`‡ki AvµgbRwbZ Kvi‡b ivóªxq wbivcËv wecbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
A_©vr Af¨šÍixY cwiw¯’wZ wKsev ewn: AvµgY †h †Kvb Kvi‡YB ivóªxq wbivcËv msKUvcbœ wKsev
wech©¯Í nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K | wbivcËv msK‡Ui mKj ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi R‡b¨
RvZx-ivóªmg~n RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j| gyjZ: †fŠ‡MvwjK I RvwZMZ msnwZ i¶v
Ges R‡j, ¯’‡j, AšÍix‡¶ iv‡óªi mxgvbv cvnviv †`evi R‡b¨ †bŠ, †mbv I wegvb evwnbx m‡gZ
†h cÖvwZôvwbK e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv nq ms‡¶‡c Zv‡K RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v ejv hvq| RvZxq
cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq †bŠ,‡mbv I wegvb evwnbx QvovI wewfbœ mnvqZvKvix evwnbx _v‡K|
g~j evwnbx I mnvqZvKvix evwnbxi mgš^‡q cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V|
RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi ¸iyZ¡
RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v ivóªxq mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i M¨vivw›U-¯^iƒc| hw`I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡óªi Ab¨vb¨
Dcv`v‡bi g‡Zv `„k¨gvb bq, wKš‘ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Qvov ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK mve©‡fŠgZ¡
A¶zbœ bv ivL‡Z cvi‡j iv‡óªi Aw¯^Z¡ wUwK‡q ivLv hvq bv| iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †hgb mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i
Dci wbf©ikxj, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †Zgwb RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi Dci wbf©ikxj| G `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi
†h †Kvb iv‡óªiB Ki‡j ivóª bvgK cÖwZôvbwU RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi Dci wbf©i K‡iB wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i|
wbivcËv Ges Avgiv Rvwb, mve©fŠg‡Z¡i `ywU w`K _v‡K| Gi GKwU nj iv‡óªi mg¯Í cÖwZôvb I wµqvKjv‡ci
¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Dci KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv Ges AciwU nj †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv mgybœZ ivLvi mvg_©| GB Dfq †¶‡Î
i¶vi Rb¨ mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi cªKvk N‡U RvZxq cªwZi¶v kw³i Dci| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v kw³ `ye©j n‡q
kw³kvjx RvZxq co‡j mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv| G Kvi‡Y cÖwZi¶v kw³ Qvov ivóª wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i
cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v bv| A_©vr ivóªxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vq RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi ¸iyZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vq RvZxq
Acwinvh©| cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi ¸iyZ¡ Abyave‡bi ci Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î cÖwZi¶v evwnbx wK ai‡bi f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i Zv D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v evwnbx kvwšÍi mg‡q, Af¨šÍixY msKUKv‡j Ges
hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wfbœ ai‡bi f‚wgKv iv‡L|
KvwšÍKvjxb mg‡q cªwZi¶v evwnbx R‡j, ¯’‡j, AšÍix‡¶ †`‡ki mxgvbv cvnviv †`q| Gi d‡j
†`k I RbMY wbivcËv fxwZ †_‡K wPšÍv gy³ _v‡K| Af¨šÍixY msKUKv‡j, we‡kl K‡i cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM wKsev ivóªxq HK¨ wecbœ nevi g‡Zv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖwZi¶v evwnbx wmwfj cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_
GK‡hv‡M KvR K‡i| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q RvZxq cÖwZi¶v evwnbx Zvi †ckv`vix †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv
wb‡q kµc‡¶i Avµg‡Yi weiy‡× mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j Ges m¤§yL mg‡i AeZxY© nq|
ivóªxq Rxe‡b RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v †h GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq Zv wewfbœ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z
cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi D‡jøwLZ f‚wgKvi ga¨ w`‡q ¯úó n‡q I‡V|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-144

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kivi cÖvi‡¤fB ÔbvMwiKZvÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ
Kiv `iKvi| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq †h, bvMwiK nj iv‡óªi ¯’vqx evwm›`v, hviv iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨
cÖKvk K‡i| ïay AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvkB bvMwiKZvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq, bvMwiK‡`i ivóª cÖ`Ë AwaKvi
Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K©I m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq|
G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| G‡¶‡Î bvMwiK‡`i
f‚wgKv‡K c‡iv¶ I cÖZ¨¶ G `yBfv‡M wef³ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiK‡`i c‡iv¶ f‚wgKv nj :

1. bvMwiKMY hw` ivóªxq HK¨ i¶v K‡i Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv eRvq iv‡L, Zvn‡j Zv RvZxq
cÖwZi¶vi †¶‡Î mnvqK nq|
2. †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi m‡PZbZv I e¨vcK AvMÖn RvZxq
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K `y‡f©`¨ K‡i iv‡L−hv RvZxq cÖwZi¶vi †gŠwjK wfwË|
3. msKU wKsev hy×Kv‡j bvMwiKMY RvZxq cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi cÖwZ ˆbwZK mg_©b Ges cÖwZi¶v
evwnbx‡K Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi g‡bvej e„w× cvq|
4. mvaviYfv‡e bvMwiKMY Ki I ivR¯^ cwi‡kva K‡i Ges we‡klfv‡e cÖwZi¶v Ki cÖ`vb
K‡i| bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi Ki n‡Z cÖvß A‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv I
Zv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv nq| A_©vr bvMwiKMYB cªwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi Avw_©K Drm|
5. cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v‡K kw³kvjx Kivi R‡b¨ †mbvwbevm Mov, gnov Abyôvb wKsev †Kvb ai‡bi
mvgwiK cix¶v g~jK Kv‡R bvMwiKMY f‚wg n¯ÍvšÍimn mvwe©K mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K|

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiK‡`i cÖZ¨¶ f‚wgKv nj :

RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiK‡`i D‡jøwLZ G mKj c‡iv¶ f‚wgKv QvovI cÖZ¨¶ wKQy f‚wgKv
i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj-
1. bvMwiK‡`i ga¨ †_‡KB cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi wbqwgZ m`m¨‡`i evQvB I wb‡qvM †`qv nq|
A_©vr bvMwiK‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖwZi¶v evwnbx M‡o †Zvjv nq|
2. `y‡h©vM wKsev hy×Kv‡j bvMwiKMY wbqwgZ evwnbxi mg_©‡b †¯^”Qv‡meK wn‡m‡e ev
cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡i _v‡K|
3. hy×Kv‡j kµc‡¶i Ae¯’vb, PjvPj I cÖ¯‘wZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Z_¨ †c‡j m‡PZb
bvMwiKMY cÖwZi¶v evwnbx‡K Zr¶Yvr Zv Rvwb‡q w`‡Z cv‡i|
4. hy‡×i mgq bvMwiKMY RvZxq cªwZi¶v evwnbxi wbivc` PjvPj wbwðZ Kivi R‡b¨ iv¯Ív,
eªxR BZ¨vw` cvnvivi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. mvgwiK evwnbxi Ae¯’vb Ges mvgwiK ¯’vcbvmg~‡ni wbivcËvi R‡b¨ bvMwiKMY A‡bK
mgq gvbe †eóbx M‡o †Zv‡j I Ôgvbe XvjÕ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
6. hy×Kv‡j ev Riywi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z bvMwiKMY cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi R‡b¨ Lv`¨, cvbxq BZ¨vw`
mieivn K‡i Ges AvnZ ˆmb¨‡`i wPwKrmvi R‡b¨ †¯^”Qvq i³`vb K‡i ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb
ivL‡Z cv‡i|
7. A‡bK mgq cÖwZi¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b MY evwnbx (Peoples Army) M‡o †Zvjv nq| G‡¶‡Î
bvMwiKMY G evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i|
8. †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K eva¨Zvg~jK mvgwiK ‡Uªwbs †`qv nq hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b
Zviv m¤§yL mg‡iI AeZxY© n‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-145
GmGmGBPGj

9. hy‡×i mgq cÖwZc‡¶i AvµgY †_‡K Rxeb I m¤ú` i¶vi Ávb AR©b I cÖhyw³
Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g bvMwiKMY ÒwbeviK e¨e¯’vÕ M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
10. mvaviY bvMwiK mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq AvµgYKvix kw³i weiy‡× wek¦-RbgZ MVb K‡i Ges
MYwe‡¶vf msMwVZ K‡i cÖwZc‡¶i g‡bvej †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j RvZxq cÖwZi¶v
†¶‡Î h‡_ó myweav nq|

cÖwZi¶v †¶‡Î cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ f‚wgKvi Kvi‡Y bvMwiKMY RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi Acwinvh©
As‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| bvMwiK‡`i mg_©b I AskMÖnY Qvov cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi c‡¶ †`‡ki
wbivcËv I Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶v Kiv m¤fe bq| Kv‡RB RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiK‡`i f‚wgKvi ¸iyZ¡‡K
†Kvbfv‡eB Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lv hvq bv|

mviK_vt
Af¨šÍixY I ewn:AvµgYRwbZ wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvR‡b RvZxq cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv Acwinvh©
n‡q I‡V| kw³kvjx cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v e¨wZZ ivóªxq HK¨ I msnwZ i¶v Kiv Ges ¯^vaxbZv I
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| kvwšÍKvjxb mg‡q †`‡ki †fZ‡i AZš¿ cÖnix wn‡m‡e Ges
hy×Kvjxb mg‡q kÎyi weiy‡× giYcb jovB‡qi gva¨‡g †`k‡K i¶v Kiv RvZxq cÖwZi¶v
evwnbxi †gŠwjK `vwqZ¡| RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq mvaviY bvMwiKMYI mn‡hvMx kw³ wn‡m‡e ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wmwfK GWy‡Kkb-1 c„ôv-146

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ :
mwVK DËiwU wjLyb|
1| Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î wK Kvi‡Y wbivcËv msKU †`Lv †`q?
K) AvKvk mxgv jsNb
L) ZviKv hy× Kg©m~Px
M) wew”QbœZvev`x Av‡›`vjb
N) cvigvbweK Kg©m~Px|

2| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLvi wba©viK kw³ †KvbwU?

K) RvZxq g~j¨‡eva
L) RvZxq cÖwZi¶v
M) RvZxq MYgva¨g
N) RvZxq ms¯‹…wZ|

3| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q ÔwbeviK e¨e¯’vÕ Kviv M‡o Zz‡jb?

K) c`vwZK evwnbx
L) c¨viv wgwjUvix †dvm©
M) eÜz ivóªmg~n
N) bvMwiKMY|

DËi: 1. M, 2. K, 3. N|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:

1| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb?
2| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v evwnbx kvwšÍ I hyy‡×i mgq wK ai‡bi f‚wgKv iv‡L?
3| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v evwnbx hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wK ai‡bi f‚wgKv iv‡L?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| RvZxq cÖwZi¶vq bvMwiKM‡Yi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

mnvqK MÖš’:
SE Finer, The Man on Horseback: the Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pollmall Press, 1962)
Govin Kennedy, The Military in the third world (London: Gerald Duckworth, 19734)

BDwbU-7 c„ôv-147