8Z'

'saIlI^FleIloJ rIuI .(Iasolf, uLIoJ [Link] 'IgI 'd 'gll 'Iol.'NuaDS IDDIS puD 1oct1t1o4 lo
Ssottl 1?q1 Jarlaq eql passardxa peuollsanb ,(truerlrl (,ruapmy aq1 to slouuy ruoltzllirqz{{aU ur ro:}rug u
ettros Jo aalr.,!!l lnoqe lnq papr^rp 3ra^r suolqdo se srauosrrd Jo apntrly aql 'plel.{ 'g trrua11 n
'sanbll) uoqrd uI sepl?,(ol Jo rll8uarts eqt ol ef,uarr '0gT'd'tZ6I'erqd1apepq4,.o3 llorurddrl
-rar uI uoluldo rlsql slupuo uosFd snolrs^ pa{sE 'g 'f '{"1o1out?rr4 s,prrelraqtns 'H 'X uI pajonb
stq ratrrr eql s'r?ed earql Jo polrad B 8upnq" '0e6I 'uotsog '49 oN tagea.I uollzrrossy uosrrd
sllasnqlessetr^[ 'uor]ernpg uostr4 'sut33r11 y '1
gsdnor8 aql ere a3re1 rvro11 (7) lsdno"r8 leru "
'66I puu '09I '89I 'AII 'dd 'Zt6I 'Iro,\
-Jolur Jo sJequreur eJe sJauosrJd Jo uorlrod ,\rcN '')uI 'qllurs 'U pruqrl1 pue 3uo1 ,(u1 '3115
-ord rer{r\^. (1) :apnpur tq8nos ere sret\sue Eulg ut stoal puDsnoqa fiuama 'sa,,lrzT 'f, [Link]-I 6
'gg 'd pue 94 'd '1,ro1 ,\raN '996I r'o3 uEIIrur
qrq/lr o1 suortrsanb cgrceds aql 'elll dnor8 -rutr{ aql 'puoKag put) suosttd 'selefl ptoJues r
IerrlJolw ]o ?uelxa puE arnlEu arp urEel o1
uaeq srq a^I?3e[qo eqJ 'eperu sear .raldzqr 'nq?no aql r?'?uI 'uo1su.t21
sFIt uI papnlf,ur Lpnrs eqr leql uorssard rp LLDqauNA 'iloH lo uotsslutat[ (,q pagulldag 'g71
-ur1 puerdsapr.^ Jagtur slqt lsat ot sI tJ -€II '4d '(enssleg) g{61 ''lul'tuoflutog ,tp [Link]
:qroi anaN '{ylunututo1 uosrrd aql :f,DtIOOS<
e'peluls se uorldurnssu
[Link] aqt rllJ/rt aar8e o] paurlf,ur arela (11ensn uosrJd ur sJotrsr1 ,'(roraeqaq
1o)
pauorlsanb era^4. sE qrns Jo JIuq reao 'sdno-r8 ,,d1r-rep8ar e qf,ns surelsns &p.(o1 dnor8
IeruJolul ;o uorler8atrq pue q13ua4s aql ]o asues leluetuela uE pu€ ssausnoue8ar8
o1 af,ua;alal ur uorurdo rraq? ul elrugap os ' ',, 'sprof,ar 'sdnoJ8 uosud 1o Surluads
lou er" aruauadxa .srua,( (ueur Jo sIErlHo q '[Link] 'g Lrua11 '.{[Link] n'drqsuor}u1ar
uosr-rd aruos epqlA 'uorlrsod lueraresqns (ue ur ' ' ' s8ulaq ueurnq yo sdno;s alup
€ ur IIe aru Laqt teq] tluJ aqt pue 'ureql -Ilosuo) pue elEullue qJlqrtt suollolua eug
uodn sr tuqt uortuzneru8rls luntntu aql asoqr .(q ft111qe1o1,ru1 pue dlrrnd uJ pelle)
'euo8rapun seq u"ur eqt saf,uarradxa ay1 -xe tou ftpLo1 dno.r8 e qlr^r Jaqlouu euo
eqt ot enp alqrsnuld uaas plnom ',(trunur ot Sullc uaru eseql ' ' ',, 'sJeuosr-rd Jo 3ur
-rrrof, ear1 e
ur sdnor8 (reurud }o suorleler -1eeds q 'suodal sur33r11 z'salzurur Suourz
aql 01 relrurs ssel Jo eJorrr pue elErurlul ,(1p,(o1 o1 suoIsnIIE euros sa{eru [Link]
eJE sJauosrJd Suouru sdrqsuollelsJ I€rf,os ueprelA r'Jeqto rpua 01 pl.o1 dlpnsn a-re
ruqr uopdurnssz eql 'slsrxe uorlre pu€ s,[Link] tuqt uoltrElrpur saar8 sateg pJoJ
lq8noqr 1o (1run e leqt ef,uapraa rpnur sr -ues 'suorlzrrlqnd uIBlJetr pue 'saraour eql
araq] 'sedrcse ro slorr se qf,ns d;elrualpad 'srededsl'{au eq1 (q pezrseqdura uaaq (puanb
u ur Sursr-ru suorlentrrs lf,ruuof, uI 'uoll -ar} ser{ ap1 Lru4ualpad Jo lcadsz srqa
-EsJeauof,. s,Jerllo qree uodn lualul uaur Jo 'uorSe^Jesqo uoururof, L1xe1 e sT tslxa f,rFup
sralsnll e^Jasqo ,(aqf uaqrrr peterl$e dlasop -rlos pu€ 'aIEJoru 'trueurrluas qlFllvt. ur sdnor8
eJe seleruur aqr ]Eql uorssardurr eql uru8 OSIYUCtI NI AAHCIH I nIO.{I'SUANOSIU'I JYHI
'JAil.
-LrrEur ol lua
Uf,RII ITTS (rIYNO(I -{rBIq Jo tur
-arap lsed s
'9t s,pren8 aql
SdNOUC SJVIAINI TVINTIOdNI -qlllus,, e p
u ,(q pa>1oaq
srq pug Letu
srq pa.4tolle
puolas aql
sl?rrrs arll Jo
oq.\\ seluurur
ecel o1 lred
424 THE PRISON COMMUNITY were clearlY
Exploratory inquiries ,t"":i]-:d^:"^:'1-t: in the follou
(3) What personality types have -::t"t*
general traits of ,informal grouP organrza-
them and what ryp€s frurrl ,rotl (4) What is gave indicati
the nature of informal oorn life in prison,
Iion. E*[Link] inmates and officials with major questi
r,v^ere consulted before a formulation
how ..primary,, are ,frE-grJrpr, und whut insight being affiliatt
of a group concePt was made' From the After a
variations exist? ft
inforriation obtained in this manner it
The data for this effort have been col- planation ol
lectedbythreemethods:Schedule'ques'waspossibletoconsftuctempiricallyacon- the intervieu
cept of a "prison primary group"' Thus'
tionnaire, and individual case study' First' u gtot'p-h'" been conceived as a 'col-
that gangs, r
190 men were interviewed with a schedule "'ih isted in the
lectivity of prisoners who possess a common their charact
inciuding six batteries of questions' Yith body oi knowledge and interest sufficient to
the exception of length of residence these p'odt"" an understaading and solidarity he happenet
men were selected at random. of the men gation. The
*rtitr' is characterized by a we-feeling' senti-
interviewed 99 had served between rr u*i mental and unanimity' and
explainecl tc
15 months and 91 had been iiti'tarcerttei ,attachment' time' elements of
he gave evicl,
which a-ll-ows' at the same
between 3 atd' Ayears, with u" uo"'ur" oi rtras tecorcler
.

comPetitiox and resistance among members

3 years and 7 months. secondly, u qt'"'i only to--the extent that cohesion is not were questi
tionnairewasgiven tol!4men,9bof wirorn disrupted' tn:t-: abstract values can be denials u'et-t
has been in residence not more tht" u to"ghty in terms of behavior' able to give
year and 81 of whom had served at least i -measured ond batterr
Thi exchanges of confidences' the sharing tallied as t
years. Distinction in length of residencl
of luxuries' the toleration of annoying con- battery of c
between "short-timers" and "long-timersi
duct, the willin8ness to accept lowered
was considered important in order to ascer- mate being
status or- punishment' one for the other' a of his grou
tain the significance of tenure on grouping frank to an outsider of these
rendencies. The other selective [Link] fo? deeper ldlission feelings' a knowledge of the wishes
respective 11

the subjects of the questionnair" *ut i"t"I- indicating

of itte- other members-all give indication
lectual capacity. only those i"*ut"' who information
o[ a loyal attachment to a grouP' ' The
had average or superior intelligence werl concept we are- employing does not simply verification
given the questionnaire since it was assumed battery, an<
refer io a number of persons' who' during
that persons of duller intellect would finf, a given time are in constant contacts with as affirmatir
difficulty in understanding the thoughtf rather' the concept used
u'as directe,
presented. Thirdly, the wr-iter studied tt'e :::YT:"but of the assoc
agrees in meaning with that of the primary
ramifications of group life among a number met the ot
group of the general population'
of inmates through intervie'Iu u.a t'y oL- up" with tl
servarion. Many of these subiects prepared
The propordon of inmates affiIiated with continued?
groups as defined' the size of the
biographical or autobiographical accounts primary bitity and
g.o,rpt and certain aspects of their structure
which lend knowledge to the subject. very association
have been learned by interpreting responses
careful and detaileJirrrir,r.,io"t w"r" gir", months, th
toallwhotookpartastothep"tpo'"oftosixbatteriesofquestions'This'tobe tive. The l
thestudies,emphasisbeingplacedonthesure,[Link] rvith the n
data from inmates usually de-
objectivity or [Link], Jrrd "rp".ial iru and reliable viewee anc
mand the technique of indirect questioning
sistence en the lack of efiect on the prison- exchange I
and mild-mannered cross examination (un-
er,s status or standing with officialr. rrr" Did they t
less rapport exists), as answers to direct
1?4 inmates given the questionnaire were among oth
hi'hl]', complex mo-
not required to reveal ih"i, id"rrtity, al- questions may involve use the wo
though the other data collected were re- tivat'ons on t!: part
of the man inter- punishmer
ferred to the case history of each man which viewed, especially
if his identity is known' of justice
schedule to 190 inmates
was at the disposal ol the writer. It was In presenting
the interviewe
necessary to cast out 13 of the schedules there was no
formality of questioning al- siderable
because o[ suspicioned irrelevancy. though the six types of information desired
 parrsap uo
aqtr sesueJf,ap uoslrd ur ef,ueprseJ Surnull -Jed eleruul aqt il Suluollsanb alquraprs
-1u Suruorl
-uol terll I eIqBI uror; readde [Link],r tI -uotr rel1y eos op ot SuIIF.^r eq aa^tal^Jetul
seleuur 06
'(aouaprsar eql plno/v\ lou ]] 'ro 'esn?i ro acr;snf 1o 'uMou{ sr
ssalpru8a.r rer{to eqt JoJ ouo stuauqqund
;o sreal. L ot g) uatu [Link]-Suol puu (acuap -JaJUr ueul
-rseJ ]o sqtruour gI ol II) uaur rurat-uotls paldaccu ;a,ta daql pBH C.,e^,!,, [Link] al{t osn
-our xaldu
uaarrUaq Sulqsrn8upslp ulroqs aru saFo8aluc (lluanbarl daql pIO Csateurur Jal{to Suouru
aarql eql I elqef uI 'uoll1u5ap lucrrrd sf,rlrrr ruorJ Jerltoue auo puelep Leqr pIC lf,aJrp ol
(aqr pIO CsJet}aI e8ueqrxa -un) uorle
-ule aql o1 SurproDB pue asues ..,{#urud,, {s}aJf,es epguor
Laqr pIA 'satrErtrossu dnor8 slq pue [Link] liuruortsan
e ur padnor8un se pereplsuof, aq oi pErI -ap (11unsn
aldurus IBrct aql Jo 'truef, .rad 17 Jo 'tl, 'snql -Jalul aql ;o saruayadxa ltnlnru aq] qlpt
',(ro8alec srqtr ur pepnlJul ara,t,t. 'Juac lad tlBap suopsenb Jo ,fualteq qlrno1 eql 'a^rl luourlred
-rsod sz paueqtr ser* asuodsar eql 'sqluoru aq ot 'srqJ
gp ro 'orrq-fiua,rag 'dnor8 KmuutS-tuas v yo
sasuodsar 3
Jeqrueu E sE peJaplsuo) sE..r4. aq 'uollEnlls xrs Jo popad runrulurur B rIlI^{ uorlelf,ossu
aJnlf,nJls Jr
iucpaqrod(q puotres eql uI ..duru. aqr 11u o3,, Jo af,uetsrsJad aruos se..il. ereql pue ,$11;q ar{] Jo ezrs
lou plno/d. tnq suollsanb ;o sauauuq e^g -rsnuld peluJlpw sre^rsu? aW JI {penultuof,
suorlelf,oss" aql peg ,(qr11 guraqr qly*t ,.dn qlr^\ pelErl
lsrg aql'(lalltlsd pere^[Link] pue eapr dno;S .
-fuuru1rd eql Jo atruessa aqt [Link] srq dnor8,, eq plp Lqlyy guaur raqto er{t laru
Lq palerlsuounp een araratur aqt q?lq^t ul eq peq .Ieuuuul [Link]' uI 'uollElf,ossB eql Jo l.-reurrd aql
sef,uztsur uI 'sdno"r8 l*rurupd Jo s-requau uopurnp aql SuluJBaI spre^tol patf,aJtp se,ry\ pasn ldaru
sB pexeprsuof, ueqt aral{ daql 'aanrrurge suollsanb Jo salras prlrlt eql 'eallBrurge se qll^! slf,Btu
aqr u1 suortsanb Jo seuenuq xrs IIB peJarns paroJs suat fuatteq puof,as aql pu€ '(ratlee 8ur-rnp 'oq.r
-uE 'tuei rad 41 rc 'ZE leqt punoJ sE^4. lI lsJU aql o] asuodsar aql Jo uolle)ulraa Lldurs lou
pltred B su paJaprsuo) se,rt uolteurJolur aqJ 'dno,i
seser [Link] tI tno Surlsec ralJy 'pe,ry\era
-JJlur eJer. uaur dlauru pue parpunq auo slql qly& ,bpelrruel Lpear e Surreolpul uorle)rpur
ser1da11 'seepr pue 's1re4 'sapolsrq [Link]-r saqsr.{\
aqt
'a.tp1sod
rraql Jo Surqlatuos IIat puu dno-r8 slq Jo eseqt Jo rJ
su peJo3s seaa. dralleq aqt suoltsanb esaqr
sJaqruau eqtr aueu parlrellrelur Suraq aluur e 'laqto erll
ol ualr8 aJaA{ sral{sue elrtuulrgu ueql pa;a.no1 ld
ganbllc slq Jo srequaru eqtr Jo aJII aqt eles -uI aqt lzqt parrnbar suorlsanb yo ,{.ra11zq
puof,es arIJ 'padnor8un Suraq se pelIIEl -uoe SurLoui
ol ra8uep {s}r JIesIuII aq plnotv\ ldnor8
uaql ara/v\ ,bql suoltrsa0b Jo d"rellzq puo Sur,reqs aqj
aqt Jo Jeqruaru z lcalord o] uortrulndar ro 'Ior^Eqaq
Surpuels [Link] srq azrpredoa[ eq p1no.4,1 -las eql ol sra^tsu" aalleruJlge a.t13 o1 ayqe J
-un ara^r ,bqf pue lualsrsrad eJa,tr sleruap aq uEl sanl
{Jetsls srq Surfururu raqtueru dno-r8 e otr
lcalqo erl plno1{ 'pesualer ara.r,r daqt [Link] Jleqr JI pue dlalrsualur pauoltsanb [Link] lou sr uors
uollslllBe paluep oq1\4' UaJAI 'paproral se..vr sraqruaru 3u<
pue JI sdrqsuonzlar et"rultul tsoru aql olul
sraquaur dnor8 slq l{ol1z plno.^ ee^[Link] l.1dar sg uorsuaqardruof, Jo etruepr,ra artz8 aq Jo slusluala
aql JI ur?3Jars" or pepuetul dralleq qlxrs ratJu p{Ie rzlnf,EuJea uI ruiq ot pauleldxa pue 'Llrurru
serll dnor8.([Link] Jotderuol aql 'uope8 -rluas 'Surlaa
aqr pasoduroo q)rq^r uortentrs lecrreqlod.(q (r1;reprlos p
raqto arIJ 'alotrs'oallBrursu ue paJsprsuol -ar33e uu qf,ns o1 8uo1aq ot pauaddeq aq
saEl{3q
o] luar)uns
[Link] 'palrodal sE 'Jauueur srql uI Jr pa{sB s3.($. aq JaIET 'strpsrJeltrerEqf, rleq}
eurEu 01 paIsE sE/yr all '[Link] 3qr ul pelsl uoulurol E ss
o1 ssau8urlp1{ {suouelar Llpuar"q tsoru eql
-xe saqf,unq ro 'sdnor8 'senbrlo 's8ue8 leqr -lof E sE pa,
anulluos s,(taa, raqto ur puB dauotu ruaql
uBoI 'sJeuunb 8uptr1 srr{ ar€qs eq pInoAA rq8noqr aq JI pa{se se.,vr eq 'ae^[Link]} eql 'snrlJ ..'dn
uaa13 ser* uopzSllsa,rul eqt Jo uor3euuld -uol E Lliecr.
{uraql qry* (pualrJ eq o} enulluor eq lI reuueru s
ppol 'palored [Link] srequraur dnor8 syq -xa InJarBr tsoru pue (pua5g B ratJv
'dnor8 (reu4rd qtl,\ palerlge Suraq aql luotd e
pue eq uortf,Ear pasoddns [Link]^{ellretul
Jr " ,q t""utr"r ,o[L*
,* prrrflr,ro, ,rrql,n* uollelnurJoJ
aql qrll{
peuJaluos sE^r selres wJg eqJ
'suorlsanb prlraqrod,(q dn'tas selralleq qlxls
qlr.{r slerluo
xrs ar{t roJ uorl"ruJlge Jo uolterrpur ale8
'qder8ured 3upto11o1 aql uI -ezruuS;o dn
pur rlrJg erll 'e^Brsod se pa-rocs sertt ,(ral eterrrur aqr JI
-leq aql sJelrsuz aallarurlgz Sur,rr8 ur palqs uleuac paIE;
JEoIf, aluo3aq l11,vr pu" paugap L1-rea1c aran.
gBb SiINOU9 UIY'IINI fYI,\IUOTNI
426 THE PRISON CO]\TMUNITY
Table 2.
Type of Social Affiliation of 177 Prisoners as Interpreted from Their
Re'
Table l. Tgpe of
sponses to a Series of Questions Pertaining to Social Relationships
Short-term Men Long-term Men Total
Number Per cent Number Per cent Number Per cent
Clique )Ier
t8 19.2 t4 16.9 32 t7.4
Primary Group (Primarr
47.9 27 32.5 72 40.7
Semi-primary Group 45
l.) 4r.9
Group ller
3l 32.9 50.6 l5
"Ungrouped" (Semi-pri
100.0 83 100.0 177 100.0
Total 94 Semi-solitar
(Ungrou
Complete-Sr
tikelihood of a primary grouP membership secrets, but would not 8o "a1l the way" for
(Ungrou;
those with whom he is friendly. While he is
inasmuch as but 32 percent of short-term
particularly friendly with one group, he also Questionab.
men are ungrouped, while 50 per cent of factory R
mixes freely with a number of other men and
long-term men have no primary'Broup or is at least casually friendly with these others' llotal
semiprimary grouP affiliation. C. The "Semi-solitary" Man: This is the
An informal schedule method, empha- man who, while civil with other inmates, never wise, the sr

sizing indirect questioning and cross-exami-

fairly cons
really becomes intimate with them or shares
nation invites criticism especially when the with them any thoughts or acts except of the subjects ar

replies are evaluated by only one observer' most casual nature. He is the man who is al- by elimina
In order to test the reliability of this most playing a "lone-hand." questionna
method and to collect other data as well, D. The "Complete-Solitary" Man: This is that categ(
a totally different group of men were given the man who keeps almost constantly to him- plete-solita
a questionnaire under anonymous circum- self and shares nothing with other inmates. total 37 p
While he may talk with other men, he is gen- corrected I
stances four months after the schedules de-
erally alone and seeks no one. responses)
scribed in the foregoing pages had been
agrbement
completed. The men were seen in groups These four categories of possible roles
of about 50 and the same explanations were were carefully explained to the subjects so grouped n
given them collectively as were given to the that the meaning of "A" agreed as closely method. (
inmates who replied to the schedule form. as possible with the concePt of primary schedule z
The degree of social affiliation was extended group affiliation for the schedule subjects, baffiing, fo,
in the questionnaire method, but the con- and "B" agreed with the semi'Primary con- not ordinz
precise resr
cept of primary group was kept the same. ception. Roles "C" and "D" were made to
The brief descriptions of four possible types correspond with the ungrouped category in the exactn
of affiliation used on the questionnaire the schedule subjects, although the ques- as they in,
follows:
fi{th of tl
tionnaire was intended to refine the degree
groups, tw
A. The Complete "Clique Man'": This is the of "ungroupedness." Questions from the and that
man who is one of a group of three or more floor, illustrations by the writer, reading grouped.")
men who are all very close friends. They share and rereading of the statements preceded the same t
each others' luxuries and secrets and have ac- the request that each inmate designate the
questionna
cepted, or are willing to accept, punishment type of situation that most closely fit his
the schedul
one for the other. The "clique man" is so position in prison. The results are shown
closely associated with this group that he thinks in Table 2.
residence s

in terms of "we" rather than "I" and he acts of primary

A comparison of Table 1 with Table 2 2l per cen
as the group acts. The clique has some per- shows strikingly similar results in spite of
manence. to 15 per <
obtained from two dif-
B. The "Group Man": This is the man who subjeptive methods at different times and thus
primary gr
is friendly,with a certain small group of men ferent samples
Three ar
lends reliability to the conclusion that about
but who does not entirely subject himself to what sugg€
the wishes and acts of the group-as-a-whole. 18 per cent of inmates are affiliated with
primary gr
He would share his luxuries, tell some of his prison primary grouPrs, as defined. Like-
 -aIIf .par
aql ruorJ paaoruer reJ lou Suraq sarua"rl ur sadersa 6 JO 'suolleqge dnor8 Lreurud
-xa eqt qtlla t'6 seu ezrs a8uraau eqt uew aArsualxa Jo eJuasqe u" Jo aarlsaS8ns rzqrn rllpr patei
ula18uo1 eql Jo sdno.r8 Lruuurd-luras roJ -euros ere Btep Jo sad(1 puolrrppB aeJrII lnoqe lBrll
pue 8'l sela ezrs aS"JeAE eql 'sJeqruatu eJE 'suorlurllgu dno.r8 Lreurrd snql pue
pattrrpq uaur rural-8uol Jo luar "rad 91 o1 -JIP o,vrr u
uaur .read-auo rp1rlltr ur sdnor8 Lreurud-ruras
rog 'ra8rul luqlvreruos [Link].,u. sdnor8 fuuunrd pasoddo se uaru urral-trggs Jo truef, Jd IZ Jo ellds ur
-fwes eql 'sraquaru g Sur,req L1rarlra11oc '1 alqe; u1 'uopsllgz dnor8 (reulrd ;o e alqel q
pooqllaIll aqt effieJ ep o1 suraes ef,ueprseJ
lsa8rel aql 'emlonrrs [Link] sraqruaru 7'g u,4roqs aJe
Sursearur reqr {laurzu 'sllnser eppaqls eql
[Link] af,ueprsar raSuo1 Jo uetu Jo dn apeur q luappa [Link] sE sasuodsar arreuuorlsanb s1q rg ,{.1asr
sdno.r8 fuerulrd Jo azrs e8eraae aqJ '4 pue Z eq] q paf,Itou aq (eu (euapual etues egtr aql eleusrs.
Suraq saurarlxa eql 'srequraru V't sefir pa8uol eJnual 10 padse aql Supaprsuo3 (,.'pednor8 peperard s1
-eq ueru uret-trrorJs qrg/vr o] sdno.r8 [Link] -un,, aJE sl{l}g-o1ru Jatllo eql t"ql puB Surpear ,-ra
-yd 1o azrs e8era,re eql 'seturlgu Jrer{l azr 'sdnor8 ,fueruud-ruras ol srlgg-o.r] 'sdnorS aql uro4 s
-Ielf,EJzLP PuB aulBu o? pa{sB ara.r,t slra[qns Lreurrrd or Suolaq spalqns eql Jo tIUg aa"r8ap oqt
aqtr uaq.{r poq}eu alnpaqls aqtr w suop -auo tnocle tr"qtr :pua4 B at"f,rpur Laqt se -sanb aqr
-sanb go fuarrre puores eql 01 sasuodsa.r aql rBJosur ldaaxa $Insal ar{l }o sseulr"xe eqtr ur ,(ro8alec
q8norqr u^rou{ eururaq sdnor8 Lreurud-ruras lunof,slp o] pauII3uI aIB alvfs]lnsa.I [Link] ol epEur aJa
puz druurud eqt Jo azrs eqt Jo a8payr,[Link] qrns a.r,r8 o1 papadxa aq [Link] ?ou -uoc (tetur.r
plno.n pa(oldrua sanbruq2al aql roJ'Su1geq 's1cafqns e1n
aqr paullrapun ruac rad 94 ,#i;rf,i?il eJE spoqlau aJreuuorlsanb pue appaqf,s fueurrrd ;o
..'/v\eJ,, .,'JIeq,, ,.'lsout,, :spJo/rr 3urmo11o1 aql eqt Jo sllnsar lrexa tsourle erIJ) 'poqtaru ,(1asop se p
Jo auo Sururpapun Jo arroqf, aqt puq stca[ e1npagrs aqt uorJ pauruel uaur padnor8 os slcafqns a
-qns aqt reqr pasurqd os se/rt uopsenb aqa -un eq] Jo ]uer red 1p ar{l qrJ^r tuauraar8e saloJ elqrssor
'sdno,r8 Jo sraqruaur euref,aq oql,r raloq.r e sE asop [Link] ur sr q)rr{..lr (sasuodsar
uopupdod eqt Jo Sunlurqr 'saleurur Jo raq Lrolculsrtesun aql Surleurrulla (q patf,eJJo) -ua8 sr eq ,uJr
-urnu aluurlxo"rdde aqt ot se stra[qns eq] Jo uaqrlr tual "rad 17 ro) tuao rad 2,g piol 'sal"urur raqlc
uolurdo aql patsanbeJ aJreuuortsanb aqr Jo erreuuortsenb aqr ;o sasuodsar Lrer11os-srald -urrq ol .(Ituet
uortf,es B ur pepnlrur wall au6 'saldnor ur -ruof, pu" .fuulr1os-pras
aql 'l;o8alee ieql sl SFII :uDtr|l
ere^,r, }t pue srepuago a18urs [Link]* '1uar rad ur papnlrur Suraq srcafqns arruuuorlsanb
49 ro '18 asaqt Jo 'salnr Io suorlf,B4ur roJ 1o (sasuodsar fuotoeJsrtesun Surteururrla dq -le sr oq.4t ueu
tuerueuguor Lrelrlos ur [Link] uarrr 8eI petf,eJroJ uaqm,) luae rad 6t puu strralqns aqt Jo ldatxa
aJa^4. alaqt sqiuoru aaJqtr Jo poped e Sur epper{f,s aql }o tuac rad 0, 'tuulsuof, dlrr"J seJErIs JO U.r3rl
-JnO 'ouo ldarxa ,(rc1r1os ata/r IIB :ea( auo ere suortrErlgu dno"r8 [Link]"rd-rures aqt 'esr^4. ra,leu ,sJlEurur
0'00r NLI 0'00I t6 0'00r 18 IeloJ. 'sreqto asaqt q
I'6 9I G'q 9 g,ZT . 0I sasuodsell fuotcey pue uaru Jeqlo
-spesup ro alqeuonsan[ osle aq ,dnor8
c'c I (,b ,'c g (padnor8un) s1 aq a1rq1,1 '(
ua4 I^rergo5-al aldurog -ro; ,.l.u,n oqi 1
6'gg 69 C'CC Ig q',t8 8Z (padno.r8u61)
uary ,kef11os-guag
9'99 Z9 6'ri 6t ,,82 TZ (dnorg fuzrurld-nueg) 0'00I
sraquar\I dno.r3 6',t,
6'lr Ig I'9 I 1t 0'I z LT (dno:p d:zruu6) L'0t
srequreJ^[ anb113 7'LT
tru?J ,t?d .t?qunN 1u2c tad MqunN lu23 tad t2qlunN luaz tad Dq
IDlOJ ua141 wtal-Buo'7 uatr[ utarltoqs
fiqunuuog lDuad aqt u! szuo!?D!?WV p adnl
umo rlaqL 6utu.r.acuo3 arrcuuollsan, D o? salpwul 7lI to sasuodsag 'u aIqB,L -au tlaqJ uor
LZV S'TNOU' XIYI^INT "IYHUOIINI
428 THE PRISON COMMUNTTY

average. Increasing length of residence not themselves tend to become smaller as shown
only tends to reduce the number of primary in the data here presented on the size of
groups (Tables I and 2), but the groups primary groups.

36.

INEFFEC
as thera
in term
inferior
the crin
The so
interpe
have rc
vestigat
interac'
a seric
omissic

>SOUR
America
t o.27--2!,
Sociolog
1 FIatr

Horizon
1951, es
e Ken'
City, N
" J. /
York: I
a Mos
social s

Conttttt
1940; l
Commr
Associa
and E
Americ
577-58:
Social
47 (Mt
6
For
I\{oren
Ncrvot