1.

(a) Determine the Fourier series representation of the function:

2
f (x) = 1 − |x|, −π < x < π.
π
Hence, evaluate
∞
X 1
.
n=0
(2n + 1)2
(3+2 Marks) CO-2
Proof. Since f (x) is an even function, its Fourier series contains only cosine terms:
∞
a0 X
f (x) = + an cos(nx). (1 mark)
2 n=1

The coefficients are given by

1 π 1 π
Z Z
a0 = f (x) dx, an = f (x) cos(nx) dx, bn = 0.
π −π π −π
Z π Z π   
1 2 1 2 2
a0 = 1 dx − |x| dx = 2π − · π = 0.
π −π π −π π π
(0.5 mark)
For n ≥ 1,
2 π 2 π
Z   Z Z π
2x 4
an = 1− cos(nx) dx = cos(nx) dx − 2 x cos(nx) dx.
π 0 π π 0 π 0
Rπ
Since 0 cos(nx) dx = 0, we only need
Z π π
1 π
 Z
x sin(nx)
x cos(nx) dx = − sin(nx) dx.
0 n 0 n 0

1 − (−1)n
 
1 1 − cos(nπ)
= 0− =− .
n n n2
Thus
1 − (−1)n 4(1 − (−1)n )
 
4
an = − 2 − = .
π n2 π 2 n2
Hence an = 0 for even n, and for odd n = 2k + 1, (1 mark)

8
a2k+1 = .
π 2 (2k+ 1)2
2

Therefore, the Fourier series is

∞
8 X cos((2k + 1)x)
f (x) = 2 , −π < x < π. (0.5 mark)
π k=0 (2k + 1)2
Finally, setting x = 0 gives f (0) = 1, (1 mark)
As a result ∞
8 X 1
1= 2 .
π k=0 (2k + 1)2
Hence,
∞
X 1 π2
= .
k=0
(2k + 1)2 8
(1 mark) 
 3

(b) Find the Fourier sine transform of e−|x| .

R∞
Hence, evaluate 0 x sin1+x
x cos x
2 dx. (2+3 Marks) CO-1

Proof.
Z ∞
Let the Fourier sine transform be defined as Fs {f (x)}(ω) = f (x) sin(ωx) dx, ω > 0.
0

Since |x| is positive, on (0, ∞) it equals e−x . Thus

Z ∞
−|x|
Fs {e }(ω) = e−x sin(ωx) dx. (1 mark)
0

We use the standard formula

Z ∞
b
e−ax sin(bx) dx = , (a > 0),
0 a2 + b2
with a = 1, b = ω. Hence
ω
Fs {e−|x| }(ω) = . (1 mark)
1 + ω2
Use inversion formula for Fourier sine transform,
2 ∞ ω
Z
−x
e = sin(ωx) dw. (1 mark)
π 0 1 + ω2
Put x = 2 in above equation
4 ∞ ω
Z
−2
e = sin(ω) cos(ω) dw. (1 mark)
π 0 1 + ω2
Hence Z ∞
ω π
2
sin(ω) cos(ω) dw = e−2 . (1 mark)
0 1+ω 4

4

2. (a) Find the general integral of the partial di erential equation xzp + yzq = xy. (5
Marks) CO-2
Proof. We are asked to solve the partial differential equation
xzp + yzq = xy,
where
∂z ∂z
p=, q= .
∂x ∂y
The PDE can be written in the standard Lagrange form
P (x, y, z) p + Q(x, y, z) q = R(x, y, z),
with
P = xz, Q = yz, R = xy.
Thus, the Lagrange auxiluary equations are
dx dy dz
= = . (1 mark)
xz yz xy
From the first two ratios,
dx dy dx dy
= ⇒ = .
xz yz x y
Integrating, we get
y = C1 x (1.5 markS)
where C1 is arbitrary constant Now, compare the first and third ratios:
dx dz
= ⇒ y dx = z dz.
xz xy
But from Step 1, y = xC1 . Substituting,
x2 C 1 z 2 C2
Z Z
xC1 dx = z dz ⇒ = + ,
2 2 2
Therefore,
x2 C1 − z 2 = C2 , i.e., xy − z 2 = C2 , (1.5 markS)
where C2 is arbitrary constant. Hence, the required solution is
 
x 2
F , xy − z = 0,
y
where F is an arbitrary function. (1 mark)

 5

(b) Find the complete integral of the partial differential equation of

zpq = p + q . (5 Marks) CO-2

Proof. We consider the nonlinear PDE

∂z ∂z
F (x, y, z, p, q) = zpq − p − q = 0, p= , q= .
∂x ∂y
Charpit’s equations are
dx dy dz dp dq
= = = = , (0.5 mark)
Fp Fq pFp + qFq −Fx − pFz −Fy − qFz
where
Fp = zq − 1, Fq = zp − 1, Fx = Fy = 0, Fz = pq.
Thus the subsidiary system becomes
dx dy dz dp dq
= = = 2
= . (1 mark)
zq − 1 zp − 1 2pqz − p − q −p q −pq 2
From the last two ratios we get
dp dq dp dq
2
= =⇒ = 2
−p q −pq 2 2
pq pq
or equivalently  
p
q dp − p dq = 0 =⇒ d = 0.
q
Hence
p
= a (constant ). (1 mark)
q
We write p = aq with a a parameter.
Substitute p = aq into the PDE zpq = p + q. If q 6= 0,
z (aq) q = aq + q =⇒ zaq 2 = (a + 1)q.
Dividing by q gives
a+1 a+1
zaq = a + 1 =⇒ q= , p = aq = . (1 mark)
az z
Now dz = pdx + qdy gives us (0.5 mark)
Therefore
2(a + 1)
z 2 = 2(a + 1) x + y+b ,
a
with arbitrary constants a and b. (1 mark)

6

3. (a) Find the partial differential equation satisfied by the function

z = (x + y)φ(x2 − y 2 ),
where φ is an arbitrary function. (5 Marks) CO-2
Proof. We are given
z = (x + y) φ(x2 − y 2 ),
where φ is an arbitrary function.
Let
u = x2 − y 2 , φ = φ(u).
Then
z = (x + y)φ(u).
Now, compute the partial derivatives:
∂  ∂u
(x + y)φ(u) = φ(u) + (x + y)φ0 (u) ·

zx = ,
∂x ∂x
∂u z
= 2x, ⇒ zx = + 2x(x + y)φ0 (u). (1.5 marks)
∂x x+y
Similarly,
∂  ∂u
(x + y)φ(u) = φ(u) + (x + y)φ0 (u) ·

zy = ,
∂y ∂y
∂u z
= −2y, ⇒ zy = − 2y(x + y)φ0 (u). (1.5 marks)
∂y x+y
Eliminating φ0 (u) from above two equations, we get
yzx + xzy − z = 0. (2 marks)
Hence, the required partial differential equation is
yzx + xzy = z .

 7
(
2, for 0 < x < π;
(b) Express f (x) =
0, for x > π,
as a Fourier sine integral. Hence, evaluate
Z ∞
2 sin(x) − sin(2x)
dx.
0 x
(3+2 Marks) CO-2
Proof. Using Fourier sine integral formula, we have

2 ∞
Z Z ∞
f (x) = sin(ωx) f (t) sin(ωt) dt dω (1 mark)
π 0 0
2 ∞
Z Z π
= sin(ωx) f (t) sin(ωt) dt dω
π 0 0
π
4 π
Z 
cos(ωt)
= sin(ωx) − dω
π 0 ω 0
4 ∞ 1 − cos(ωπ)
Z
= sin(ωx) dω (1 mark)
π 0 ω
As a result,
Z ∞
1 − cos(ωπ) π
sin(ωx) dω = f (x) (1 mark)
0 ω 4
Put x = π in the above integral we get
Z ∞  
1 − cos(ωπ) π π 2+0
sin(ωπ) dω = f (π) = (0.5 mark)
0 ω 4 4 2
Z ∞
2 sin(ωπ) − sin(2ωπ) π
i.e., dω = (0.5 mark)
0 ω 2
Therefore
Z ∞
2 sin(x) − sin(2x) π
dx = (1 mark)
0 x 2