Unit 3
Here are detailed notes for UNIT III: Data Link Layer, structured for clarity and understanding:
UNIT III: Data Link Layer
Introduction to Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI model.
Responsible for node-to-node data transfer.
It converts data packets from the Network Layer into frames for transmission.
Provides error detection, flow control, and link management.
Data Encoding
Methods to convert data into signals for transmission.
Block coding: Converts groups of bits into code words.
Cyclic codes: Error detecting codes based on cyclic redundancy.
Checksum: Summarizes data to check integrity.
Framing
Organizes bits into frames before transmission.
Frames include header, payload, and trailer.
Channel Types
Noiseless Channels: Ideal channels with no error.
Noisy Channels: Real-world channels where errors can occur.
Transmission Modes
Asynchronous Transmission: Data sent one byte at a time with start/stop bits.
Synchronous Transmission: Continuous stream of data synchronized by clock.
Full Duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication.
Half Duplex: Alternate two-way communication.
Encoding Schemes
Methods like NRZ, Manchester encoding used to represent bits as signals.
Data Link Control and Flow Control
Stop and Wait Protocol: Sender sends one frame and waits for acknowledgment.
Sliding Window Protocol: Sender can send multiple frames before stopping.
Flow Control: Ensures the sender does not overwhelm receiver.
Error Detection Techniques
Parity Check: Simple error detection by adding parity bits.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Polynomial division based error detection.
Error Control Protocols
Stop and Wait ARQ: Resend frame if acknowledgment is not received.
Go-Back-N ARQ: Resend multiple frames if error detected.
Selective-Reject ARQ: Resend only erroneous frames selectively.
Data Link Control Protocols
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control): Widely used protocol for synchronous data
communication.
Other protocols: LAPB, PPP.
Summary Table: Error Control Protocols
Protocol Description
Stop and Wait ARQ Waits for ACK after each frame before sending next.
Go Back N ARQ Sends multiple frames; resends all after error frame.
Selective Reject ARQ Resends only frames identified as erroneous.
This completes detailed notes for UNIT III.
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