Subject : Analytical Geometry (2D)

Date of submission: 2082/02/30

Home Assignment –I

Transformation

1. Transform the equation (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑐 when the origin is

shifted to (𝑎 − 𝑐, 𝑏), axes remaining parallel.
2. . If the axes be turned through tan 2, what does the equation 4𝑥𝑦 −
3𝑥 = 𝑎 become?
3. Reduce the equation 2𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 by
transforming the axes so that the linear terms are missing.
4. What do you mean by invariants. By a rotation of axes without change in
origin, if the expression 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 reduces to 𝐴𝑋 + 2𝐻𝑋𝑌 +
𝐵𝑌 , then prove that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝑎𝑏 − ℎ = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐻 .
5. Prove that 𝑔 + 𝑓 is invariant of 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 under a rotation of axes without changing the origin.
6. What does the equation 2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 + 20𝑥 − 22𝑦 − 14 = 0
become when origin is shifted to (−2, −3) together with the rotation
through .
7. Find the point where the origin is to be shifted without change in
direction of axes so that the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 transforms into a one, in which linear terms are missing.
8. Find the angle of rotation of the axes so that the term containing 𝑥𝑦 from
the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0 can be removed.
9. Transform the equation 12𝑥 − 10𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 11𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 2 = 0 by
shifting the origin, axes remaining parallel so that it contains only second
degree terms.
10. By a suitable translation and rotation, transform the equation 8𝑥 +
4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑦 − 24𝑥 − 24𝑦 = 0 to the form + = 1.

Ellipse

1. Define ellipse. Obtain the equation of an ellipse in standard form.

2. What type of conic section is an ellipse? Define its foci, directrix and
eccentricity. Find the center, co-ordinates of foci, eccentricity and length
 of latus rectum and equation of directrix of the ellipse 9𝑥 + 5𝑦 −
30𝑦 = 0.
3. Find the center, eccentricity, length of axes, length of latus rectum, foci
of the ellipse 8(𝑥 − 1) + 6(𝑦 − 1) = 1 .
4. Prove that the sum of the focal distances of a point on any ellipse is equal
to the length of major axis of the ellipse.
5. Find the locus of the middle points of chords of an ellipse which are
drawn through the positive end of the minor axis.
6. Prove that the straight line joining any two points on an ellipse and the
straight line joining the corresponding points on the auxiliary circle meet
the major axis at the same point.
7. Find the condition for the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 to be a tangent to the ellipse
+ = 1.
8. Define auxiliary circle and eccentric angle of a point w.r.t the
ellipse + = 1. Find focus, directrix, latus rectum and eccentricity of
the ellipse 9𝑥 + 25𝑦 = 225..
9. Find the locus of the point of intersection of two tangents to an ellipse
which are perpendicular to each other. What is the nature of the locus?
10. Find the condition that the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 may be a normal to the
ellipse + = 1. Also, find the point at which this line is normal.
11. Find the condition that the line 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝 may touch the
ellipse + = 1.
12. Prove that the tangents at the ends of a focal chord of an ellipse intersect
on the directrix.
13. Define pole and polar w.r.t an ellipse. Derive the polar of the point (ℎ, 𝑘)
w.r.t the ellipse + = 1. Also find the pole of the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 =
0 w.r.t the ellipse.
14. Prove that the locus of the poles of normal chords of the ellipse + =

1 is the curve + = (𝑎 − 𝑏 ) .
15. Define diameter of an ellipse. Prove that the tangent at an extremity of
any diameter of an ellipse is parallel to the chords that bisect it.
 16. Define tangent and normal to a curve at a point. Find the point at which
the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 is normal to the ellipse + = 1. Also, find
the condition for the line to be a normal to the ellipse.
17. Prove that the polar of any point on the diameter of an ellipse is parallel
to to the conjugate diameter.
18. Prove that 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 − 𝑏𝑦 = 0 represents conjugate diameters of the
ellipse 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 1 for all values of h.

Hyperbola

1. Define rectangular hyperbola. Find the equation of a rectangular

hyperbola. Prove that the eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is √2.
Obtain the equation of a rectangular hyperbola in the form 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 ,
where c is a constant.
2. Define pole and polar of a hyperbola. Find the locus of poles of normal
chords of the hyperbola − = 1.
3. Prove that the equation of tangent to the rectangular hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 at
a point (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) on it is − = 2.
4. Prove that the difference of the focal distances of a point on a hyperbola
is equal to the length of transverse axis.
5. Define diameter of a hyperbola. The diameters of a hyperbola pass
through the origin. Why? Derive the equation of a diameter of the
hyperbola − = 1. How are conjugate diameters of a hyperbola differ
with the asymptotes of the hyperbola?
6. Find the axes, the co-ordinates of foci, the eccentricity and latus rectum
of the curve 4𝑥 − 9𝑦 = 36. Also, find the condition that the line
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 may be a tangent to the curve − = 1.

7. The polar of (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) and (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) w.r.t − = 1are at right angles.

Prove that + = 0.
8. Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola 2𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 0
and find the general equation of all hyperbola having the same
asymptotes.
9. Show that the locus of the poles w.r.t the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥of the
tangents to the hyperbola 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑎 is the ellipse 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4𝑎 .
 10. If 𝑒 and 𝑒 ′ be the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate, prove
that
i. + ′
= 1.
11. What is conic section? When does it become a hyperbola? Find the length
of axes, eccentricity, co-ordinates of foci, equation of directrix and length
of latus rectum of the hyperbola 6𝑥 − 25𝑦 = 400.
12. If 𝑒 and 𝑒 ′ be the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate
hyperbola, prove that + ′
= 1.
13. What type of conic section is a hyperbola? Define its foci, directrix and
eccentricity. Find the center, co-ordinates of foci, eccentricity and length
of latus rectum and equation of directrix of the hyperbola 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 =
30.
14. Find the center, eccentricity, foci and directrix of the hyperbola 9𝑥 −
16𝑥𝑦 + 18𝑦 + 32𝑦 − 151 = 0.
15. Find the condition that the line 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝 may be a tangent to
the hyperbola − = 1.
16. Find the locus of the foot of perpendicular from the center on any tangent
to the hyperbola − = 1.
17. Prove that the locus of the poles of normal chords of the hyperbola
− = 1 is − = (𝑎 + 𝑏 ) .

Polar Equation

1. Derive the equation of a conic in the form = 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃, where the

symbols have their usual meaning.
2. What is focal chord of a conic? In any conic, prove that the sum of the
reciprocal of the segments of any focal chord is constant.
3. Prove that the equation = 1 − 𝑒 cos 𝜃 and = −1 − 𝑒 cos 𝜃 represent
the same conic.
4. Prove that the equation = 1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃 and = −1 + 𝑒 cos 𝜃 represent
the same conic.
5. Prove that in any conic, semi latus rectum is harmonic mean between
the segments of any focal chord.
 6. If PSP' and QSQ' are two perpendicular focal chords of a conic, prove
that ′
+ ′
is constant, where S is the pole of the conic.

7. Find the equation of tangent at a point of the conic = 1 + cos 𝜃 whose

vectorial angle is α.
8. The tangents at P and Q of a parabola meet at T. Prove that 𝑆𝑇 =
𝑆𝑃. 𝑆𝑄, where S is the focus of the conic.
9. PSP' and QSQ' are perpendicular chords of a conic. Prove that +
.
is constant.
.
10. If PSQ and PS'R be two chords of an ellipse through the foci S and S',
show that + is independent of position of P.

General Second Degree Equation

1. Define tangent to a conic. Find the condition that the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 =

0 may be a tangent to the conic 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 =
0.
2. Find the center of the conic section 2𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6 = 0
and find its equation when origin is transformed to the center.
3. When does the equation 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
represents a parabola, an ellipse and a hyperbola? What conic does
14𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 11𝑦 − 44𝑥 − 58𝑦 − 71 = 0 represent?
4. What conic does the equation 12𝑥 − 23𝑥𝑦 + 10𝑦 − 25𝑥 + 26𝑦 −
14 = 0 represent? If possible, find its center and equation referred to the
center.
5. Define pole and polar w.r.t a conic. Find the equation of the polar of a
point (ℎ, 𝑘) w.r.t. a conic represented by 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 +
2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
6. What type of conic does the conic 3𝑥 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 + 10𝑥 − 13𝑦 + 8 =
0 represent? If possible, find its center and equation referred to the center.
7. Define normal to a curve. Find the equation of a normal at any point
(ℎ, 𝑘) of the conic 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
8. Find the nature of the conic represented by the equation 36𝑥 + 24𝑥𝑦 +
29𝑦 − 72𝑥 + 126𝑦 + 81 = 0 and trace it.
9. Find the center of the conic 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 21 = 0.
Also, find the equation of the conic referred to center as origin.
10. Find the equation of a tangent at a point (ℎ, 𝑘) of the conic represented by
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. Also, find the equation of
normal at that point.
11. If the center of the hyperbola 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 +
2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is (ℎ, 𝑘), prove that the pair of asymptotes are given by
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(ℎ, 𝑘).
12. Find the transformed equation of the curve 9𝑥 + +4𝑦 + 18𝑥 − 16𝑦 =
0 if the origin is shifted to (−1,2) without changing the direction of axes.
13. Derive the conditions for the general second degree equation in x and y
to represent a parabola, an ellipse and a hyperbola.
14. Define asymptotes of a conic. Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola
3𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 11𝑦 − 8 = 0 and its conjugate hyperbola.

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