SUGHAR SINGH ACADEMY
Swarn Jayanti Vihar, Kanpur
Physics PROJECT FILE
Class:12 Session:2025-26
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Shresth Dwivedi
➢Certificate
This is to certify that SHRESTH DWIVEDI, a student of Class 12, has successfully
completed the Physics project titled
“Magnetism And Matter”
As prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in partial fulfillment of
the curriculum of Chemistry for the academic session 2025–2026.
The project has been carried out under my guidance and supervision and is the original work
of the student.
Date: ___________ Signature of Teacher: ______________
Place: ___________ Name of Teacher: _______________
(Subject Teacher). School Stamp:
![Stamp Placeholder]
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➢Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics
teacher, , for their valuable guidance, support, and
encouragement throughout the completion of this project titled
"Magnetism And Matter"
I am also thankful to our school principal, [Principal's Name], for providing the opportunity
and necessary facilities.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents and friends for their continuous motivation and
help during the course of this project.
Lastly, I would like to thank the CBSE Board for including such practical learning
experiences in the curriculum.
> Name:- Shresth Dwivedi
Class: 12 Roll No: ___
School: Sughar Singh Academy
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➢Index
1. Introduction to Magnetism and Matter
2. Bar Magnet
3. Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid
4. Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Bar Magnet
5. Magnetic Field Lines
6. Torque on a Magnetic Dipole
7. Magnetic Properties of Materials
8. Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
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Physics Project
Topic:- Magnetism And Matter
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➢ Introduction to Magnetism And Matter
❖ Magnetism is a natural phenomenon associated with the motion of electric charges,
which produces magnetic fields.
❖ It explains how magnetic materials and magnets interact with each other and with
electric currents.
❖ Bar magnets are simple examples of magnetic objects with a north and south pole;
they produce magnetic field lines that travel from north to south outside the magnet.
❖ The Earth itself behaves like a giant bar magnet, with a magnetic field that protects
us from harmful solar radiation.
❖ A bar magnet can be compared to a solenoid (a coil of wire), as both produce
similar magnetic fields — this is called the equivalent solenoid concept.
❖ The chapter also covers magnetic dipoles and the torque they experience in a
magnetic field.
❖ Magnetic field intensity is studied along the axis and perpendicular to the axis of a
dipole.
❖ Materials are classified into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic based on
their magnetic behavior.
❖ Temperature affects magnetism — increasing temperature generally weakens the
magnetic properties of a material (Curie’s Law).
❖ This topic is important for understanding various real-life applications like electric
motors, compasses, MRI machines, and more
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➢ Bar Magnet
A bar magnet is a long, rectangular object made of a magnetic material like iron. It has two
poles—North (N) and South (S). The magnetic field of a bar magnet is strongest at the
poles and weakest at the center. When suspended freely, it aligns in the north-south
direction, showing Earth behaves like a giant magnet. Bar magnets follow magnetic laws
such as like poles repel and unlike poles attract. Magnetic field lines come out from the
north pole and go into the south pole, forming closed loops. These field lines indicate the
strength and direction of the magnet’s influence. Bar magnets are widely used in
compasses, electric motors, and magnetic locks. The field they create is similar to the field
of a solenoid, which is why they are often studied together.
📌 Diagram:
Bar magnet with magnetic field lines. Poles marked as N and S
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➢ Bar magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid
A solenoid is a long coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when current flows through
it. When you observe the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet, it appears similar to that
of a solenoid. This is why a bar magnet is said to be equivalent to a solenoid. Both generate
magnetic fields with similar properties—having north and south poles, and forming curved
magnetic field lines that emerge from the north pole and enter the south pole. Internally, the
field lines are almost straight and uniform, while outside they are curved. Though a bar
magnet produces a permanent magnetic field and a solenoid produces a temporary one
(with electric current), their field patterns remain quite similar. This qualitative comparison
helps us understand the nature of magnetic fields using simpler concepts from
electromagnetism.
📌 Diagram:
Bar magnet and solenoid field comparison.
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➢ Magnetic Field Intensity Due To A Bar Magnet
The magnetic field produced by a bar magnet can be studied at two main positions: along the
axial line (axis) and along the equatorial line (perpendicular to axis).
On the axial line, the magnetic field is stronger and points away from the north pole and toward
the south pole.
On the equatorial line, the field is weaker and directed opposite to that on the axis.
Although we are not using formulas here (since it's qualitative), it’s important to understand
that the field strength depends on the distance from the magnet and the position. These
properties are crucial in studying magnetic dipoles and their interaction with other fields.
Understanding field patterns helps in designing magnetic devices like MRI machines, sensors,
and electric motors.
📌 Diagram:
Magnetic field on axis and equator of bar magnet
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➢ Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines used to represent the magnetic force around a
magnet. They help visualize how the magnetic force behaves in space. The lines emerge
from the north pole and enter the south pole outside the magnet, and continue through the
magnet from south to north, forming closed loops.
Key characteristics of magnetic field lines include:
• They never intersect.
• Their density indicates the strength of the magnetic field.
• They are closer near the poles (stronger field) and spread out away from them
(weaker field).
• The direction of these lines gives the direction of the force experienced by the north
pole of a test magnet. These field lines are fundamental in understanding how
magnets interact and how electromagnetic devices like transformers and inductors
work.
📌 Diagram:
Bar magnet with complete magnetic field lines
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Torque on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field
A magnetic dipole is a system with two equal and opposite magnetic poles, like a bar
magnet. When a dipole is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque
(twisting force) that tends to align the magnet with the external field. The torque is
maximum when the dipole is perpendicular to the field and zero when it's aligned.
This concept is used in magnetic compasses, where the needle (a small magnet) aligns itself
along the Earth’s magnetic field. The direction of the torque depends on the relative
orientation of the dipole and the magnetic field.
Understanding torque on a magnetic dipole helps in the design of various electromagnetic
instruments like galvanometers, electric motors, and magnetic sensors.
📌 Diagram:
Dipole in magnetic field showing torque direction
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➢ Magnetic Properties of Materials
Materials respond differently to magnetic fields and are classified as:
1. Diamagnetic Materials
Weakly repelled by magnetic fields
No permanent magnetism
Examples: Copper, Bismuth
2. Paramagnetic Materials
Weakly attracted by magnetic fields
Temporary alignment of dipoles
Examples: Aluminium, Platinum
3. Ferromagnetic Materials
Strongly attracted to magnets
Have permanent dipoles even without an external field
Examples: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
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These properties arise from the arrangement and spin of electrons in atoms. Ferromagnetic
materials are used in making permanent magnets, while paramagnetic and diamagnetic
materials are useful in magnetic shielding, sensors, and scientific equipment.
📌 Diagram:
Table comparing types of magnetic materials
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➢ Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Properties
Temperature greatly influences the magnetic behavior of materials. As the temperature
increases, the thermal energy causes the magnetic dipoles in the material to become
disordered. This reduces the magnetic strength.
For ferromagnetic materials, there is a specific temperature called the Curie temperature,
above which the material loses its ferromagnetic property and becomes paramagnetic. This
means it can no longer retain permanent magnetism and behaves like a weak magnet.
For example, iron loses its magnetism above 770°C (its Curie point). This concept is
essential in designing magnets for machines and electronics where heat is involved. By
controlling temperature, scientists can control the magnetic state of materials in sensors and
storage devices.
📌 Diagram:
Graph showing magnetism vs temperature
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➢ Conclusion
This project gave me insights into the nature of magnetism and its interaction with
matter. I learned about bar magnets, solenoids, and different types of magnetic
materials. Understanding the effects of temperature and magnetic fields helped me
connect physics with real-life applications.
➢ Bibliography
• NCERT Physics Textbook – Class 12
• CBSE Syllabus 2025–26
• Physics Reference Book – Pradeep
• [Link]
• [Link]
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