Sources of Water 1. Rain Water 2. Surface Water 3. Ground Water 4, Water obtained from reeamation How the water able looks in oross section of land surface water Water table 1. Rain water 1. From the roofs of the houses and dwellings ~ collected and stored in underground tank or cistern for individual supply b. From Prepared catchments ~ given a suitable lining and slope, collected in reservoirs for community suppl Surface Water From rivers by continuous draft ~ without any diversion works. From river diversions- routed through canal into treatment plant From reservoir storage 4, From direct intake from natural lakes 3. Ground Water ‘2. From natural springs ', From wells and bore wells cc. From infiltration galleries 4, From riverside radial collector wells 4. Water obtained from reclamation ‘8. Desalination b, Revuse of treated waste waterRivers in India » India is blessed th many rivers. Land slope determines the river to which the rain falling on an area will eventually flow. A river basin, also called catchment area of the river, is the area from which the rain will flow into that particular river. The shape and size of the river basin is determined by the topography. Following are the major river basins groups in India » Indus system This comprises the river Indus and its tributaries like the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. These originate in the North and generally flow in a West or South-West direction to eventually flow into Arabian Sea through Pakistan » Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana system, ‘The main river Ganga and its tributaries like the Yamuna, Sone, Gandak, Kosi and many others; similarly main rivers Brahmaputra, Meghna and their tributaries. All these eventually flow into Bay of Bengal, through Bangladesh. Some of the tributaries of these rivers are larger than other independent rivers. e.g. Yamuna, a tributary of Ganga, has a larger catchment area than the Tapi, a small peninsula river » Rivers of Rajasthan and Gujrat Mahi, Sabarmati, Luni ete. These are rivers of arid regions, they carry relatively little flow, some of them flow to Arabian Sea through Gujrat while some are land-locked and their flow is lost through percolation and evaporation in the vast arid regions. ) East Flowing Peninsular Rivers ‘The important membes of this group are :Damodar, Mahanadi, Brhamanai, Baitrani, ‘Subarnarekha, Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri, The all flow in to Bay of Bengal at va places along the Eastern coast of India. jous ) West Flowing Peninsular Rivers ‘Narmada and Tapi. These originate in Central India and flow in a Western direction to meet Arabian Sea south of Gujrat > Western Coast Rivers A large number of rivers in the Western Coast ~ ie. coastal Maharashtra and Karnatka, ind entire Kerala, These rivers are small in length but carry a significant amount of water due to very high rainfall in western ghats, They drain only 3 % of the India’s land area but carry 11 % of India’s water resources.Uses of Water Productive use: water is primarily used for irrigation of food crops, fodder crops, medicinal herbs, etc. Consumptive use: water is consumed in exhaustive quantities for domestic purposes such as drinking, cooking, washing etc. water find its application in almost all the processes in industries, starting from the manufacturing processes to housekeeping activities. Commercial use: Water consumed for carrying out commercial and recreational acti Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. The framework for allocating water resources to water users (where such a framework exists) is known as water rights » Agricultural: It is estimated that 69% of world-wide water use is for irrigation. In some areas of the world irrigation is necessary to grow any crop at all, in other areas it permits more profitable crops to be grown or enhances crop yield. » Industrial It is estimated that 15% of world-wide water use is industrial, Major industrial users include power plants, which use water for cooling or as a power source (i.e. hydroelectric plants), ore and oil refineries, which use water in chemical processes, and manufacturing plants, which use ‘water as a solvent, The portion of industrial water usage that is consumptive varies widely, but as a whole is lower than agricultural use » Household Drinking water It is estimated that 15% of world-wide water use is for household purposes. These include drinking water, bathing, cooking, sanitation, and gardening. Basic household water requiremer have been estimated at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens. » Recreation Recreational water use is usually a very small but growing percentage of total water use. Recreational water use is mostly tied to reservoirs. If a reservoir is kept fuller than it would otherwise be for recreation, then the water retained could be categorized as recreational usage. Other examples are anglers, water skiers, nature enthusiasts and swimmers.2. **Indian Water Resources"*: ~ India is endowed with diverse water resources, including rivers, lakes, groundwater, and seasonal monsoon rains, - The major rivers in India, such asthe Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, and Godavari, play a crucial role in supporting agriculture, industry, and livelihoods. - Groundwater is a vital source of water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use, particularly in regions where surface water availability is limited. - India’s water resources face various challenges, including overexploitation, pollution, inter-state water disputes, inefficient irrigation practices, and inadequate infrastructure for water storage and distribution. - Sustainable management and equitable allocation of water resources are essential to address these challenges and ensure water security for India’s geowing population.2. Peninsular Component In this component a network of interconnected river basins of Peninsular India is considered. NWDA carried out ter balance studies of all the major river basins such as Mahanadi , Godavari , Krishna ,Pennar , Cauvery , Va West flowing rivers of Kerala . Kamataka , North of Bombay and South of Tapi and Southern tributaries of Yamuna to find out water surplus and deficit basins. The 16 links of Peninsular component are given below TS Mahanadi (Manibhadra) - | [Link] _(Kattalai Godavari Vaigai - Gundar Link (Dowleswaram) Link [Link] (Inchampalli) - Krishna | [Link] - Betwa Link (Nagarjunasagar) Link [Link] (Inchampalli Low Dam) Krishna | [Link] - kalisindh Link (Nagarjunasagar Tail pond) Link [Link] (Polavaram) - Krishna | [Link]-Tapi - Narmada (Vijayawada Link) [Link] (Almaitiy - [Link] - Pinjal Pennar (Bukkapatnam) Link Hak [Link] (Srisailam) rennar—_ (Mylavaram | [Link] - Varda Link )Link 21-Krishna [Link] - Hemavathi (Nagarjunasagar) rik Pennar (Somasila)Link [Link] (Somasila) ~ Cauvery (Grand Anicut) k [Link]-Achankovil — - Vaippar Link ) From Peninsular Component itis possible to irrigate about 13 M Ha and about 4000 MW of Hydropower can be generated. The Peninsular component utilizes 69.6 TMCum of ‘water. This component involves the construction of storage reservoirs at potential sites in addition to the existing /ongoing reservoirs and a network of canals for water transfer(1) Himalayan component and (2) Peninsular component. 1, Himalayan Component This component mainly proposes to link Brahmaputra and its tributaries with the river Ganga and Ganga with Mahanadi. In additior also proposes to transfer surplus flows of the Eastern tributaries of Ganga to the West. This component envisages construction of canal systems and storage reservoirs on the principal tributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers in India, Nepal and Bhutan. This component would provide additional irrigation to about 22 MHa and power generation of about 30000 MW besides flood control in Brahmaputra and Ganga basins ‘Table 4: Himalayan Component T Brahmaputra-Ganga | 6 Yamuna-Rajastana 2kosi-Ghagra 7 Rajastana-Sabaramati 3 Gandak-Ganga 8 Chemar- Sone barrage link 4Ghagra- Yamuna | 9 Sone dam-southern Ganga 3 Sarada-Yamuna 10 Ganga Damodar — Subernarekha TiSubernarekha- 13 Farakka-Sunderban Mahanadi 12 Kosi-Mechi 14 Brahmaputra-Ganga(Jogighopa- Tista-Farakka)Inter Basin Water Transfer ‘The concept of the Inter basin water transfer is to be explored and implemented to ensure uniform distribution of available natural water resource and to mitigate the consequences of extremes of floods and droughts, hydrologic ‘The implementation of Inter basin water transfer is the need of the hour for the overall development of a country like Ind in which population is growing at an alarming rate. Also the Inter basin water transfer helps to prev Ye and nt the formation of deltas along the coast Ii migration of people from drought affected region In India the monsoons are highly orographic causing floods in North and North Eastern region and drought in other areas. The solution for storage and transfer ties in much talked about terlinking of rivers or inter ba: n water transfer. As the Govt. of India is spending huge amount of money every year towards the relief of floods and drought, it is worthwhile to spend on inter basin and intra basin water transfer schemes keeping long term benefits in view. Moreover the ier basin water transfer is the only solution to maintain regional balance in all sectors like Agricultural, Industrial, Power generation, Domestic, Navigation ete Examples of Inter basin water transfer in India » Periyar - Vaigai project (Kerala state 1985) » Kurnool ~ - Cuddapah Canal ( Andhra Pradesh 1863-1870) ) Parambikulam - Aliyar project (1962-82) ) Telugu —- Ganga project » Beas —- Sutlej Link (1983) » Indira Gi ndhi Nahar project ( Rajasthan canal, 1958) » Sarada - Sahayak Project (1960 ) ) Ramganga ~ - Ganga Link (1978) ) Tungabhadra ~ - Pennar project“Merits of Inter Basin Water Transfer 1. Possible to wilize the water resources uniformly and economically to yield Significant output 2. Enhancement in tsigation potenal and power generation 3. Provides ample surface water to meet the growing ne fof Domes i and Inds, 4, Scopes fr Inland Navigation which reduces stress on existing communication system, intensity of drought and foods. 6, Itholp o increase per capita income 7. Reduces the exploitation of ground water as surface water is made available in abundant 8. Hugeemployment generation 9. Development of fisheries 10, Salinity contro! 11, Recreation facility 12, nfastractural development 13, Soxio eccnomie development 14, Considerable improvement inground water potential 13/21 15. Congo in migration 16, Comersion of tre land nto cuivble hand 17. Reduction in formation ffrher dels in coastal zone. 18 Mininizaion ofthe rit expends towards floods nd oasis [Note explain each point in your own words in a sentence or twa} Demerits of Inter Basin Water Transfer 1. Large area liable fr submersion dv to constroction of reservoirs and canals Adverse efects over ecological system 3. Difficult to solve Interstate or International water dsputes 4. Legal problem in sharing the water 5. Costof the projet and recurring expenditure for maintenance are high 6, Water pollution in conveyance Los of water in conveyance through the canals 8. Land acquisition and rehabilitation problemsGround Water Ground water is the water that seeps through rocks and soil and is stored below the ground. The rocks in which ground water is stored are called aquifers, Aquifers are typically made up of gravel, sand, sandstone or limestone, Water moves through these rocks because they have large connected spaces that make them permeable. The area where water fills the aquifer is called the saturated zone. The depth from the surface at which ground water is found is called the water table. The water table can be as shallow as a foot below the ground or it can be a few hundred meters deep. Heavy rains can cause the water table to rise and conversely, continuous extraction of ground water can cause the level to fallound Water Potential in India 1 Hard-rock aquifers of peninsular India: ‘These aquifers represent around 65% of India's overall aquifer surface area Most of them are found in central peninsular Indi here land is typically underlain by hard-rock formations. These rocks give ri 10 a complex and extensive lowstorage aquifer system, where in the water level tends to drop very rapidly once the water table falls by more than 2-6 These are located south of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains and consist mostly of ‘consolidated sedimentary rocks, Deccan Trap basalts and crystalline rocks in the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Kerala Occurrence and movement of ground water in these formations are restricted (0 weathered residuum and interconnected fractures at deeper levels and they have limited ground water potential. The rocks are commonly weathered to a depth of 30m under the tropical conditions in central and southern part of the peninsular region Grou water occurs mainly in the weathered and fractured zones of rocks, within depth of less than 50m, occasionally down to 100m, and rarely below this depth. Locally deep circulation of gro lcated, as instanced by striking solution cavities or 1d water develoy is largely through dug wells. ‘The valley fils in this region are often dependable sources of water supply. The yield of wells tapping deeper fractured zones in hard rocks varies from 2-10 Ips. Alluvial aquifers of the Indo-Gangetie plains: ‘These aquifers, found in the Gangetic and Indus plains in Northern India have significant storage spaces, and hence are a valuable source of fresh water supply, However, due to excessive ground water extraction and low recharge rates, these quifers are at the tisk of irreversible overexploitation This region encompasses an area of about 850,000 sq km covering states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and West Bengal, accounting for more than one fourth of country’s land area, comprises the vast plains of Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers and are underlain by thick piles of sediments of Tertiary and Quatemary age,3. Northern Mountainous Terrain and Hilly areas: The highly rugged mountainous terrain in the Himalayan region in the northern part of the country extending from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh is characterized by steep slopes and high runoff, ‘* This region is underlain mostly by rocks such as granites, slate, sandstone and lime stone ranging in age from Paleozoic to Cenozoic. The yield potential ranges from 1 to 40 Ips. Though this area offers very little scope for groundwater storage, it acts as the mT major source of recharge for the vast Indo-Gangetic and Brahmaputra I plains 4. Coastal Area * Coastal areas have a thick cover of alluvial deposits of Pleistocene to Recent age and form potential multi-aquifer systems in the states of Gujarat, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, © However, inherent quality problems and the risk of seawater ingress impose severe constrains in the development of these aquifers,