Class Notes: Cell Structure & Function
1. Introduction
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Two major types: prokaryotic (no nucleus) and eukaryotic (nucleus
present).
2. Prokaryotic Cells
Found in bacteria and archaea.
Simple structure:
o No membrane-bound organelles.
o DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.
o Surrounded by a cell wall (in most species).
3. Eukaryotic Cells
Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Contain membrane-bound organelles.
Key Organelles:
Nucleus – stores DNA, controls cell activities.
Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
o Rough ER: with ribosomes, makes proteins.
o Smooth ER: makes lipids, detoxifies.
Golgi Apparatus – modifies and ships proteins/lipids.
Lysosomes – digest waste and cellular debris.
Chloroplasts (plants only) – site of photosynthesis.
Vacuoles – storage of water and nutrients (large in plants).
4. Plasma Membrane
Made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins.
Selectively permeable: controls what enters/exits the cell.
5. Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
6. Study Tips
Draw diagrams of plant vs. animal cells.
Remember: "Mitochondria = Powerhouse" (energy), "Nucleus = Control
center."
Flashcards can help with organelle functions.