Lilavatibai Podar High School ISC
Academic Year : 2024-25
Notes :- Electromagnetic Spectrum
DEVIATION
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H
In a prism the separation of colors is observed as the refracting surfaces are inclined at a particular
angle.
In rectangular glass slab the refracting surfaces are parallel to each other so the rays get laterally
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displaced.
Dispersion : The phenomenon of splitting of white light by a prism into its constituent
colors is known as dispersion.
Spectrum : The band of colors obtained on screen on passing white light through prism
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
The orderly distribution of Electromagnetic radiations or waves according to
their wavelength or frequency is called “Electromagnetic Spectrum”
Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Visible Spectrum : The portion of the spectrum which lies between the red
and the violet regions is the Visible Spectrum
2. Invisible Spectrum : The part of the spectrum beyond the red and the violet ends is
called the Invisible Spectrum
3. Infrared Spectrum : The portion of the spectrum just beyond the red end is called
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the Infrared Spectrum
4. Ultraviolet Spectrum : The portion of the spectrum just before the violet end is
called Ultraviolet spectrum
H Electromagnetic Spectrum in the increasing order of their wavelengths (or in the
decreasing order of their frequencies) is given below:
1)
2)
3)
Gamma Rays :- less than 0.1 Å
X-Rays :- 0.1 Å to 100 Å
Ultraviolet Rays :- 100 Å to 4000 Å
4) Visible Light :- 4000 Å to 8000 Å
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5) Infrared Radiations :- 8000 Å to 107 Å
6) Microwaves :- 107 Å to 1011 Å
7) Radio Waves :- more than 1011 Å
Properties Common to all ElectroMagnetic waves
They do not require any material medium for their propagation.
They all travel with the same speed in vacuum (or air) which is same as the speed of light
3 x 108 m s-1 .
They exhibit the properties of reflection & refraction.
These waves are not affected by the electric and magnetic fields.
These waves are the transverse waves
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USES
1. Gamma :
Used to cure cancer cells during radiotherapy.
Used in industries to check welding.
Used to sterilize medical bandages , syringes , needles etc.
2. X - rays :
To detect fracture in bones.
Used in CAT scan.
For studying atomic arrangement in crystals.
Used by detective agencies to detect concealed precious metals.
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3. Microwaves :
Used for satellite communications
Used for analysis of atomic and molecular structures .
For cooking in microwave ovens
HRadar communications.
4. Radio Waves :
Used for radar communications
Used for radio and television transmission.
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5. Visible light :
For photography
In photosynthesis
To see objects around us.
Detail study of other electromagnetic spectrum
1. UltraViolet Radiations :
A] Sources :
1. The electric arc and sparks give ultraviolet radiation.
2. A mercury vapor lamp with quartz envelope emits light, major part of
which is the ultraviolet radiation.
3. Sun is also a source of UV radiations
4. A quartz prism is used to obtain the spectrum of the
ultraviolet radiations as they are not absorbed by quartz,
whereas ordinary glass absorbs the UV light
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B] METHODS OF DETECTION :
1. If silver chloride solution is exposed to EM waves starting from red to
violet, then it is observed that from red to violet it remains unaffected.
But beyond violet id first becomes violet and then dark brown.
2. By chemical activity on dyes and photographic plates.
3. By using a quartz prism because glass prism absorbs it.
C ] Properties :
1. They have wavelengths in the range of 100 Å to 4000 Å.
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2. They cause fluorescence when they strike the fluorescent
materials such as zinc sulphide.
3. They strongly affect the photographic plate as they are
H chemically more active.
D ] USES :
1. For sterilizing purposes.
2. For detecting the purity of gems, eggs, ghee, etc.
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3. In producing vitamin D in food of plants and animals.
2. Infrared Radiations :
A ] Scoures :
1. All heated bodies such as a heated iron ball, flame, fire, etc.
2. The sun is the natural source of infrared radiations.
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B] Methods of Detection :
1. A blackened bulb thermometer is moved from violet towards the red end of
visible spectrum, it is observed that the temperature increases slowly.
But beyond red light the temperature increases faster.
2. A thermopile is used for detection. A galvanometer connected
with the thermopile shows deflection when infrared radiations
fall on it.
3. Spectrum of infrared radiations is obtained by using a rock salt
prism because glass prism absorbs the infrared radiations and
rock salt does not.
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C] PROPERTIES :
1. They are absorbed by glass, but they are not absorbed by
rock-salt.
H 2. They are detected by their heating property using a
thermopile or a blackened bulb thermometer. Its may
cause skin burns.
3. They are less scattered by the atmosphere because of their long
wavelength. So they can penetrate deep into the atmosphere
even in fog.
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D] USES:
1. Used in photography at night and also in mist and fog
because they are not much scattered, so they can penetrate
appreciably through it.
2. Used in remote control of television & other gadgets.
3. For therapeutic purposes by doctors.
4. Infrared lamps are used in dark rooms to develop
photographs since they do not affect the photographic film
chemically, but they provide some visibility .
5. They are used as signals during war as they are not visible
and they are not absorbed much in the medium.
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SCATTERING
Definition :
Scattering is the process of absorption and then re-emission of
light energy.
Note :
1. The intensity of scattered light is found to be inversely
proportional to the fourth power of wavelength of light i.e.
I ∞ 1/λ4
2. The wavelength of violet light is the least (= 4000 A) and
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that of the red light is the most (= 8000 A), therefore, from,
the incident white light.
3. Violet Light is scattered the most and the Red Light is
H scattered the least.
4. Violet Light is scattered nearly sixteen times more than the
Red Light.
5. If the size of air molecules or dust particles is bigger than
the wavelength of incident light, the intensity of scattered
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light is the same for all wavelengths of white light.
Effects of Scattering of Light
1. Red colour of sun at Sunrise and Sunset.
2. White colour of Sky at Noon
3. Blue colour of Sky
4. Black colour of Sky in absence of atmosphere
5. White colour of Clouds
6. Use of Red Light for the Danger Signal