INPUT DESIGN PARAMETER

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION UNIT VALUE

ρ Soil Resistivity Ω-m 38.00
ρS Surface Layer Resistivity Ω-m 3000
L Grid Length M 70.08
W Grid Width M 27.20
A Total area enclosed by ground M2 1906.18
h Depth of ground grid conductors M 0.60
D Spacing between two parallel conductors M 4.0
nR Number of rods placed in the area Number 34
Df Decrement Factor for determining IG 1.026
Isc Symmetrical Fault Current in substation for conductor sizing A 31500
hS Surface Layer thickness(Thickness of Gravel) M 0.15
TCAP Termal capacity per unit volume
K J/(cm3. °C) 3.80
Ref. from Table-1 of IEEE-80-2013 Guide in J/(cm3. °C)
tc Duration of Fault current for sizing ground conductor sec 1
ts Duration of shock for determining the body current sec 0.5

OUTPUT DESIGN PARAMETER

Dm Maximum distance between any two points of the grid M To be calculate

Step Voltge between a point above the outer corner of the grid and a point
ES V To be calculate
1m diagonally outside the grid for the smplified method
EStep70 Tolerable step voltage for human with 70kg body weight V To be calculate
ETouch70 Tolerable touch voltage for human with 70kg body weight V To be calculate
CS Surface Layer Derating factor To be calculate
d Diameter of grid conductor M To be calculate
IG Maximum grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding eath A To be calculate
(including DC
Corrective offset) factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth,
weighting
Kh To be calculate
simplified method
Ki Correction factor for grid geometry, simplified method To be calculate
Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effect of inner conductors on
Kii To be calculate
the corner mesh, simplified method
Km Spacing factor for mesh voltage To be calculate
KS Spacing factor for step voltage To be calculate
LC Total length of grid conductor M To be calculate
LM Effective length of LC+LR for mesh voltage M To be calculate
LR Total length of Ground rod M To be calculate
Lr Length of ground rod at each location M To be calculate
LS Effective length of LC+LR for step voltage M To be calculate
LT Total effective length of grounding system conductor, including grid and M To be calculate
Lx ground
Maximum rods
length of grid conductor in x direction M To be calculate
Ly Maximum length of grid conductor in y direction M To be calculate
n Geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc,nd To be calculate
Rg Resistance of the grounding system Ω To be calculate

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B. REFERANCE TABLE FROM IEEE-80-2013
B.1 TABLE-1 & 2 FOR MATERIAL CONSTANT

Material αr factor at K0 factor at Fusing Temp. ρr at 20°C TACP thermal

Material Description 3 Kf
Conductivity 20°C (1/°C) 0°C (0°C) Tm (°C) (μΩ-cm) capacity [J/(cm .°C)

Copper, annealed soft-drawn 100.0 0.00393 234 1083 1.72 3.4 7.00
Copper, commercial hard-drawn 97.0 0.00381 242 1084 1.78 3.4 11.78
Copper clad steel wire 40.0 0.00378 245 1084 4.40 3.8 10.45
Copper clad steel wire 30.0 0.00378 245 1084 5.86 3.8 12.06
Copper clad steel rod 17.0 0.00378 245 1084 10.10 3.8 14.64
Aluminium clad steel wire 20.3 0.00360 258 657 8.48 3.56 17.26
Steel 1020 10.8 0.00377 245 1510 15.90 3.8 18.39
Stainless clad steel rod 9.8 0.00377 245 1400 17.50 4.4 14.72
Zinc-coated steel rod 8.6 0.00320 293 419 20.10 3.9 28.96
Stainless steel 304 2.4 0.00130 749 1400 72.00 4.0 30.05

B.2 TABLE-7 FOR TYPICAL SURFACE MATERIAL RESISTIVITIES

Resistivity of sample Ω-m
No Description of surface material (U.S state where found)
Dry Wet

1 Crusher run granite with fines ( N.C ) 140 X 106 1300 (Ground water, 45 100 Ω.M)
2 1.5 in ( 0.04M ) crusher run granite with fines 4000 1200 ( Rain Water, 100 W )
3 0.75-1 in (0.02 -0.025 M ) granite (Calif) with fines 6513 ( 10 min after 45 100 Ω.M water
4 # 4 ( 1-2 in ) ( 0.025 -0.05m ) washed granite (Ga) 1.5 x106 to 4.5 x 106 5000 ( Rain Water 100 Ω.M)
5 # 3 ( 2-4 in ) ( 0.05 -0.1m ) washed granite (Ga) 2.6 x106 to 3 x 106 10000 ( Rain Water 100 Ω.M)
6 Size Unknown, Washed limestone (Mich) 7 x106 2000 - 3000 ( Ground Water 45 Ω.M)
7 Washed granite,Similar to 0.75 in (0.02m) gravel 2 x106 10000
8 Washed granite,Similar to pea gravel 40 x106 5000
# 57 ( 0.75 in ) ( 0.02 ) washed granite ( N.C )
9 190 x106 8000 ( Ground Water 100 Ω.M)
10 Asphalt 2 x106 to 30 x 106 10 000 to 6 x 106
11 Concrete 1 x106 to 1 x 109 21 to 100

B.3 TABLE-10 FOR TYPICAL VALUES OF FAULT DURATION AND DECREMENT FACTOR

Fault Duration, tf Decrement Factor, Df

Seconds Cycles at 60Hz X/R=10 X/R=20 X/R=30 X/R=40
0.00833 0.50 1.576 1.684 1.675 1.688
0.05 3.00 1.232 1.378 1.462 1.515
0.10 6.00 1.125 1.232 1.316 1.378
0.20 12.00 1.064 1.125 1.181 1.232
0.30 18.00 1.043 1.085 1.125 1.163
0.40 24.00 1.033 1.064 1.095 1.125
0.50 30.00 1.026 1.052 1.077 1.101
0.75 45.00 1.018 1.035 1.052 1.068
1.00 60.00 1.013 1.026 1.039 1.052

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 C. FORMULAS USED IN CALCULATION

C.1 Fault current due to Single line to ground (L-G) fault Fault current due to line to line to ground (L-L-G) fault
E E. X 2
I0  ………(1) I0  ……………..(2)
3R f  R1  R2  R0  j ( X 1  X 2  X 0 ) X 1 . X 2  X 0   ( X 2  X 0 )

Where,
I0 = Zero sequence Fault current in Amp. R0= Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω
E = Phase to Neutral voltage in Volt X1= Positive sequence equivalent system reactance
Rf = Estimated resistance of fault in ohm (subtransient) in Ω
( Normally assumed to be 0 Ω ) X2= Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
R1= Positive sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω X0= Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
R2= Negative sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω

C.2 Conductor Sizing

1 … (3) Where,
A mm 2  I 
 TCAP  10  4   K 0  Tm  I = RMS current in kA
  ln  
Amm = Conductor cross section in mm2
 tc   r   r   K 0  Ta 
Tm = Maximum allowable temp in °C
Ta = Ambient temp in °C
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C Tr = Referance temp for material constant in °C
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm α0 = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at 0°C in 1/°C
K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C tc = Duration of current in seconds
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume from Table-1 of IEEE-80 Guide in J/(cm3. °C)
Formula for English units:
Where,
Akcmil  I .K f . t c………..(4) Akcmil= Area of conductor in kcmiltc = Current duration in seconds
I = rms Fault current in kA Kf = Constant from Table-2 in IEEE-80 for the material at
various values of Tm and using ambient temp (Ta) at 40°C
C.3 Reflection Factor between two different material
   s  Where,
K   
   s ……(5) ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m
ρs = Surface material resistivity in Ω-m
C.4 Surface layer derating factor

0.091    s  Where,
Cs  1  ……(6) Cs= Surface layer derating factor
2hs  0.09
hs = Thickness of the surface material in m
C.5 Step and Touch Voltage
For 50 Kg body weight For 70 Kg body weight Where,

0.157 ts = Duration of shock in seconds

0.116
E step50  1000  6C s   s  E step70  1000  6C s   s 
ts ….(7) t s…….(8)
0 . 116
E touch 50  1000  1 . 5 C s   s 
0.157
Etouch70  1000  1.5C s   s  …………(10)
t s ………(9) ts

C.6 Ground Resistance Where,

   Rg = Substation ground resistance in Ω
 1 1  1 
Rg    1   …..(11) ρ = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m
LT 20  A  1  h 20 

  A  LT = Total buried length of conductor in m
h = Depth of grid in m
A = Area occupied by the ground grid in m2

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 C. FORMULAS USED IN CALCULATION

FORMULAS USED IN CALCULATION………………………..contd.

C.7 Maximum Grid Current

Where,
I G  D f .S f .3I 0
………..(12) IG = Maximum grid current in A
Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds
Sf = Fault current division factor
I0 = Zero sequence fault current

C.8 Mesh Voltage Where,

1   D2 (D  2.h) 2 h  Kii  8  Kii = 1 for grid with ground rods along the
Km  ln     .ln 
2  16.h.d 8.D.h 4.d  K h  2.n  1 …..(13)  1 perimeter or at grid corners
2.n 2 / n as well as both
Where,
n  n a .nb .nc .nd for Grid with no ground rods or few

Kh  1 h
h0 , h0 = 1m for grid reference depth
[Link]
Where, na  Lp
Lp nb 
K i  0 . 644  0 . 148 . n where, Ki = Irregularity factor 4. A
0.7. A

LM  LC  LR  L x .L y  Lx . L y nd 
Dm
when grids with no ground rods or few ground rods nc   
2
Lx  L y
2

    A 
 Lr 
LM  LC  1.55  1.22   LR
  Lx 2  L y 2 ……………..(14) Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
  
Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m
A = Area of the grid in m2
Mesh Volatge (Em) Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m
Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m
 .K m .K i .I G
Em  Dm = Max distance between any two points on the grid in m
L M ………………(15) D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m
d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m
C.9 Step Voltage Lr = Length of each ground rod
For the usual burial depth of 0.25m<h<2.5m , Ks is

 1  0.5 …………….(16)
11 1 1 n 2
Ks  
  2h D  h D 
For grid with or without grounds rods, the effective burried conductor length Ls, is

LS  [Link]  [Link]
……………(17)
The step voltage (ES) is

 . K S . K i .I G
ES  ……………(18)
LS

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A. DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA STEP-1

A,ρ

CONDUCTOR SIZE STEP-2

3 Io , Tc & d

INTIAL DESIGN STEP-3

D , n , LC , L T & h

TOUCH & STEP CRETERIA STEP-4

Etouch 50 or 70 & Estep 50 or 70

GRID RESISTANCE STEP-5

STEP-11 Rg , L C & LR

MODIFY DESIGN
D , n , LC , L T GRID CURRENT STEP-6
IG & tf

YES
IGRg< Etouch
STEP-7

NO
MESH & STEP VOLTAGES
Em , Es , Km , Ks , Ki , Kii & Kh STEP-8

NO
Em < Etouch STEP-9

YES
NO
Es < Estep STEP-10

YES

DETAIL DESIGN

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 DESIGN CALCULATION OF EARTH MAT
STEP-1: FIELD DATA
GRID LENGTH (L) IN MTR 70.08
GRID WIDTH (W) IN MTR. 27.20
GRID AREA (A) OCCUPIED BY SUCH GRID IN SQ. MTR. 1906.176
STEP-2: CONDUCTOR SIZE MS ROD DETAILS
Short Circuit Current (Isc) In Ampere 31500 Thermal coefficient of resistivity (αr) 0.00377
Fault Clearing Time In Sec.(tc) 1.0 Resistivity of the ground conductor (ρr) 15.90
TCAP From Table 1 3.80 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C (K0) 245
Ref. IEEE Std. 80-2013 Table 1. Copy right @2013. IEEE Maximum allowable Temperature(Tm ) 1510 °C

Ambient Temp (Ta) 50 °C

Formula for selection of Strip Size:-

Calculated Conductor Size AMM^2 319 Sqmm

As per 8.6.1 of IS 3043 : 1987 ,
Corrosion Allowance - 15% 47.83 Sqmm
amedment - 2010
Final Area Required 367 Sqmm
Minimum Radius of the conductor R(mm) 10.8 mm
Minimum Diameter of the conductor D(mm) 21.6 mm
Selected conductor size D(mm) 40.00
Equivalent Diameter of conductor (d) in Mtr 0.040

STEP-3: INITIAL DESIGN

ASSUMINNG PRIMARY LAYOUT = LENGTH(M) = 70.08 M &WIDTH 27.20

ASSUMING SPACING OF CONDUCTOR ( D ) = 4.00 M M
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR IN X AXIS = 19
NUMBER OF CONDUCTRO IN Y AXIS = 8
NUMBERS OF CONDUCTORS = 26
GRID BURIAL DEPTH ( h ) = 0.60 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR IN HORIZONTAL GRID (Lc)= 1050 M
NUMBER OF EARTHING ELECTRODE (AS PER LAYOUT) = 34 NOS.
LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ROD (Lr) = 3.00 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF BURIED CONDUCTOR (LT) = 1152 M

STEP-4: TOUCH AND STEP CRITERIA

FOR TWO LAYER SURFACE WE HAVE TO CALCULATE THE

REFLECTION FACTOR BY USING THE FORMULA
ρ=Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material = 38.00 Ω-m As per ERT

ρs=Crushed rock Surface material resistivity = 3000 Ω-m

hs=Thickness of the surface material = 0.15 M
= -0.97 Duration of current (ts) = 0.5 Sec. as per Annex-1 c

REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA

= 0.77

ASSUMING THE PERSON WEIGHT IS 50 KG, NOW THE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE ARE CALCULATED BY
THE EQUATIONS

= 2444 Volts

= 734 Volts

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STEP-5: GRID RESISTANCE(Rg)

GRID RESISTANCE DETERMINED BY THE EQUATION

= 0.4109 Ω

STEP-6: MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

THIS IS CALCULATE Df= Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault = 1.026 Sec
BY THE EQUATION Sf=Fault current division factor = 0.71
= 22946 I0=Zero sequence fault current in 110 kV = 10500 A
Amp

STEP-7: GROUND POTENTIAL RISE (GPR) VS ETouch50

GROUND POTENTIAL RISE (GPR)= IG x Rnet = 9429.78 Volts

Etouch50(Step voltage for 50kg weight) = 734 Volts

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = GO TO STEP-8

STEP-8: MESH VOLTAGE AND STEP VOLTAGE

Lc=Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m = 1050

= 10.80 Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m = 194.56
A = Area of the grid in m2 = 1906
Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m = 546.62
= 1.06 Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m = 503.74
Dm = Max distance between any two points on the grid in m = 743.34
D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m = 4.00
= 1.0 h=Depth of ground grid conductor in m = 0.6000
d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m = 0.04
LR = Length of ground rod = 102
h0 = Grid reference depth = 1
= 1.00 ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 38
IG=Grid Current = 22946
= 2.3718
= 11.67453

= 1.265
= 0.582905 WITHOUT ROD
1 WITH ROD

=
1208.97 WITH ROD

= 0.49 WITHOUT ROD

= 0.41

NOW THE MESH VOLTAGE, = 874.48

= 642.71973 Volts WITH ROD

NOW THE STEP VOLTAGE

= 979 Volts

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STEP-9: MESH VOLTAGE VS ETouch50
MESH VOLTAGE Em 964.20
MESH VOLTAGE Em 642.72 Volts WITH ROD
Etouch 50 (touch voltage for 50kg weight) 734.07

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN GO TO STEP-10 WITH ROD

D=Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
n=Geomatric Factor
Lc=Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
LT=Total length of buried conductor in m

STEP-10: ES VS EStep50
ES 979.47 Volt
EStep50 (Step voltage for 50kg weight) 2444.12 Volt

CHECK THE
= STATUS OF DESIGN = DETAIL DESIGN

DETAIL DESIGN

GRID DIMENSION LENGTH = 70.08 M

WIDTH = 27.20 M
SPACING OF CONDUCTOR = 4.0 M
TOTAL NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR = 26 No's
NUMBER OF EARTHING ELECTRODE = 34 No's
LENGTH OF GROUND ROD = 3.00 M
CALCULATED STEP VOLTAGE = 979.47 Volts, WHICH IS LESS THAN REQUIRED 2444.12 Volts
CALCULATED TOUCH VOLTAGE = 642.72 Volts , WHICH IS LESS THAN REQUIRED 734.07 Volts
SELECTED CONDUCTOR SIZE D(mm) = 40.00

Step Voltage & Touch voltage is taken from IEEE-80 Claus no. 8.4 page no. 44

8 of 9
 ANNEXURE -1
a. PIT DETAILS

Equipments Per Eqpt Qty Eqpt Qty Total Qty

LA 1 6 6
PT 1 6 6
Power Transformer 1 4 4
Aux Transformer 1 1 1
Gantry tower 1 4 4
Grid Corners 1 4 4
CR Building 4 1 4
Extra 1 5 5
Total No. of Electrodes 34

b.

c.
As per CBIP Manual for Earthing Clause 3.6.2 (b)