Trigonometry Formulas Study Guide
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mary jamesTrigonometry Formulas Study Guide
Uploaded by
mary jamesTrigonometry Formulas Study Guide
1. Basic Definitions and Conversions
Angle Measurements
Degree to Radian: 180° = π radians
Radian to Degree: 1 radian = 180°/π ≈ 57°16'
General Conversion: Radian measure = (π/180) × Degree measure
Arc Length Formula: s = rθ (where s = arc length, r = radius, θ = angle in radians)
2. Basic Trigonometric Functions
Primary Functions
sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse
cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse
tan θ = opposite/adjacent = sin θ/cos θ
Reciprocal Functions
cosec θ = 1/sin θ
sec θ = 1/cos θ
cot θ = 1/tan θ = cos θ/sin θ
3. Domain and Range
Function Domain Range
sin x R [-1,1]
cos x R [-1,1]
tan x R - {(2n+1)π/2 : n ∈ Z} R
cot x R - {nπ : n ∈ Z} R
sec x R - {(2n+1)π/2 : n ∈ Z} R - (-1,1)
cosec x R - {nπ : n ∈ Z} R - (-1,1)
4. Sign of Trigonometric Functions in Different Quadrants
Quadrant I II III IV
sin x + + - -
cos x + - - +
tan x + - + -
cosec x + + - -
sec x + - - +
cot x + - + -
5. Standard Values
Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1
cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0
tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 undefined
Special Angle Values
sin 18° = (√5-1)/4
cos 18° = √(10+2√5)/4
sin 36° = √(10-2√5)/4
cos 36° = (√5+1)/4
6. Fundamental Identities
Pythagorean Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
1 + tan²θ = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
Negative Angle Identities
sin(-θ) = -sin θ
cos(-θ) = cos θ
tan(-θ) = -tan θ
cot(-θ) = -cot θ
sec(-θ) = sec θ
cosec(-θ) = -cosec θ
7. Compound Angle Formulas (Sum and Difference)
Addition Formulas
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan(A + B) = (tan A + tan B)/(1 - tan A tan B)
tan(A - B) = (tan A - tan B)/(1 + tan A tan B)
Cotangent Formulas
cot(A + B) = (cot A cot B - 1)/(cot A + cot B)
cot(A - B) = (cot A cot B + 1)/(cot B - cot A)
8. Double Angle Formulas
Sine Double Angle
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2tan A/(1 + tan²A)
Cosine Double Angle
cos 2A = cos²A - sin²A
cos 2A = 2cos²A - 1
cos 2A = 1 - 2sin²A
cos 2A = (1 - tan²A)/(1 + tan²A)
Tangent Double Angle
tan 2A = 2tan A/(1 - tan²A)
9. Triple Angle Formulas
Triple Angle Identities
sin 3A = 3sin A - 4sin³A
cos 3A = 4cos³A - 3cos A
tan 3A = (3tan A - tan³A)/(1 - 3tan²A)
10. Half Angle Formulas
Half Angle Identities
sin(A/2) = ±√((1 - cos A)/2)
cos(A/2) = ±√((1 + cos A)/2)
tan(A/2) = ±√((1 - cos A)/(1 + cos A)) = (1 - cos A)/sin A = sin A/(1 + cos A)
11. Sum-to-Product Formulas
Sum to Product
cos A + cos B = 2cos((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2)
cos A - cos B = -2sin((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)
sin A + sin B = 2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2)
sin A - sin B = 2cos((A+B)/2)sin((A-B)/2)
12. Product-to-Sum Formulas
Product to Sum
2cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)
2sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)
2sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)
2cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
13. Allied/Related Angle Formulas
Complementary Angles (90° ± θ)
sin(90° - θ) = cos θ
cos(90° - θ) = sin θ
tan(90° - θ) = cot θ
sin(90° + θ) = cos θ
cos(90° + θ) = -sin θ
tan(90° + θ) = -cot θ
Supplementary Angles (180° ± θ)
sin(180° - θ) = sin θ
cos(180° - θ) = -cos θ
tan(180° - θ) = -tan θ
sin(180° + θ) = -sin θ
cos(180° + θ) = -cos θ
tan(180° + θ) = tan θ
Angles with 270°
sin(270° - θ) = -cos θ
cos(270° - θ) = -sin θ
sin(270° + θ) = -cos θ
cos(270° + θ) = sin θ
Angles with 360°
sin(360° - θ) = -sin θ
cos(360° - θ) = cos θ
sin(360° + θ) = sin θ
cos(360° + θ) = cos θ
14. General Solution of Trigonometric Equations
Basic Equations
If sin θ = sin α, then θ = nπ + (-1)ⁿα, n ∈ Z
If cos θ = cos α, then θ = 2nπ ± α, n ∈ Z
If tan θ = tan α, then θ = nπ + α, n ∈ Z
Special Cases
If sin θ = 0, then θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
If cos θ = 0, then θ = (2n+1)π/2, n ∈ Z
If tan θ = 0, then θ = nπ, n ∈ Z
15. Maximum and Minimum Values
Range of Expressions
Maximum value of a cos θ + b sin θ = √(a² + b²)
Minimum value of a cos θ + b sin θ = -√(a² + b²)
Maximum value of sin θ cos θ = 1/2
Maximum value of sin θ + cos θ = √2
Minimum value of sin θ + cos θ = -√2
16. Conditional Identities (A + B + C = π)
When A + B + C = π
sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos(A/2)cos(B/2)cos(C/2)
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4sin(A/2)sin(B/2)sin(C/2)
sin(2A) + sin(2B) + sin(2C) = 4sin A sin B sin C
cos(2A) + cos(2B) + cos(2C) = -1 - 4cos A cos B cos C
tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
tan(A/2)tan(B/2) + tan(B/2)tan(C/2) + tan(C/2)tan(A/2) = 1
17. Periodicity
Period of Functions
sin x and cos x have period 2π
tan x and cot x have period π
sec x and cosec x have period 2π
18. Special Values and Approximations
Special Angle Values
tan 22.5° = √2 - 1
cot 22.5° = √2 + 1
cot 7.5° = 2 + √3
Approximations
1 radian ≈ 57°16'
π ≈ 3.14159 or 22/7 (for calculations)
19. Inverse Trigonometric Relations
Basic Relations
If y = sin x, then x = sin⁻¹y
If y = cos x, then x = cos⁻¹y
If y = tan x, then x = tan⁻¹y
Note: This list contains the essential trigonometric formulas commonly used in Class XI
mathematics. Each formula should be memorized and practiced with various problems for
complete mastery.
Common questions
Powered by AIThe periodicity of trigonometric functions—sin x and cos x having a period of 2π, and tan x and cot x having a period of π—is leveraged in signal processing to model wave patterns and oscillations within specific intervals. In practice, these characteristics permit decomposition of complex signals into sinusoidal components for analysis, such as Fourier Transform techniques, which rely on understanding periodic behavior to transform signals between time and frequency domains .
Conditional identities, especially those applicable when A + B + C = π in a triangle, elucidate synchronized triangular relationships, such as sin A + sin B + sin C = 4cos(A/2)cos(B/2)cos(C/2). These identities account for internal angle consistency within a triangle, reflecting the connection between angular measures and side lengths governed by laws of geometry, critically analyzing geometric properties through algebraic lens .
Pythagorean identities, like sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, are foundational in deriving other trigonometric identities. They provide a baseline truth from which relationships involving square terms can be verified or generated, such as 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ, by manipulating or substituting related expressions. These identities contribute to reducing expressions, solving equations, and proving equivalences involving trigonometric functions .
Negative angle identities, such as sin(-θ) = -sin θ, impact symmetry properties by defining how trigonometric functions behave under reflection. These identities reveal that sine and tangent are odd functions due to their sign inversion, while cosine retains its even symmetry, showing uniformity around the y-axis. This understanding is vital in graphing, solving equations, and theoretical proofs that involve symmetry .
Complementary and supplementary angle identities are crucial in trigonometry as they provide relationships between angle pairs that sum to 90° and 180°, respectively. For complementary angles, such identities include sin(90° - θ) = cos θ and cos(90° - θ) = sin θ, demonstrating a swap between sine and cosine. For supplementary angles, identities such as sin(180° - θ) = sin θ and cos(180° - θ) = -cos θ show symmetry and inversion properties. These identities help simplify and solve trigonometric equations by transforming angles into equivalent forms .
Inverse trigonometric relations, such as if y = sin x then x = sin⁻¹y, are crucial in engineering and physics for solving equations where angles need to be determined from trigonometric ratios. These functions enable calculation of phase angles, directional inputs, or angles of incidence in problems like circuit analysis, wave mechanics, or mechanical systems, allowing transitions from ratio measurements to angular interpretations .
The domain of sec x excludes values where cos x equals zero, i.e., x ≠ (2n+1)π/2 for n ∈ Z, because sec x = 1/cos x, leading to undefined values. For tan x, the domain excludes x = (2n+1)π/2, where cos x equals zero, resulting in vertical asymptotes in its graph. These restrictions are crucial for understanding periodic behavior and graph characteristics, such as discontinuities and asymptotes in the unit circle model .
Double angle and triple angle formulas are essential for expressing trigonometric functions involving multipliers of an angle into a more workable form. For example, sin 2A = 2sin A cos A allows simplification of problems involving twice an angle, while sin 3A = 3sin A - 4sin³A extends this to threefold angles. Such transformations facilitate solving equations by reducing higher degrees into manageable algebraic structures, thereby revealing symmetries and solutions more efficiently .
Maximizing or minimizing trigonometric expressions, such as finding the maximum value of a cos θ + b sin θ = √(a² + b²), assists in optimization by defining continuity and extremum points over a cyclic interval. In applications like signal amplitude optimization or resource allocation analysis, these principles help locate peak and lowest points, inform constraints handling, and guide strategic implementations based on periodic behaviors .
Sum-to-product formulas, such as sin A + sin B = 2sin((A+B)/2)cos((A-B)/2), simplify expressions by converting sums or differences of sine and cosine into products. This conversion is especially useful when simplifying integrals or solving equations where common factors can be extracted, reducing the complexity of expressions and aiding in algebraic manipulation of trigonometric terms .