BT REVIEWER
HISTORY OF CONCRETE CONRETE SLABS
Plate structures that are reinforced to
- CEMENTITIOUS materials are span either one or both directions of a
the oldest manufactured materials of structural bay.
construction
MIDDLE EAST- limestone mortars ONE WAY SLAB
EGYPT- gypsum based mortars Reinforced in one direction and cast
GREEKS AND ROMANS- hydraulic lime integrally w/ parallel supporting beams
mortars Have girder with a narrow space
Rule of thumb for estimating thck
MODERN PORTLAND CEMENT span/30 for floor slabs
- developed high quality mortars 4’’(100mm) min span/36 for roof slabs
- 14th century from declined quality of cement Suitable for light to moderate loads of
short span of 6’ to 18’
JAMES PARKER- natural hydraulic
cement
LOUIS JOSEPH VICAT- artificial TWO WAY SLAB
hydraulic cement Efficient when spanning Square or nearly
JOSEPH ASPDIN- patented portland square and for a long span
cement Suitable carrying moderate to heavy
HENRI LE CHATELIER- established loads 15’ to 40’
tricalcium silicate 3CaO SiO2 4’’ (100mm) slab depth, rule of thumb
slab perimeter/180
Reinforced steel divided ]into column
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE and middle strips
Known as “poured-in-place.” Continuous slab. Extending as a
Column, slab etc. Casted on site in the structural unit over three or more
open environment supports in a given direction.
Concreting technique is undertaken in
situ or in the concrete’s finished position. JOIST OR RIBBED SLAB
Defines the final shape of the structure. Used in a long span
Pans are reusable metal or fiberglass
FLOOR SYSTEMS molds available in 20’’ and 30’’widths &
-horizontal planes that supports livve and from 6’’ to 20’’depths in 2’’ increments.
dead loads Tapered sides allow for easier removal
Tapered end forms are used to thicken
Live Loads- people,, furnishing, and joist ends for greater shear resistance
movable equipment, Distribution rib is formed perpendicular to
Dead loads- weight if the floor itself the joist in order to distribute possible
load concentrations over a larger area.
Floor systems must be stiff and elastic Suitable for light to medium live load
to support moving loads safely. over span of 15’ to 36’ (4 to 10m)
Excessive deflection and vibration can Joist band is a broad, shallow supporting
damage finish flooring and ceiling beam
materials.
Deflection, rather than bending, is the TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB
critical controlling factor due to its impact Use in a long span
on material integrity and human comfort. 3’’ to 4-1/2’’ slab depth; rule of thumb for
Controlling deflection is crucial to total depth span/24 rib width
prevent damage to non-structural Square metal or fiberglass dome forms
elements and ensure occupant comfort in are available in 19’’ and 30’’ wodth and
buildings. from 8’’ to 20’’ depth in 2’’ increments
larger size
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Greater shear strength and moment PRECAST CONCRETE
resisting capacity, solid heads at column Product that created offsite and then
supports delivered to tis project destination for final
Suitable for spans of 24’ to 54’; longer use.
spans may be possible with post Called prefabricated or pre-made
tensioning concrete that is ready to use right away
Maximum efficiency bays should be on the construction site.
square or nearly square as possible 6m span- traditional reinforeced concrete
Waffle slabs can be efficiently 6m to 9m- two mediums
cantilevered in two directions up to 1/3 of 9m- prestressed is more economical than
the main span. reinforced.
Coffered underside is usually left
exposed
SOLID FLAT SLABS
TWO WAY FLAT PLATE HOLLOW CORE SLABS
5’’ TO 12’’ slab depth; rule of thumb for SINGLE TEES
slab depth: span/33 DOUBLE TEES
Suitable for light live to moderate loads RECTANGULAR BEAMS
over relatively short spans of 12’ to AASHTO GIRDERS
24’(3.6 to 7m) L-SHAPED BEAMS
Regular column grid is most appropriate, INVERTED TEE BEAMS
some flexibility in column placement is
possible
Shear at column locations governs the PRECAST SLABS
thickness of a flat plate Grout voids of hollow core units at ends
Punching shear is the potentially high to tie into concrete or masonry support
shearing stress developed by the High density plastic bearing strip
reactive force of a column on a reinforced Min. Bearing length should be at least
concrete slab 1/180 of the clear span but not less than
Slab direct to column 2’’(51) for solid or hollow core slabs
PRECAST STRUCTURAL TEES
TWO WAY FLAT SLAB
6’’ to 12’ typical slab depth rule of thumb PRECAST BEAMS
for slab depth span/36
Drop panel is the portion of a flat slab WALL SYSTEMS
thickened around column head to
increase its resistance to punching shear EXTERIOR WALLS
Minimum width of drop panel .33m
Column capital may be used in place of DOORS AND WINDOW OPENINGS
or in conjunction with a drop panel for
increased shear resistance CONCRETE AND MASONRY BEARING
Suitable for relatively heavy loads and WALLS
spans from 20’ to 40’ 6 to 12m
CONCRETE WALLS
LIFT SLAB CONCRETE SURFACING- color of
Flying forms are large sections of form- concrete can be controlled with the use
work including supporting trusses, of colored cement and aggregates
beams, or scaffolding, that can be moved Exposed fine aggregate
by a crane in constructing the concrete Exposed coarse aggregate
floors and roofs of multistory buildings. Sandblasted plywood
Board and batten pattern
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Ribbed texture formliner
Bushhammered surface
Ribbed surface bushhammered
PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS-wall
panels may be of solid, composite, or
ribbed construction
Window and door openings, corbels, and
anchoring devices are cast into the wall
panels
Variety of quality controlled surface
textures and patterns are available,
consult maufacturer
PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS
CONNECTIONS-
TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION-projections
and the pickup devices are cast into the
upper face
Concrete ground slab for the building
under construction usually serves as the
casting platforms
casting platform should be level and
smoothly trowelled, a bond breaking
agent
Reveals and recessed steel plates may
be cast into the underside of the panels
ROOF SYSTEM
REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF
SLAB
PRECAST CONCRETE ROOF SLAB