SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER - 3
Social Science (087)
Class IX (2025-26)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 80
General Instructions:
1. There are 38 questions in the Question paper. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper has Four Sections - A-History, B-Geography C-Political Science, and D-Economics.
3. Each Section is of 20 Marks and has MCQs, VSA, SA, LAs and CBQ.
4. Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSA), carry 2 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 40
words.
5. Short Answer Type Questions (SA), carry 3 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 60 words.
6. Long answer type questions (LA), carry 5 marks each. Answers to each question should not exceed 120 words.
7. There are case based questions (CBQ) with three sub questions and are of 4 marks each. Answers to each question
should not exceed 100 words.
8. The map-based questions, carry 5 marks with two parts- Q9. In Section A-History (2 marks) and Q19. In Section
B -Geography (3 marks)
9. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few questions.
Only one of the choices in such questions must be attempted.
SECTION A HISTORY (20 marks)
1. Which German minister committed suicide in Berlin in April? [1]
a) Hitler b) Eva Braun
c) Goring d) Joseph Goebbels
2. The most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was? [1]
a) The abolition of slavery in the French b) New Constitution was formed
colonies
c) Meats and bread were rationed d) Women got right to vote
3. When did World War Second end? [1]
a) May 1944 b) May 1945
c) May 1941 d) May 1942
4. Lenin made a peace treaty with which country after World War I? [1]
a) England b) Japan
c) Germany d) Poland
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5. Who was Karl Marx? What was his theory of socialism? [2]
OR
What was Guillotine? How was it used?
6. Why did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways? [3]
OR
Why were socialists active in the countryside? Give three reasons.
7. State any five measures taken by the Nazis to create a pure German racial state. [5]
OR
How do you agree with the statement, "Treaty of Versailles laid the germs of another war and was a harsh treaty"?
8. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, and only members of the third estate paid
taxes. Peasants made up about 90 percent of the population. However, only a small number of them owned the
land they cultivated. About 60 percent of the land was owned by nobles, the Church and other richer members of
the third estate. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain
privileges by birth. The most important of these was an exemption from paying taxes to the state. The nobles
further enjoyed feudal privileges. These included feudal dues, which they extracted from the peasants. Peasants
were obliged to render services to the lord - to work in his house and fields - to serve in the army or to
participate in building roads. The Church too extracted its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants, and
finally, all members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, and
a number of indirect taxes that were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco. The burden
of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the third estate alone.
i. How the French Society was divided into the eighteenth century. Name them. (1)
ii. What services were the peasants were obliged to perform? (1)
iii. What do you mean by taille? (2)
9. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of the world. Identify them and write their [2]
correct names on the lines drawn near them
A. Epicenters of main panic movement
B. Allied country of first world war
SECTION B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10. Ambala is located on the water divide between: [1]
a) The Indus and Brahmaputra river systems b) The Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems
c) The Indus and The Ganga river systems d) the Indus and Brahmaputra river systems
11. Choose the right word: To change in the number of inhabitants of country/territory during a specific period of [1]
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time.
a) Migration b) Growth of Population
c) Death rate d) Birth rate
12. On the physical map of India, A is a plateau that lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges. Identify it [1]
from the following options.
a) Chotanagpur plateau b) Deccan Plateau
c) Malwa plateau d) Central Highlands
13. A lake formed when a meandering river is cut off from the mainstream is known as: [1]
a) Oxbow lake b) Lagoon Lake
c) Glacial Lake d) Braided Lake
14. Assertion (A): India lies entirely in the eastern and northern hemispheres. [1]
Reason (R): The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost two equal parts.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
15. Vembanad lake is situated in [1]
a) Kerala b) Andhra Pradesh
c) Tamil Nadu d) Karnataka
16. Why are the rivers of the Western coastal plants short? [2]
17. 'The Indian landmass shows a great physical contrast.' Explain this statement. [5]
OR
'India has a long coastline which is advantageous". Analyse.
18. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Since 1981, however, the rate of growth started declining gradually. During this period, birth rates declined
rapidly. Still 182 million people were added to the total population in the 1990s alone (an annual addition larger
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than ever before). It is essential to realise that India has a very large population. When a low annual rate is
applied to a very large population, it yields a large absolute increase. When more than a billion people increase
even at a lower rate, the total number being added becomes very large. India’s annual increase in population is
large enough to neutralise efforts to conserve the resource endowment and environment. The declining trend of
the growth rate is indeed a positive indicator of the efforts of birth control. Despite that, the total additions to the
population base continue to grow, and India may overtake China in 2045 to become the most populous country
in the world.
i. Since 1981 the rate of growth started declining gradually. How many people were added to the population in
the 1990s? (1)
ii. Why do counter-balance efforts in the form of conservation of the resource endowment and environment fail
in India? (1)
iii. Despite a declining trend of growth rate, India may become the most populous country in the world.
Substantiate this statement in 40 words. (2)
19. On the outline map of India locate and label the following with suitable Symbols. [3]
I. Any one of the following:
i. Rajaji - Wild Life Sanctuaries
ii. Corbett - National Parks
II. Any two of the following:
iii. Anai Mudi - Mountain Peaks
iv. The Narmada - The Peninsular rivers
v. Mountain Peaks - Anai Mudi
SECTION C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)
20. Mr. Sam was denied admission in Government Medical College as he was a Christian. Which of his fundamental [1]
right is being violated?
a) Right to equality b) Right to freedom of religion
c) Right to freedom d) Cultural and educational right
21. Which of the following is true with reference to voter and the candidate ? [1]
A. Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate.
B. Anyone who can be a voter but has attained the age fo 25 years can become a candidate.
a) Both A and B are false b) A is true but B is false
c) Both A and B are true d) A is false but B is true
22. Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of Indian constitution [1]
a) Pt. J.L. Nehru b) Dr B.R. Ambedkar
c) Gandhiji d) Baldev Singh
23. Assertion (A): Fiji refutes the one-vote-one-value principle of democracy. [1]
Reason (R): In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and one vote of value.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
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24. Why is representative democracy necessary? [2]
25. How the rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister? Explain. [2]
26. You are elected a civil servant who is a permanent executive. What values would you idolise to serve as a public [3]
servant?
27. How was the institutional design formed for the Indian Constitution? [5]
OR
What developments took place after the recommendations of the Mandal Commission?
28. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow: [4]
Each state is divided into a specific number of Assembly constituencies. In this case, the elected representative is
called the Member of Legislative Assembly or an MLA. Each Parliamentary constituency has within it several
assembly constituencies. The same principle applies for Panchayat and Municipal elections. Each village or
town is divided into several 'wards' that are like constituencies. Each ward elects one member of the village or
the urban local body. Sometimes these constituencies are counted as 'seats', for each constituency represents one
seat in the assembly. When we say that 'Lok Dal won 60 seats' in Haryana, it means that candidates of Lok Dal
won in 60 assembly constituencies in the state and thus Lok Dal had 60 MLAs in the state assembly. Once the
constituencies are decided, the next step is to decide who can and who cannot vote. This decision cannot be left
to anyone till the last day. In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much
before the election and given to everyone. This list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known
as the Voters' List.
i. If X party has 35 members in the state legislature. How many seats it might have won? (1)
ii. Explain the principle for the election of local (village or town) governments. (1)
iii. What is the next step in the election process after the demarcation of constituencies? (2)
SECTION D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29. Quarrying and mining are included in the: [1]
a) Tertiary sector b) Government sector
c) Primary sector d) Secondary sector
30. Consider a case of a small village near Karur town in Tamil Nadu. The village is facing a very poor condition. [1]
There are unmetalled roads in the village. Along with this, the village has no access to pure drinking water.
There is no clinic or a school in the village. Even people have to live without electricity. Subsequently, in order
to curb such conditions, the central government assisted the state government and launched a scheme. After the
implementation of the scheme, villagers have access to basic services such as primary health, primary education,
rural shelter, rural drinking water, and rural electrification. Give the name of the scheme that lead the village to
prosperity.
a) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural b) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana
Employment Guarantee Act.
c) Antyodaya Anna Yozana d) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana
31. Read the following data on Estimates of Poverty in India and select the appropriate option from the following. [1]
Poverty ratio (%)
Year Rural Urban Total
1993-94 507 32 45
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2004-05 42 26 37
2009-10 34 21 30
2011-12 26 14 22
[Source: Economic Survey 2017-18]
The table shows that there is a substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 45% in 1993-94 to
________ in 2004-05.
a) 22% b) 32%
c) 37% d) 26%
32. Which of the following has helped India in achieving self-sufficiency in food grains? [1]
a) Green Revolution b) Blue Revolution
c) White Revolution d) Yellow Revolution
33. Read the given table that shows the Production of Rice in the Province of Bengal. Find out the total availability [1]
for the year in which the most devastating famine occurred in India (Famine of Bengal).
Production Imports Exports Total Availability
Year
(Lakh tonnes) (Lakh tonnes) (Lakh tonnes) (Lakh tonnes)
1938 85 - - 85
1939 79 04 - 83
1940 82 03 - 85
1941 68 02 - 70
1942 93 - 01 92
1943 76 03 - 79
Source: Sen. A.K. 1981 page 61
a) 70 lakh tonnes b) 79 lakh tonnes
c) 82 lakh tonnes d) 85 lakh tonnes
34. Identify the policy with the help of the given information: [1]
This policy states that human being is a positive asset and a precious national resource which needs to be
cherished, nurtured and developed with tenderness and care, coupled with dynamism. Each individual’s growth
presents a different range of problems and requirements.
a) National Education Policy b) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Policy
c) Health and family welfare policy d) Insurance Policy
35. How were the British policies responsible for the increase in poverty in India? [3]
36. Do you believe that green revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How? [3]
37. Can you name five measures taken by the government to alleviate poverty? [3]
38. 'Human resources are indispensable factor of production'. Explain. [5]
OR
"The Tenth Plan endeavour to increase the enrolment in higher education". Explain.
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Solution
SECTION A HISTORY (20 marks)
1.
(d) Joseph Goebbels
Explanation:
Joseph Goebbels was the Propaganda Minister in Hitler's Government, who committed suicide alongside Hitler in the month of
April. He said that he felt compelled to remain with Hitler "for reasons of humanity and personal loyalty".
2. (a) The abolition of slavery in the French colonies
Explanation:
One of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime was the abolition of slavery in the French colonies.
3.
(b) May 1945
Explanation:
World War Second ended on May 1945.
4.
(c) Germany
Explanation:
After much opposition Lenin made peace treaty with Germany in 1918.
5. Karl Marx was a communist who introduced the concept of socialism.
Karl Marx' Theory:
(i) He felt that the industrial society belonged to the capitalists.
(ii) Capitalists owned the capital invested in industries, but the profit was produced by workers.
(iii) He believed that the condition of workers would never improve, as long as profit is taken by the capitalists.
(iv)Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalists' exploitation, workers had to form a socialist society where all
property was socially controlled.
This would be a communist society.
OR
Guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a blade with which a person is beheaded. It was named after Dr. Guillotine who
invented it.
It was used by Robespierre, who followed a policy of 'reign of terror' of severe control and punishment. All those invluding ex-
nobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with who did not agree
with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty, they were
guillotined.
6. The people in Central Asia responded enthusiastically to the February 1917 Revolution because it freed them from the oppression
of the Tsar region and they become masters of their land again. They expected to regain their autonomy. October Revolution, as it
brought violence, robbery, extra taxes and another dictatorial power to rule over them. They feared now that their autonomy would
be lost.
OR
In Russia, socialists were active in the countryside through the late 19th century. They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in
1900, which struggled tor peasants' rights.
Due to the following reasons, they were active in the countryside:
i. The party demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants.
ii. Russian peasants were different from other European peasants. Periodically, they pooled their land together and their
commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
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iii. Social democrats believed that peasants, not workers, would be the main force of revolution. With them, Russia could become
socialist more quickly than others. Then, land committees were formed for the redistribution of lands. Encouraged by this,
peasants seized land in 1917.
7. The five steps adopted by the Nazis to establish a racial state were:
i. Nazi ideology stated that there was no equality between people and that the Nordic German Aryans were at the top whereas
the Jews stood at the lowest rung of the ladder.
ii. The Jews, Gypsies and Blacks were persecuted widely as they were regarded as racially impure and ‘undesirable’.
iii. Under the Euthanasia programme, even those Germans who were mentally or physically unfit were sentenced to death.
iv. Russians and Poles were considered as subhuman and once captured, were forced to work as slave labour.
v. From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews and compelled them to leave Germany. From
1939 to 1945, a large number of them were concentrated in certain areas and killed in gas chambers in Poland.
OR
The peace treaty at Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating one. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its
population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and
Lithuania. The Allied powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its powers. The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for
the war and damages the Allied countries suffered. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to about 6 billion
pounds. The Allied army also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s. Many Germans held the new Weimar
Republic responsible for not only the defeat in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.
8. i. French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates. Namely, 1st estate, 2nd estate, and 3rd estate.
ii. Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord - to work in his house and fields - to serve in the army or to participate in
building roads.
iii. Taille was a kind of tax to be paid directly to the state.
9. A. Saint Florentin
B. France
SECTION B GEOGRAPHY (20 marks)
10.
(c) The Indus and The Ganga river systems
Explanation:
the Indus and the Ganga river systems
11.
(b) Growth of Population
Explanation:
Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific period of time,
say during the last ten years. Such a change can be expressed in two ways:
i. in terms of absolute numbers.
ii. in terms of percentage change per year.
12.
(c) Malwa plateau
Explanation:
Malwa plateau
13. (a) Oxbow lake
Explanation:
Oxbow lake
14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
India lies entirely in the Northern hemisphere the mainland extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E
and 97°25'E. The Tropic of Cancer (23°30'N) divides the country into almost two equal parts. Both the reason and the assertion
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are correct but the reason does not explain the assertion.
15. (a) Kerala
Explanation:
Kerala
16. The Western Ghats run North-South very near to the Arabian Sea coast and provide a prominent watershed in Peninsular India.
Hence, the coastal rivers flowing westward from the Western Ghats are very short. Sabarmati and Periyar rivers are examples of
such rivers.
17. India’s landmass has great contrasts, like the Peninsular plateau in the South is a very old landmass (65 million years), whereas the
Himalayas in the North are fairly new about 25 million years). Tectonically, the Himalayas and the Northern Plains are unstable
zones, whereas the Peninsular plateau is very stable. Over millions of years, weathering forces have made the contrast sharper.
While the Himalayas are composed of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and the Northern Plains are made of deposited
alluvium, the Peninsular plateau is made up of igneous alluvium, the Peninsular plateau is made up of igneous lofty peaks and
steep-sided valleys, the Deccan region has gently rising ranges and wide valleys. Thus, the Indian landmass shows great physical
contrast.
OR
i. India has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean which has helped her to establish close maritime contacts with other countries.
Almost 90% of India’s international trade is done through sea routes.
ii. The Deccan Peninsula extends towards the Indian Ocean and divides India into two water bodies, the Arabian Sea and the Bay
of Bengal helping India to establish close contacts with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the West coast and with South-
East Asia and East Asia from its Eastern coast.
iii. India’s central location at the head of the Indian ocean and its long coastline has helped her in interaction through the sea.
iv. India has many ports on its Western and Eastern coasts like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam etc, have become a
centre of India's flourishing shipping industry and major centres for international business as well.
18. i. Since 1981, however, the rate of growth started declining gradually. During this period, birth rates declined rapidly. Still 182
million people were added to the total population in the 1990s alone
ii. When a low annual rate is applied to a very large population, it yields a large absolute increase. When more than a billion
people increase even at a lower rate, the total number being added becomes very large. India’s annual increase in population is
large enough to neutralise efforts to conserve the resource endowment and environment.
iii. The declining trend of the growth rate is indeed a positive indicator of the efforts of birth control. Despite that, the total
additions to the population base continue to grow. India's current annual increase in population id 15.5 million. Hence,
India may overtake China in 2045 to become the most populous country in the world.
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19.
SECTION C POLITICAL SCIENCE (20 marks)
20.
(d) Cultural and educational right
Explanation:
As per Cultural and Educational Right, admission to any educational institution maintained by the government or receiving
government aid cannot be denied to any citizen on the ground of religion or language.
21.
(d) A is false but B is true
Explanation:
Anyone who can be a voter can also become a candidate in elections. The only difference is that in order to be a candidate the
minimum age is 25 years, while it is only 18 years for being a voter.
22.
(b) Dr B.R. Ambedkar
Explanation:
On 29 August, 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee,under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
to prepare a Draft Constitution for India.
23.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. Fiji refutes this principle
because, in Fiji, the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.
The reason is incorrect but the assertion is correct.
24. A. Representative democracy is the most common form of democracy.
B. This form of democracy is necessary because the population of modern democratic states is very large and it is physically
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impossible for each member to participate in decision making process.
C. Even they could sit together, do not have the time, desire, experience or the skills for participating in decision making process.
25. A. In recent years rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime Minister.
B. The Prime minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes. He has to accommodate different groups and
factions in his party as well as among alliance partners.
C. He also has to heed to the views and positions of the coalition partners and other parties, on whose support the survival of the
government depends.
26. If I am selected as a civil servant who is a permanent executive. I would idolise following values to serve as a public servant:
(i) Follow integrity
(ii) Be neutral
(iii) Make policies oriented in public interest
(iv) Serve people impartially
(v) Not to be iron-hearted. Implement policies with full zeal and endeavour.
(vi)Provide a secure environment and safe living to every citizen.
27. (i) A constitution is mainly about embodying the values into institutional arrangements.
(ii) It is a very long and detailed document. Therefore, it needs to be amended quite regularly to keep it updated.
(iii) So the makers of the Indian constitution made provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called
constitutional amendment.
(iv) The Constitution describes the institutional arrangements in a legal language.
(v) Like any constitution, the Indian Constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country. It defines
who will have how much power to take which decisions.
(vi) And it also puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizen that cannot be violated.
OR
(i) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement the
recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
(ii) On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.
(iii) Next day, the then Prime Minister V.P. Singh informed the Parliament about this decision through a statement in both the
Houses of Parliament.
(iv) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel and Training. The senior officers of the department
drafted an order in line with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval. An officer signed the order on behalf of the
Union government called the ‘Office Memorandum’.
28. i. If a party has 35 MLAs, it means that all these members of the party must have won in their constituencies to qualify to
become an MLA. Since each constituency can have only one representative. Therfore, the party has 35 seats in the state
legislature.
ii. The same principle like the state elections applies to Panchayat and Municipal elections. Each village or town is divided into
several ‘wards’ that are like constituencies. Each ward elects one member of the village or the urban local body.
iii. Once the constituencies are decided, the next step is to decide who can and who cannot vote. Electoral Roll or the list of those
who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone. It is commonly known as the Voters’ List.
SECTION D ECONOMICS (20 marks)
29.
(c) Primary sector
Explanation:
Quarrying and mining are included in the primary sector.
30.
(d) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana
Explanation:
Under the Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) launched in 2000, additional central assistance is given to states for
basic services such as primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water, and rural electrification.
31.
(c) 37%
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Explanation:
37%
32. (a) Green Revolution
Explanation:
Green Revolution helped India in achieving self sufficiency in food grains.
33.
(b) 79 lakh tonnes
Explanation:
The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINE OF BENGAL in 1943 when the total availability was 79
lakh tonnes.
34. (a) National Education Policy
Explanation:
The given information is about National Education Policy. The government has taken various steps to spread education
among the people. Education contributes towards the growth of society also. It enhances the national income, cultural richness
and increases the efficiency of governance. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention, and quality in
elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
35. A. One of the historical reasons is the low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.
B. The policies of colonial government ruined traditional handicraft and discouraged developed industries like textile.
C. The resources of India were very much exploited by the Britishers.
36. In the late 1960s, the Green Revolution introduced the Indian farmer to the cultivation of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds.
The HYVs (coupled with chemical fertilisers and pesticides) led to a growth in the productivity of food grains (especially wheat
and rice), thereby helping India attain self-sufficiency in food grains. Since the advent of the Green Revolution, the country has
avoided famine even during adverse weather conditions.
37. (i) MGNREGA.
(ii) Food for Work Programme.
(iii) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
(iv) Pradhanmantri Gramodaya Yojana.
(v) Antodaya Anna Yojana.
38. A. Yes, human resources are indispensable factor of production.
B. Human resources have ability to put together land labor and physical capital.
C. With the efforts of human resources the production process is possible.
D. Every process of production is organized by combining land labour and physical capital and human capital.
E. The quality of human resource is the symbol of economic and social status of people. As such, human development requires
improvements.
F. The healthy, educated, efficient and skilled people are the asset of the nation.
OR
(I) Increase enrolment of 18 to 23 years age group from six to eleven percent by the end of the plan.
(II) Focus on increasing access, quality, adoption of states-specific curriculum modification, vocationalisation and networking on
the use of information technology.
(III) Focus on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal and IT education institutions.
(IV) Over the past 50 years, there has been a significant increase in the number of universities and institutions of higher learning
in specialised area.
(V) The plan outlay on education, in India increased from Rs. 151 crore in the First Plan to Rs. 3766.90 crore in the Eleventh Plan.
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