AIIT

Amity Institute of Information

Technology (AIIT)
BCA, I Semester number
CSIT 150 : Principles of Operating Systems
Dr. Akash Shah
ashah@[Link]
Room No. I1: 304
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 AIIT

Module 1

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 Operating System AIIT

An Operating System
is a system software
that acts as an
intermediary between
the user and the
computer hardware. It
provides an
environment in which a
user can execute
programs conveniently
and efficiently.

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 Functions of OS AIIT

• Resource Manager: Manages and allocates hardware

resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices) among various
applications and users.
• Process Management: Handles process scheduling,
synchronization, communication, and deadlock handling.
• Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates
memory space to programs, manages virtual memory,
and protects memory areas.
• File System Management: Manages files and
directories, controls access, and handles storage.

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 Functions of OS AIIT

• Device Management: Manages device communication

via drivers, handles I/O operations, and allocates
devices.
• Security and Protection: Protects data and resources
from unauthorized access, ensures privacy, and
prevents system misuse.
• User Interface: Provides interfaces like Command-Line
(CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) for user
interaction

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 AIIT

Classification of Operating System

• Batch
• Interactive
• Time sharing
• Real Time System
• Multiprocessor Systems
• Multiuser Systems
• Multithreaded Systems

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 Batch Operating System AIIT

• A batch operating system processes tasks or "jobs" in batches

without direct user interaction, executing them one after another in a
predefined sequence to optimize resource utilization and handle
large, repetitive workloads
• Example: IBM's OS/360

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 Batch Operating System AIIT

Advantages

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 Batch Operating System AIIT

Disadvantage

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 Interactive OS AIIT

• An Interactive Operating System is a type of OS that enables direct

communication between the user and the computer. It responds
quickly to user inputs, providing real-time interaction through
command-line or graphical interfaces.
• Example: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Android
• Advantages:
o Quick Response Time – Users get immediate feedback to commands.
o User-Friendly – Provides GUI/CLI for easy interaction.
o Multitasking Support – Allows multiple programs to run simultaneously.
• Disadvantages:
o High Resource Usage – Needs more CPU, memory, and storage than batch
systems.
o Costly – Requires powerful hardware and licensed software (e.g., Windows,
macOS).
o Security Risks – Direct interaction increases chances of malware, hacking, or
accidental errors.

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 Time Sharing OS AIIT

• A Time-Sharing Operating System is an OS that allows multiple

users to share a computer system simultaneously. The CPU time is
divided into small units called time slices or quanta, and each
user/program gets a turn to use the CPU. This creates the illusion
that all users/programs are running at the same time.
• Example: UNIX, Linux (multi-user mode)

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 Time Sharing OS AIIT

• Advantages
o Efficient CPU Utilization: CPU is rarely idle.
o Fair Resource Allocation: Each user/process gets CPU time.
o Supports Multiuser Environment: Many users can work at once.
o Reduced Response Time : Immediate interaction with system.

• Disadvantages
o High Cost: Needs powerful hardware to support many users.
o Complex Management: Difficult to schedule processes and manage
memory.
o Security Issues: Multiple users increase risk of data breaches.
o System Overload: Too many users may slow down performance.

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 Real Time OS AIIT

• A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) is an OS that responds to

inputs or events within a guaranteed fixed time. It is used in systems
where timely and predictable execution is critical. Even a small
delay can cause system failure.
• Example: RTLinux (Real-Time Linux), FreeRTOS
• Advantages:
o Fast Response Time: Executes tasks immediately within deadlines.
o High Reliability: Predictable behavior, essential for safety-critical systems.
o Efficient Task Management: Handles multiple processes in strict timing order.
• Disadvantages:
o High Cost: Specialized hardware and software required.
o Complex to Design: Writing RTOS applications is difficult.
o Limited Multitasking: Prioritizes real-time tasks, may neglect background tasks.

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 Multiprocessor OS AIIT

• A Multiprocessor Operating System is an OS that supports a

computer system with two or more processors (CPUs) working
together. All processors share the same memory and I/O devices,
and the OS manages them to execute tasks in parallel.
• Example: Windows Server, UNIX, IBM Mainframe Systems

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 Multiprocessor OS AIIT

• Advantages
o High Performance: Tasks are executed faster due to parallel
processing.
o Increased Reliability: If one CPU fails, others can continue (fault
tolerance).
o Efficient Resource Sharing: Multiple CPUs share memory and I/O
devices.
o Supports Multitasking: Handles multiple processes smoothly.
• Disadvantages
o High Cost: Expensive hardware and maintenance.
o Complex OS Design: Scheduling and synchronization across CPUs is
difficult.
o Shared Resource Conflicts: CPUs may compete for memory or I/O
devices.

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 Multiuser OS AIIT

• A Multiuser Operating System is an OS that allows two or more

users to access a single computer system at the same time or at
different times. It manages multiple users by allocating resources
(CPU, memory, files, etc.) so that each user gets fair access.
• Example: Windows Server, Mainframe OS

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 Multiuser OS AIIT

• Advantages
o Resource Sharing: Multiple users share hardware and software
resources.
o Cost-Effective: No need for separate computers for each user.
o Concurrent Access: Many users can work at the same time.
• Disadvantages
o High Cost of Setup: Requires powerful hardware and network systems.
o Security Risks: Multiple users increase chances of hacking or data
leaks.
o Complex Management: OS must handle scheduling, file permissions,
and conflicts.

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 Multithreaded OS AIIT

• A Multithreaded Operating System is an OS that allows a single

process to be divided into multiple smaller threads, which run
independently but share the same resources (like memory). This
improves speed, efficiency, and responsiveness of applications.
• Example: Solaris, macOS

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 Multithreaded OS AIIT

• Advantages
o Faster Execution: Tasks can run in parallel within the same process.
o Better Resource Sharing: Threads share memory and files, reducing
overhead.
o Responsive Programs: Applications don’t freeze while performing
background tasks.
• Disadvantages
o Complex Programming: Writing multithreaded programs is difficult.
o Synchronization Issues: Threads may interfere with each other if not
managed properly.
o Debugging Difficulties: Errors are harder to trace in multithreaded
programs.

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 System Component in OS AIIT

• Process Manager: Scheduling, creation,

execution.
• Memory Manager: Allocation, paging,
segmentation.
• File System Manager: File handling, access
methods, storage.
• Device Manager: Drivers, I/O control.
• Security Module: Authentication and protection.

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 Operating System Structure AIIT

• Monolithic Structure: All OS functions are in a

single layer (fast but complex).
• Layered Structure: OS divided into layers with
specific responsibilities.
• Microkernel Structure: Minimal kernel; other
services run in user mode (secure, modular).
• Modules: Object-oriented modular design,
loadable at runtime.

Note: Kernel: The core component of the OS that manages

communication between hardware & software.
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 Kernel AIIT

Kernel: The core component of the OS that

manages communication between hardware
& software.

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System Calls AIIT

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