01.
Vector Space
2 5 3 4 −2 5
Exercise 1. Let M = and N = . Determine the following.
1 0 −7 −5 3 2
(a) M13
(b) M + N
(c) 5M
Exercise 1.1. The following tables indicate how many uniforms that school A and B ordered
in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Write the table for the number of uniforms the school ordered
in sum.
Red Blue White Red Blue White
School A 300 200 400 School A 250 300 350
School B 500 200 300 School B 400 250 350
(2009) (2010)
Exercise 1.2. Write the zero vector of M3×4 (F ).
Exercise 1.3. Consider the following matrices.
2 −1 8 −3 10 x
A= , B= , C= ,
0 4 0 1 0 y
Find x, y ∈ R which makes A + B = C.
Exercise 2. Let V be the set of all differentiable real-valued functions defined on R. Show
that V is a vector space with the obvious addition and scalar multiplication.
Exercise 2.1. Let V be the set consisting of single element. Define addition and scalar
multiplication on V to give the vector space structure. Here, V is called the zero vector
space.
Exercise 2.2. Let V = R2 . Determine whether V is a vector space with the given addition
and multiplication. Here, (a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) ∈ V and c ∈ R.
(a) (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 b2 ), c(a1 , a2 ) = (ca1 , a2 )
(b) (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + 2b1 , a2 + 3b2 ), c(a1 , a2 ) = (ca1 , ca2 )
(0, 0) if c = 0
(c) (a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ), c(a1 , a2 ) =
(ca1 , a2 /c) if c ̸= 0
Exercise 2.3. Consider V = Cn with the usual vector space structure over C. Show that V
is also a vector space over R.
Exercise 3. Let V be a vector space over a field F and let a ∈ F , x, y ∈ V .
(a) Show that if ax = 0, then a = 0 or x = 0.
(b) Is it true that if ax = ay, then x = y?
1
Exercise 3.1. Let V be a vector space. For a, b ∈ F , x, y ∈ V , show that the following
identity holds.
(a + b)(x + y) = ax + ay + bx + by
Exercise 3.2. Let V be a vector space. For 0 ̸= a ∈ F and x ∈ V , show that there is a
unique y ∈ V such that ay + x = 0.
−4 2
Exercise 4. Let A = . Determine the following.
5 −1
(a) At
(b) tr(A)
Exercise 4.1. (a) For A ∈ Mm×n (F ), show that (At )t = A.
(b) For A ∈ Mn×n (F ), show that A + At is symmetric.
(c) For A, B ∈ Mn×n (F ) and a, b ∈ F , show that tr(aA + bB ) = atr(A) + btr(B ).
(d) For A ∈ Mn×n (F ), show that tr(At ) = tr(A).
Exercise 5. Determine whether the following sets are subspaces of R3 with the usual vector
space structure.
(a) W = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : a1 = 3a2 , a3 = −a2 }
(b) W = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : a1 + 2a2 − 3a3 = 1}
(c) W = {(a1 , a2 , a3 ) ∈ R3 : 5a21 − 3a22 + 6a23 = 0}
Exercise 5.1. Determine whether the following sets are subspaces of the given vector space
V.
(a) W = {f (x) ∈ P (F ) : f (x) = 0 or f (x) has degree n}, V = P (F )
(b) W = {A ∈ Mm×n (F ) : A is upper triangular}, V = Mm×n (F )
(c) For a nonempty set S and s0 ∈ S, W = {f ∈ F(S, F ) : f (s0 ) = 0}, V = F(S, F )
(d) The set C n (R) of functions f : R → R which has a continuous nth derivative, V =
F(R, R)
Exercise 5.2. Let F1 , F2 be fields. Show that the set of even functions and the set of odd
functions are subspaces of F(F1 , F2 ).
2
Problem 1. Let S = {0, 1} and F = R. Consider the following elements in F(S, R).
f (t) = 2t + 1, g(t) = 1 + 4t − 2t2 , h(t) = 5t + 1
Show that f = g and f + g = h.
Problem 2. Find the number of elements in Mm×n (Fp ) where p is a prime number.
Problem 3. Let V be the set of positive real numbers. For x, y ∈ V and c ∈ R, define
x + y := xy and cx := xc where the right hand sides are given by the usual operations in R.
Show that V is a vector space over R.
Problem 4. Let V be a vector space and W1 , W2 be two subspaces of V . Show that W1 ∪W2
is a subspace of V if and only if W1 ⊂ W2 or W2 ⊂ W1 .
Problem 5. Let V be a vector space. For nonempty subsets S1 , S2 of V , we define their
sum by S1 + S2 = {x1 + x2 : x1 ∈ S1 , x2 ∈ S2 }.
(1) Let W1 , W2 be subspaces of V . Show that W1 + W2 is a subspace of V that contains
both W1 and W2 . Furthermore, show that if a subspace W of V contains both W1 and
W2 , then W contains W1 + W2 .
(2) Let W be a subspace of V . For v ∈ V , v + W := {v} + W is called the coset of W
containing v. Consider the set S = {v + W : v ∈ V } and define the addition and scalar
multiplication as follows. (Here, v1 , v2 ∈ W and a ∈ F .)
(v1 + W ) + (v2 + W ) = (v1 + v2 ) + W, a(v + W ) = av + W
Show that the operations are well-defined and S becomes a vector space with respect
to the operations. The vector space is called the quotient space V modulo W and
denoted by V /W .
Problem 6. A vector space V is called the direct sum of W1 and W2 if W1 , W2 are subspaces
of V such that W1 ∩ W2 = 0 and W1 + W2 = V . In this case, we write V = W1 ⊕ W2 .
(1) Consider the following subsets of Mm×n (F ).
W1 = {A ∈ Mm×n (F ) : Aij = 0 for all i > j}
W2 = {A ∈ Mm×n (F ) : Aij = 0 for all i ≤ j}
Show that Mm×n (F ) = W1 ⊕ W2 .
(2) A matrix A is called skew symmetric if At = −A. Let W1 be the set of n × n
skew-symmetric matrices over R and let W2 be the set of n × n symmetric matrices
over R. Show that Mn×n (F ) = W1 ⊕ W2 .
(3) Let W1 , W2 be subspaces of a vector space V . Show that V = W1 ⊕ W2 if and only if
each v ∈ V can be uniquely written as x1 + x2 where x1 ∈ W1 and x2 ∈ W2 .